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545 event(s), page 3 of 6, 100 uncited and 100 outside stories on this page

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  1. 25 August 1830 to 21 July 1831 Belgian Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story conflict which led to the secession of the southern provinces from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Belgium ●●●
  2. 4 October 1830 Independence of Belgium 0 cit. no story Following the Belgian Revolution, the provisional government declares Belgium independent from the Netherlands. politics / war ●●●
  3. 13 May 1830 Independence of Ecuador 0 cit. no story Ecuador separates from Gran Colombia to become a fully independent republic; Spanish rule had ended at the Battle of Pichincha in 1822. politics ●●●
  4. c. June 1830 to c. 1903 French Conquest of Algeria 0 cit. no story France invades Algiers in 1830 and spends decades subduing resistance led by figures like Abd al-Qadir, at the cost of several hundred thousand Algerian lives. Algeria becomes the core of France's colonial empire. war ●●●●
  5. 14 February 1831 Battle of Debre Abbay wikidata 0 cit. no story conflict between Ras Marye of Yejju, Regent of the Emperor of Ethiopia, and his rival from Tigray, Dejazmach Sabagadis of Agame ●●
  6. 2 October 1835 to 21 April 1836 Texas Revolution 0 cit. no story American settlers and Tejanos revolt against Mexico, losing the Alamo but winning decisively at San Jacinto. The war creates the independent Republic of Texas, later annexed by the United States. politics / war ●●
  7. 9 September 1836 September Revolution in Portugal wikidata 0 cit. no story 1836 coup d'etat in Portugal ●●●
  8. 19 April 1839 Independence of Luxembourg 0 cit. no story The Treaty of London establishes Luxembourg as an independent grand duchy in personal union with the Dutch king; full neutrality followed in 1867. politics ●●
  9. 27 February 1844 Independence of the Dominican Republic 0 cit. no story Dominican rebels proclaim independence from Haiti, ending twenty-two years of Haitian rule over the eastern part of Hispaniola. politics / war ●●●
  10. 21 December 1845 to 22 December 1845 Battle of Ferozeshah wikidata 0 cit. no story 1845 battle ●●
  11. December 1845 to March 1849 Anglo-Sikh Wars 0 cit. no story The British East India Company defeats the Sikh Empire in two hard-fought wars. The victory annexes the Punjab, completing British control of India. war ●●●
  12. 1846 to 1860 Third cholera pandemic wikidata 0 cit. no story 1846-1860 worldwide pandemic ●●●
  13. 25 April 1846 to 2 February 1848 Mexican-American War 0 cit. no story The United States defeats Mexico and takes its capital. The peace transfers roughly half of Mexico's territory, including California and the Southwest, to the United States. politics / war ●●●●
  14. 26 July 1847 Independence of Liberia 0 cit. no story Liberia, founded as a settlement for freed African Americans, declares itself an independent republic, Africa's first. politics / society ●●●
  15. 15 March 1848 to 4 October 1849 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 wikidata 0 cit. no story European Revolution of 1848 ●●●
  16. 22 February 1848 to 2 December 1848 French Revolution of 1848 wikidata 0 cit. no story one of a wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe ●●●
  17. 1 March 1848 to November 1848 Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg empire wikidata 0 cit. no story bourgeois-democratic motivated revolutions ●●●
  18. March 1848 March Revolution in Berlin wikidata 0 cit. no story revolution from 1848 till 1849 in Berlin ●●●
  19. September 1848 to 13 August 1849 Hungarian War of Independence 0 cit. no story Hungary fights for independence from Habsburg Austria during the revolutions of 1848. Austria wins only after calling in a Russian army, and executes the rebel generals. politics / war ●●●
  20. March 1848 to 1852 First Schleswig War 0 cit. no story Denmark and German nationalists backed by Prussia fight over the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. Denmark keeps the duchies, but the dispute reignites in 1864. politics / war ●●
  21. c. 1848 to c. 1866 Wars of Italian Unification 0 cit. no story Piedmont, aided by France and by Garibaldi's volunteers, fights Austria and the Italian states in three wars of independence. The campaigns unite most of Italy under the House of Savoy by 1866, with Rome added in 1870. politics / war ●●●●
  22. 1851 to August 1868 Nian Rebellion 0 cit. no story Bandit-led rebel armies ravage northern China alongside the Taiping Rebellion. The revolt further drains the Qing dynasty's strength. society / war ●●●
  23. 1856 to 1873 Panthay Rebellion 0 cit. no story Hui Muslims in Yunnan rebel against Qing rule and establish a separate sultanate at Dali. The suppression kills up to a million people. religion / war ●●●
  24. 10 May 1857 to 20 June 1858 Indian Mutiny of 1857 wikidata 0 cit. no story 1857-58 uprising against British Company rule ●●●●
  25. 23 October 1859 Battle of Cepeda wikidata 0 cit. no story battle 1859 ●●
  26. December 1861 to June 1867 French Intervention in Mexico 0 cit. no story Napoleon III installs Maximilian of Austria as emperor of Mexico, but republican forces under Benito Juarez fight on. The French withdraw and Maximilian is executed in 1867. politics / war ●●●
  27. 12 April 1861 to 9 April 1865 American Civil War 0 cit. no story Eleven slaveholding states secede and fight the Union in America's deadliest war, killing over 600,000 soldiers. Union victory preserves the nation and ends slavery. politics / society / war ●●●●●
  28. 1862 to 1877 Dungan Revolt 0 cit. no story Hui Muslim communities in northwest China rise against Qing rule in a war entangled with famine and massacre. Millions die and whole regions are depopulated before the Qing reconquest. religion / war ●●●
  29. 1863 to 1875 Fourth cholera pandemic wikidata 0 cit. no story One of several 19th century epidemics ●●●
  30. 1 February 1864 to 31 October 1864 Second Schleswig War wikidata 0 cit. no story second military conflict as a result of the Schleswig-Holstein Question ●●●●
  31. November 1864 to 1 March 1870 Paraguayan War 0 cit. no story Paraguay fights Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay in South America's deadliest war. Paraguay loses much of its territory and a majority of its male population. war ●●●●
  32. August 1864 to February 1865 Uruguayan War 0 cit. no story Brazil intervenes in Uruguay's civil strife to install the Colorado party in power. The war's entanglements help trigger the far larger Paraguayan War. politics / war ●●
  33. 1 July 1867 Confederation of Canada 0 cit. no story The British North America Act unites Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia as the self-governing Dominion of Canada. politics ●●●●
  34. 24 May 1868 Battle of Ichikawa-Funabashi wikidata 0 cit. no story 1868 battle ●●
  35. 27 January 1868 to 27 June 1869 Boshin War 0 cit. no story Forces loyal to the emperor defeat the Tokugawa shogunate in a brief civil war. The victory secures the Meiji Restoration and Japan's rapid modernization. politics / war ●●●
  36. 19 July 1870 to 10 May 1871 Franco-Prussian War 0 cit. no story Prussia and its German allies crush France, capturing Napoleon III at Sedan and besieging Paris. The victory unifies Germany under the Prussian crown and seizes Alsace-Lorraine, poisoning Franco-German relations for decades. politics / war ●●●●
  37. 18 January 1871 Unification of Germany 0 cit. no story The German Empire is proclaimed at Versailles, uniting the German states under Prussian leadership; chosen over the 1990 reunification as the event that first created a German nation state. politics / war ●●●●
  38. 17 July 1877 to 9 January 1878 Battle of Shipka Pass wikidata 0 cit. no story 1877 battle ●●
  39. 9 May 1877 Independence of Romania 0 cit. no story Romania declares independence from the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War; the principalities had united in 1859. politics / war ●●●
  40. 29 January 1877 to 24 September 1877 Satsuma Rebellion 0 cit. no story Disaffected samurai under Saigo Takamori rise against the Meiji government and are defeated by its conscript army. The rebellion is the last armed challenge to Japan's modernization. politics / war ●●
  41. 24 April 1877 to 3 March 1878 Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 0 cit. no story Russia defeats the Ottoman Empire in a war fought partly to protect Balkan Christians. The peace creates an autonomous Bulgaria and independence for Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania. politics / war ●●●
  42. 3 March 1878 Liberation of Bulgaria 0 cit. no story The Treaty of San Stefano ends the Russo-Turkish War and re-establishes a Bulgarian state after five centuries of Ottoman rule; full independence was declared in 1908. politics / war ●●●
  43. 13 July 1878 Independence of Serbia 0 cit. no story The Congress of Berlin recognizes Serbia's full independence from the Ottoman Empire after decades of autonomy won through uprisings. politics / war ●●●
  44. November 1878 to September 1880 Second Anglo-Afghan War 0 cit. no story Britain invades Afghanistan again to counter Russian influence. It withdraws after securing control of Afghan foreign policy, leaving the country a buffer state. war ●●
  45. c. 1878 to c. 1904 Conquests of Menelik II 0 cit. no story Menelik II of Shewa conquers vast southern territories and doubles the size of the Ethiopian Empire. The campaigns and accompanying famines kill millions but create modern Ethiopia's borders. war ●●●
  46. 5 April 1879 to 4 April 1884 War of the Pacific wikidata 0 cit. no story war between Chile and a Bolivian, Peruvian alliance ●●●●
  47. 1881 to 1896 Fifth cholera pandemic wikidata 0 cit. no story fifth major international outbreak of cholera in the 19th century ●●●
  48. June 1881 to November 1899 Mahdist War 0 cit. no story Muhammad Ahmad declares himself the Mahdi and drives Egypt and Britain from Sudan, taking Khartoum in 1885. Britain reconquers Sudan at Omdurman in 1898 in a war that costs millions of lives through fighting and famine. religion / war ●●●
  49. 20 March 1883 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property wikidata 0 cit. no story treaty ●●●
  50. August 1883 to April 1885 Sino-French War 0 cit. no story France and Qing China fight over control of northern Vietnam. France wins a protectorate over Vietnam, extending French Indochina. war ●●
  51. 23 June 1894 Founding of the International Olympic Committee 0 cit. no story Pierre de Coubertin's congress at the Sorbonne votes to revive the Olympic Games and creates the International Olympic Committee, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. culture / diplomacy / society ●●●
  52. December 1895 to October 1896 First Italo-Ethiopian War 0 cit. no story Ethiopia under Menelik II destroys an invading Italian army at Adwa in 1896. It is the most decisive African victory over a European colonial power in the nineteenth century. war ●●●
  53. 24 February 1895 to August 1898 Cuban War of Independence 0 cit. no story Cuban rebels fight Spain in a brutal war marked by Spanish reconcentration camps. The conflict draws in the United States in 1898 and ends Spanish rule in Cuba. politics / war ●●●
  54. November 1896 to October 1897 War of Canudos 0 cit. no story The Brazilian army destroys the millenarian settlement of Canudos after three failed expeditions. Tens of thousands die in one of Brazil's deadliest internal conflicts. religion / society / war ●●
  55. January 1897 to October 1898 Cretan Revolt of 1897-1898 wikidata 0 cit. no story revolution ●●●
  56. 12 June 1898 Independence of the Philippines 0 cit. no story Emilio Aguinaldo proclaims Philippine independence from Spain; after decades of US rule, full sovereignty came on 4 July 1946. politics / war ●●●
  57. 21 April 1898 to 13 August 1898 Spanish-American War 0 cit. no story The United States defeats Spain in a short war fought in Cuba and the Philippines. Spain loses the remnants of its empire and the United States emerges as an overseas colonial power. politics / war ●●●●
  58. 1899 to 1923 Sixth cholera pandemic wikidata 0 cit. no story historically sixth cholera pandemic ●●●
  59. 4 February 1899 to 2 July 1902 Philippine-American War 0 cit. no story Filipino forces that had fought Spain resist American annexation of the islands. The war and its accompanying famine and disease kill hundreds of thousands of Filipinos. war ●●●
  60. 1 January 1901 Federation of Australia 0 cit. no story Six British colonies unite as the Commonwealth of Australia, creating a self-governing federation under the Crown. politics ●●●●
  61. 20 May 1902 Independence of Cuba 0 cit. no story The Republic of Cuba is proclaimed as US occupation ends, following decades of independence wars against Spain. politics / war ●●●
  62. 3 November 1903 Independence of Panama 0 cit. no story Panama separates from Colombia with US backing, clearing the way for construction of the Panama Canal. politics ●●●
  63. 21 May 1904 Founding of FIFA 0 cit. no story Seven European football associations found the Fédération Internationale de Football Association in Paris to govern international football. It went on to create the World Cup in 1930. culture / diplomacy / society ●●●
  64. January 1904 to 1908 Herero and Nama Wars 0 cit. no story Germany crushes Herero and Nama uprisings and drives survivors into the desert and concentration camps. The campaign is widely regarded as the twentieth century's first genocide. war ●●●
  65. 22 January 1905 to 16 June 1907 Russian Revolution of 1905 wikidata 0 cit. no story wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire ●●●
  66. 7 June 1905 Independence of Norway 0 cit. no story Norway's parliament dissolves the union with Sweden, and Norway becomes a fully independent kingdom. politics ●●●
  67. 26 June 1906 Founding of the International Electrotechnical Commission 0 cit. no story Engineers from thirteen countries found the IEC in London, with Lord Kelvin as first president, to standardize electrical technology. It remains the global standards body for electrotechnology. diplomacy / technology ●●
  68. 17 December 1907 Founding of the Kingdom of Bhutan 0 cit. no story Ugyen Wangchuck is crowned as the first hereditary king of Bhutan, unifying the country under the Wangchuck monarchy. politics ●●
  69. 26 September 1907 Dominion of New Zealand 0 cit. no story New Zealand becomes a self-governing dominion within the British Empire, a key step toward full independence. politics ●●●
  70. 15 June 1909 Founding of the Imperial Cricket Conference 0 cit. no story Representatives of England, Australia and South Africa meet at Lord's to found the Imperial Cricket Conference, the body that became today's International Cricket Council. culture / diplomacy / society ●●
  71. 20 November 1910 to 21 May 1920 Mexican Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story nationwide armed struggle in Mexico (1910-1920) ●●●
  72. 31 May 1910 Formation of the Union of South Africa 0 cit. no story Four British colonies unite as the self-governing Union of South Africa; the country became a republic in 1961 and a full democracy in 1994. politics ●●●●
  73. 10 October 1911 to 12 February 1912 Xinhai Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story revolution in China that overthrew the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China ●●●
  74. 29 December 1911 Independence of Mongolia 0 cit. no story Outer Mongolia declares independence from Qing China under the Bogd Khan; independence was secured by the 1921 revolution. politics ●●●
  75. 29 September 1911 to 18 October 1912 Italo-Turkish War 0 cit. no story Italy seizes Ottoman Libya and the Dodecanese islands, using aircraft in combat for the first time. Ottoman weakness revealed by the war helps trigger the Balkan Wars. war ●●
  76. 17 July 1912 Founding of World Athletics 0 cit. no story National federations meeting after the Stockholm Olympics found the International Amateur Athletic Federation to govern track and field and ratify world records. It is now known as World Athletics. culture / diplomacy / society ●●
  77. 28 November 1912 Independence of Albania 0 cit. no story Ismail Qemali declares Albania independent from the Ottoman Empire at Vlore during the First Balkan War. politics / war ●●●
  78. 1 January 1912 Proclamation of the Republic of China 0 cit. no story The Republic of China is proclaimed after the revolution that ended the Qing dynasty; its government has been based on Taiwan since 1949. politics / war ●●●
  79. 11 January 1913 Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet wikidata 0 cit. no story treaty of mutual recognition and allegiance between the governments of Mongolia and Tibet ●●●
  80. 29 June 1913 to 10 August 1913 Second Balkan War 0 cit. no story Bulgaria attacks its former allies over the division of Macedonia and is quickly defeated by Serbia, Greece, Romania, and the Ottomans. The unstable settlement feeds the tensions that explode in 1914. war ●●●
  81. 1914 to 1945 Second Thirty Years' War wikidata 0 cit. no story periodization scheme encompassing European wars from 1914 to 1945 ●●●●
  82. 6 December 1917 Independence of Finland 0 cit. no story Finland's parliament declares independence from Russia in the wake of the Bolshevik Revolution. politics ●●●
  83. 24 October 1918 German Revolution of 1918-1919 wikidata 0 cit. no story revolution between 1918-19 in Germany ●●●
  84. 31 October 1918 Aster Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story revolution in Hungary ●●●
  85. 12 November 1918 Proclamation of the Republic of Austria 0 cit. no story After the collapse of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I, Austria is proclaimed a republic. politics / war ●●●
  86. 24 February 1918 Independence of Estonia 0 cit. no story Estonia declares independence from Russia; after Soviet annexation in 1940, independence was restored in August 1991. politics / war ●●●
  87. 18 November 1918 Independence of Latvia 0 cit. no story Latvia proclaims independence from Russia; after Soviet annexation in 1940, independence was restored in 1991. politics / war ●●●
  88. 16 February 1918 Independence of Lithuania 0 cit. no story The Council of Lithuania proclaims the restoration of an independent Lithuanian state; independence was restored again from the USSR in 1990. politics / war ●●●
  89. 11 November 1918 Independence of Poland 0 cit. no story Poland regains independence at the end of World War I, 123 years after being partitioned by Russia, Prussia and Austria. politics / war ●●●●
  90. 15 May 1919 to 11 October 1922 Greco-Turkish War wikidata 0 cit. no story war lasting from 1919 to 1922 during the Turkish War of Independence ●●●●
  91. 28 July 1919 Founding of the International Astronomical Union 0 cit. no story Astronomers found the IAU at a constitutive assembly in Brussels to coordinate astronomy worldwide. It is the recognized authority for naming celestial bodies. diplomacy / science ●●
  92. 19 August 1919 Independence of Afghanistan 0 cit. no story After the Third Anglo-Afghan War, Britain recognizes Afghanistan's full independence in foreign affairs under the Treaty of Rawalpindi. politics / war ●●●
  93. 21 January 1919 to 11 July 1921 Irish War of Independence 0 cit. no story The IRA fights a guerrilla war against British rule. The truce leads to the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State, with the island partitioned. politics / war ●●●
  94. 19 May 1919 to 24 July 1923 Turkish War of Independence 0 cit. no story Mustafa Kemal leads Turkish nationalists against Greek, French, and Armenian forces and the Allied partition of Anatolia. Victory overturns the Treaty of Sevres and creates the Republic of Turkey. politics / war ●●●●
  95. 5 October 1921 Founding of PEN International 0 cit. no story Writer Catharine Amy Dawson Scott founds the first PEN Club at a London dinner, with John Galsworthy as president. It grew into PEN International, the worldwide association of writers defending free expression. culture / diplomacy ●●
  96. June 1921 to May 1926 Rif War 0 cit. no story Abd el-Krim's Rif republic destroys a Spanish army at Annual before France and Spain combine to crush it, using chemical weapons. The war becomes a model for later anti-colonial insurgencies. war ●●
  97. 2 December 1922 Uqair Protocol of 1922 wikidata 0 cit. no story agreement at Uqair on 2 December 1922 which defined the boundaries between Iraq and the Sultanate of Nejd (modern Saudi Arabia) and between Kuwait and Nejd ●●●
  98. 16 April 1922 Treaty of Rapallo wikidata 0 cit. no story 1922 treaty between Germany and Russia ●●●
  99. 28 February 1922 Independence of Egypt 0 cit. no story Britain unilaterally declares Egypt independent, ending the protectorate; the 1952 revolution later made Egypt a republic. politics ●●●●
  100. 6 December 1922 Independence of Ireland 0 cit. no story The Irish Free State is established under the Anglo-Irish Treaty after the War of Independence, ending British rule in most of Ireland. politics / war ●●●