Events, Verisoph

c. 1910 to c. 1970 Australia removes Aboriginal children for assimilation 0 cit. For much of the twentieth century Australian authorities removed many Aboriginal children from their families to be raised and schooled as white, a group later called the Stolen Generations. Official inquiries documented lasting harm. politics / society ●●

c. 1910 The Round Table journal launched 0 cit. The Round Table movement launched its quarterly journal, 'The Round Table: A Quarterly Review of the Politics of the British Commonwealth.' The journal gave the network a public voice for arguing its views on imperial federation and Commonwealth affairs. It continues publication today, now focused on Commonwealth and international affairs rather than imperial unity. culture / politics ●

31 May 1910 Union of South Africa formed 0 cit. The British colonies of the Cape, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange River united into the self-governing Union of South Africa within the British Empire. Political power was reserved for white voters; Black, Coloured, and Indian South Africans were largely excluded from the franchise, with only a limited qualified vote retained in the Cape. Louis Botha, a former Boer general, became the Union's first Prime Minister. politics ●●●

July 1910 Rangers and posses lynch Black Texans during the Slocum massacre 0 cit. A white mob killed an unknown but substantial number of Black residents of Slocum, Texas, over several days; state Rangers were dispatched afterward, ostensibly to restore order, but no one was ever prosecuted for the killings. The Slocum massacre is documented mainly through local records and later scholarly reconstruction, since contemporary official accounts minimized it, and historians treat it as part of a broader pattern in which Rangers were sent after racial violence rather than deployed to prevent it. society ●●

c. 1 January 1910 Bureau splits into Home and Foreign Sections 0 cit. The Secret Service Bureau divided into a Home Section under Vernon Kell, which handled counter-espionage inside Britain and its empire, and a Foreign Section under Mansfield Cumming, which ran agents abroad. The Home Section grew into the Security Service, MI5. The Foreign Section grew into the Secret Intelligence Service, MI6. politics ●●

1910 Edmond Locard founds the first forensic crime laboratory 0 cit. Edmond Locard established a police laboratory in Lyon dedicated to the scientific examination of physical evidence, generally regarded as the first crime laboratory of its kind. Locard is best known for articulating the exchange principle, the idea that every contact between a criminal and a crime scene leaves a trace. His laboratory became a model that other countries, including the FBI, later copied. science ●●●

c. 1910 Paternalist rule and the colour bar 0 cit. Belgium ran the Congo as a paternalist state built on a partnership of the colonial administration, the Catholic Church, and large companies. Africans were provided basic schooling and health care aimed at producing obedient workers, but were barred from higher education, political rights, and senior jobs by an informal colour bar. The system kept Congolese people subordinate while presenting itself as benevolent guardianship. politics / society ●●

c. 1910 The Octopus and the enclave economy 0 cit. Across Central America, United Fruit builds a self-contained enclave economy: company land, company railroads, company ports, company telegraph lines, and company towns with their own stores and scrip. Locals called it El Pulpo, "the Octopus," for the reach of its tentacles. Profits flowed north while host nations gained little tax revenue and little control. economy / society ●●●

c. 1910 The Mission Schools and the First Christian Converts 0 cit. Protestant and Catholic missions spread across Kikuyu country in the early 1900s, and their schools offered literacy, Christianity, and a path into clerical and church employment. The athomi, the readers, became the first mission-educated Africans and gained standing and opportunity through their ties to the colonial order. This new Christian, literate group is the seedbed of the progressive African class that later aligned with the government against the oath-bound fighters. culture / religion / society ●●

1910 Isaiah Shembe founds the Nazareth Baptist Church 0 cit. The Zulu prophet Isaiah Shembe founded the Nazareth Baptist Church, one of the largest of the Zionist-type African independent churches. He wove Zulu custom, dance, and dress together with Christian worship, offering a faith that did not require Africans to abandon their culture. Such churches asserted a spiritual independence that quietly rejected the missionaries' claim to define the true religion. culture / religion / society ●●

c. 1910 The lodge as a networking club of the colonial establishment 0 cit. Freemasonry in colonial Kenya functioned mainly as a network of status and mutual aid among administrators, settlers, and professionals, meeting behind closed doors for ritual and dining. Membership signaled standing in the small European elite and could smooth business and official ties. This was a secular fraternal role, distinct from the missions, whose purpose was evangelism and schooling. The date marks the pattern rather than a single event, so it is approximate. politics / society ●●

c. 1910 Collapse of the Arab-Swahili plantation economy 0 cit. Without enslaved labour, the great coastal plantations that had grown grain, coconuts, and cloves went into steep decline, and the Arab-Swahili landowning class lost its economic base. Estates fell idle or passed to absentee owners while former slaves and Mijikenda cultivators worked them as squatters. The coast's old commercial engine seized up just as the interior was being opened for settler agriculture. economy / society ●●

c. 1910 The lakeside worked as a labour reserve 0 cit. The densely settled lands around Lake Victoria were treated mainly as a reservoir of workers for settler farms and towns, and as fertile ground for mission schools. Men migrated out for wage labour while the region itself saw limited local investment beyond what fed the labour supply. Missionised and drawn on for its people, the lakeside developed in a lopsided way, neither settler core nor neglected margin. economy / society ●●

c. 1910 Dukawalla shopkeepers spread retail trade across the country 0 cit. Indian-run dukas reached nearly every town and rural centre, handling much of the colony's retail trade and the buying of African produce. The dukawalla became the everyday face of Indian settlement across Kenya. This visible role also placed the community between white rulers above and the African majority below, a middleman position that later drew resentment. economy / society ●●

c. 1910 Goan clerks and Sikh artisans staff the colonial economy 0 cit. Goan Catholic clerks filled government and railway offices while Sikh and Gujarati fundis worked as masons, carpenters, mechanics, tailors and fitters. Different communities, including Ismaili, Hindu, Sikh, Goan and Bohra, tended to cluster in distinct trades and keep their own institutions. Together they ran much of the day-to-day machinery of the colony below the European ranks. economy / society ●●

1910 Rotary clubs federate into a national association 0 cit. Sixteen clubs formed the National Association of Rotary Clubs of America and elected Paul Harris its first president. The federation gave the movement a shared structure as new clubs formed across the country. It was renamed the International Association of Rotary Clubs as the movement crossed borders. economy / society ●●

1910 Rotary spreads beyond the United States 0 cit. A club chartered in Winnipeg became the first Rotary Club outside the United States. Clubs in Great Britain and Ireland followed within two years. The rapid international growth pushed the movement to reorganize as an association of clubs in many countries. economy / society ●●

c. 1910 Rotary and Freemasonry share roots but not identity 0 cit. In the early twentieth century Rotary grew alongside the older fraternal orders, and many early members also belonged to Masonic lodges. Both traditions valued fellowship, ethics, and mutual aid among men of standing. Rotary, however, is not a Masonic body: it has no secret ritual or oath, publishes its membership and activities, and centers on open community service rather than initiation. religion / society ●●

1910 The Union of South Africa and the exclusion of Black South Africans 0 cit. Britain unites its colonies and the former republics into the self-governing Union of South Africa in 1910, reconciling with the defeated Boers. The settlement is made between whites, and the black majority is left almost entirely without the vote. The compromise hardens into a system of land and labour control that leads on to formal segregation and, after 1948, apartheid. politics / society ●●●●

c. 1910 Missionaries borrowed the local name for God 0 cit. When missionaries translated the Bible, they usually took the existing high-god name for the Christian God. Kikuyu scripture used Ngai, Luo and Luhya texts used Nyasaye and Were, and so on. This eased conversion, since the God preached seemed to be the God already known, and it quietly conceded that the people had worshipped one creator before the missionaries came. politics / religion ●●●

15 May 1911 Breakup of Standard Oil 0 cit. The U.S. Supreme Court finds Standard Oil an illegal monopoly and orders it split into 34 companies, among them the ancestors of Exxon, Mobil, and Chevron. It remains the landmark antitrust action in business history. economy / politics ●●●●●

16 June 1911 Founding of IBM 0 cit. The Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company forms from a merger of punched card and scale makers, renamed IBM in 1924. Under the Watsons it comes to dominate business machines and then the computer industry. economy / technology ●●●●

c. 1911 Hollywood emerges as a film center 0 cit. The Nestor Company opened Hollywood's first film studio in 1911, and filmmakers drawn by sunshine, varied scenery, and distance from eastern patent enforcers clustered nearby. Within a decade Hollywood was the capital of American cinema. culture / economy ●●●●

1911 Xinhai Revolution and fall of the Qing 0 cit. An uprising at Wuchang in October 1911 sparked a revolution that spread across China. It ended more than two thousand years of imperial rule. politics / war ●●●●●

1911 Taylor publishes The Principles of Scientific Management 0 cit. Frederick Taylor set out a system for studying and timing work to raise output. His scientific management reshaped factory labor and drew criticism for treating workers as machines. economy / society ●●●●

15 May 1911 Supreme Court breaks up Standard Oil 0 cit. On 15 May 1911 the United States Supreme Court ruled that Standard Oil was an illegal monopoly and ordered it split into 34 separate companies. The decision reshaped American antitrust law and the oil industry. economy / politics ●●●●●

c. 1911 Mobil's flying red horse is Pegasus of Greek myth 0 cit. The Socony oil company adopted a flying red horse as its trademark around 1911, the winged horse Pegasus of Greek mythology. The emblem was later carried by Mobil. economy / religion / technology ●●

1911 Official secrecy: the classification of state knowledge 0 cit. Britain's Official Secrets Act and its imitators give the state the power to classify information and punish its disclosure. Control of secret knowledge, what the public may and may not know, became a defining tool of the modern security state. pillar / politics / society ●●●

14 December 1911 Amundsen wins the race to the South Pole 0 cit. Roald Amundsen's Norwegian team becomes the first to reach the geographic South Pole, beating the British party of Robert Scott. It was the climax of the Heroic Age of Antarctic exploration. exploration / society ●●●●

1 November 1911 First recorded aerial bombing in warfare 0 cit. During the Italo-Turkish War, Italian aviator Giulio Gavotti dropped small grenades by hand from his monoplane onto Ottoman positions near Tripoli, the first aerial bombardment in the history of warfare. Italy had also used aircraft for reconnaissance earlier that year, another military first. The episode showed early European militaries that aircraft could serve as offensive weapons, not just scouts. technology / war ●●

18 October 1911 House of the Temple Cornerstone Laid 0 cit. The Scottish Rite's Supreme Council laid the cornerstone for the House of the Temple, its new national headquarters in Washington, D.C. Architect John Russell Pope modeled the building on the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world. Grand Master J. Claude Keiper of the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia presided over the ceremony. Construction took four years to finish. culture / religion ●●

c. 1911 Victoria Nyanza Lodge consecrated in Entebbe, Uganda 0 cit. Victoria Nyanza Lodge No. 3492 was consecrated at Entebbe in the Uganda Protectorate, extending organized English Freemasonry beyond Kenya's borders into the wider East African territories administered from Nairobi and Mombasa. It became one of the founding lodges of what would later be grouped together as the District Grand Lodge of East Africa. The lodge's founding is documented in the District Grand Lodge's own historical records, though some sources give slightly inconsistent dates for the exact year. society ●

1911 Franklin D. Roosevelt is initiated a Freemason 0 cit. Franklin D. Roosevelt was initiated into Holland Lodge No. 8 in New York City in 1911. He remained a Mason throughout his political career, and his membership is documented in lodge and Masonic biographical records. politics / society ●●

18 August 1911 The first Parliament Act ends the Lords' veto over money bills 0 cit. After the unelected House of Lords blocks the Commons' 1909 budget, the Parliament Act removes the Lords' power to veto money bills and limits it to a two-year delay on other legislation. It settles, in law, that the elected Commons holds ultimate authority over finance and, increasingly, over lawmaking generally. politics ●●●

25 March 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist fire spurs labor reform 0 cit. A fire at a garment factory killed 146 workers, most of them young immigrant women trapped behind locked doors. The disaster fueled the women-led labor movement and led to new workplace safety laws. economy / society ●●

1911 Sam Zemurray buys a coup in Honduras 0 cit. The banana trader Sam Zemurray, head of the rival Cuyamel Fruit Company, bankrolls an armed overthrow of the Honduran government to protect his concessions and tax breaks. He hired the mercenary Lee Christmas and helped install the exiled Manuel Bonilla as president. It became a textbook case of a company toppling a government for private gain. economy / politics ●●●

1911 Copper smelting begins in Katanga 0 cit. Union Miniere poured its first Katangan copper at the Star of the Congo mine near the new town of Elisabethville, today Lubumbashi. The colony was reshaped around the mines, drawing in migrant labor and building a railway to ship metal out to the coast. Katanga became one of the world's great copper producers, its output feeding European and American industry rather than local development. economy / technology ●●

1911 Carnegie's fortune becomes a philanthropic engine 0 cit. Andrew Carnegie creates the Carnegie Corporation of New York, adding to earlier bodies like the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. His giving built libraries, funded research and pushed an agenda for international order. Like Rockefeller, he showed how a single industrial fortune could steer public life for generations. culture / economy / society ●●

August 1911 The Official Secrets Act of 1911 passes in a day 0 cit. Amid a public panic about German spies, Parliament rushed a sweeping new Official Secrets Act through in a single day with almost no debate. Its notorious Section 2 made the unauthorized sharing of any official information a crime, no matter how trivial or harmless. The catch-all clause stayed on the books until 1989 and became a model for secrecy laws across the British Empire. politics / war ●●●

1911 Ford takes mass production across borders 0 cit. Ford opened an assembly plant at Trafford Park near Manchester, extending American mass-production methods into Europe, and soon built plants in Germany and beyond. Fordism became a globally exported system, not just a set of factories but a model of industrial organization. The car majors became early examples of firms whose operations, workforce, and influence spanned continents. economy / technology ●●

15 May 1911 Standard Oil is broken up by antitrust 0 cit. The US Supreme Court found Standard Oil an illegal monopoly and ordered it split into 34 separate companies, several of which grew into today's oil majors. It was a landmark moment of the state pushing back against a firm that had grown too dominant. The breakup set a precedent that a government could dismantle a company on grounds of size and market power alone. economy / politics ●●

1911 Muhumusa and the Nyabingi resistance 0 cit. The Nyabingi movement of the Uganda-Rwanda borderlands centered on a female spirit, Nyabingi, whose priestesses claimed her power to heal and to command. The best known, Muhumusa, led armed resistance to German and then British authority until her capture and detention by the British in 1911. The cult continued under other mediums for years, and its persistence pushed the British to outlaw it. politics / religion / war ●●

1911 The Second Maasai Move 0 cit. Only seven years after promising the northern reserve was permanent, the government forced the Laikipia Maasai to trek south so their plateau could be opened to settlers. A new agreement in 1911, of doubtful validity, joined the two reserves into one southern block, and the drive south cost many cattle and lives. The broken promise made clear that colonial treaties with Africans held only as long as they suited the settlers. economy / politics ●●

1911 The second Maasai Agreement clears Laikipia for ranches 0 cit. A second Anglo-Maasai Agreement removes the northern Maasai from Laikipia and moves them to an enlarged southern reserve. The plateau is thrown open to European ranching, and its Maasai occupants never regain the land. This forced move is the origin of the large private holdings that still dominate Laikipia. politics / society ●●●

1911 Rotary adopts the motto Service Above Self 0 cit. At its Portland convention Rotary embraced two guiding phrases, later summed up as Service Above Self and He Profits Most Who Serves Best. The idea tied membership to volunteer service rather than only to business contacts. Service Above Self was later declared the principal motto of Rotary. society ●●

5 February 1912 Founding of the Bank of China 0 cit. After the fall of the Qing dynasty, the imperial Da-Qing Bank is reorganized as the Bank of China under the new republic. It serves at times as central bank and foreign exchange bank, and today is one of China's big four state banks. economy / politics ●●●●

12 February 1912 Fall of the Qing Dynasty 0 cit. On 12 February 1912 the child emperor Puyi abdicated, ending the Qing dynasty and more than two thousand years of imperial rule in China. The Republic of China took its place. politics ●●●●●

1912 W.C. Handy publishes the blues 0 cit. W.C. Handy published Memphis Blues, one of the first blues songs to reach print. The blues carried the feeling of Black Southern life into the heart of American music. culture ●●●

c. 1912 Rise of the Ikhwan Movement 0 cit. Ibn Saud organized Bedouin tribesmen into settled Wahhabi military-religious communities called the Ikhwan. The Ikhwan became the shock troops of his conquest of Arabia. religion / war ●●●

1912 Founding of the Republic of China 0 cit. The Republic of China was proclaimed in 1912 with Sun Yat-sen as provisional president, and the boy emperor Puyi abdicated. China became a republic for the first time. politics ●●●●●

24 July 1912 First International Eugenics Congress meets in London 0 cit. Scientists and officials from many countries gathered to promote eugenics as a global movement. The congress helped spread policies of sterilization and racial ranking that had no sound scientific basis. politics / science ●●

1912 to 1913 Pujo Committee money-trust hearings 0 cit. A House subcommittee led by Arsene Pujo investigated concentrated control of finance, the so-called money trust, in 1912 and 1913. Morgan testified in December 1912, and the hearings fed support for banking reform. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1912 to c. 1925 Crowley Reshapes the Ordo Templi Orientis 0 cit. Aleister Crowley joined the OTO and rewrote its rituals around his religion of Thelema, later becoming its head. Under him the order became the main organizational carrier of Thelemic teaching. culture / religion ●●●

1912 Hercules Powder is named for the strongman hero of Greek myth 0 cit. Hercules Powder Company, spun off from DuPont in 1912, made explosives and took the name of Hercules, the Greek hero known for superhuman strength. economy / religion ●

March 1912 Scott's party dies returning from the Pole 0 cit. Robert Falcon Scott and his companions reach the South Pole a month after Amundsen, then perish on the march home. Their diaries, found with their bodies, made them tragic heroes of empire. exploration / society ●●●

13 April 1912 Royal Flying Corps formed 0 cit. Britain established the Royal Flying Corps as the air arm of the British Army, absorbing the earlier Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers. It flew reconnaissance and, increasingly, combat missions on the Western Front during the First World War. In 1918 it merged with the Royal Naval Air Service to create the Royal Air Force. technology / war ●

8 January 1912 African National Congress founded 0 cit. Black South African leaders, including lawyers and clergy, founded the South African Native National Congress in Bloemfontein to oppose racial discrimination and advocate for African political rights. The organization was renamed the African National Congress (ANC) in 1923. It would go on to become the central organization of the anti-apartheid struggle and South Africa's governing party after 1994. politics ●●●

1912 Ernest Oppenheimer becomes mayor of Kimberley 0 cit. Ernest Oppenheimer was elected mayor of Kimberley, giving him political standing in the diamond town alongside his growing commercial interests. He used the position and his trade contacts to expand his influence over South African mining finance. politics ●

16 July 1912 Herman Rosenthal murdered outside his protection dispute with police 0 cit. Gambler Herman Rosenthal, who had publicly accused a police lieutenant of extorting protection payments from his gambling operation, was shot dead outside the Hotel Metropole in Manhattan. The killing, arranged to silence him before he could testify, set off a major scandal implicating the police department in organized crime. politics ●●●

c. October 1912 Lieutenant Charles Becker convicted in the Rosenthal murder 0 cit. NYPD Lieutenant Charles Becker was tried and convicted of arranging Herman Rosenthal's murder to prevent him from exposing Becker's extortion of the city's gambling operators. Becker maintained his innocence, and his guilt was and remains debated by historians, but the case became the most prominent single instance of police corruption tied directly to a killing. politics ●●●

24 November 1912 The Basel Manifesto against war 0 cit. An extraordinary congress of the Second International, convened in Basel Cathedral as the Balkan Wars raised fears of a wider conflict, issues the Basel Manifesto. It warned governments that a European war would be met by the united resistance of the working class. Two years later most of the same parties backed their own nations in the First World War. diplomacy / politics / war ●●

1912 to 1913 The Balkan Wars 0 cit. A coalition of Balkan states drives the Ottomans out of nearly all their remaining European territory in the first war, then fights over the spoils in the second. The empire loses almost its entire European heartland and sees another huge wave of Muslim refugees. The defeats deepened the sense of crisis on the eve of World War I. politics / war ●●

1912 The D-Notice system asks the press to stay quiet 0 cit. Britain set up a joint committee of officials and newspaper editors that issued Defence Notices, requests to the press not to publish material said to endanger national security. The system was voluntary and had no legal force, but editors mostly complied. Supporters called it a sensible partnership; critics called it a polite form of censorship that trained the press to self-silence. politics / war ●●

c. 1912 DuPont builds the dashboard of the corporation 0 cit. Engineers and managers at DuPont developed the return-on-investment formula and a chart linking profit margin, asset turnover, and capital, giving head office a single number to judge every division. Combined with Frederick Taylor's scientific management, cost accounting became the nervous system of the big industrial firm, letting a few managers control sprawling operations from the top. economy / technology ●●

1912 The Third Home Rule crisis and the arming of Ulster 0 cit. A third Home Rule Bill passed in 1912 but was fiercely resisted by Ulster unionists, who signed a mass covenant and formed the armed Ulster Volunteers. Nationalists responded with their own Irish Volunteers, and both sides imported weapons. The country edged toward civil conflict before the First World War suspended the crisis in 1914. politics / war ●●

1912 Colonial banning of the Nyabingi cult 0 cit. After years of Nyabingi-led resistance, the British used witchcraft legislation to outlaw the cult and prosecute its mediums. Labeling the movement witchcraft let the state treat a religious network as simple crime and criminalize belief in the spirit itself. The Nyabingi name later traveled far and is often cited as one root of the word Rastafari, though that link is debated. politics / religion / society ●●

c. 1912 Cattle quarantines and veterinary control undermine the herders 0 cit. The colonial state used disease-control quarantines to block pastoralists from moving and selling stock, ostensibly to protect settler herds from cattle diseases. The rules cut herders off from markets and dry-season grazing while doing little for the pastoralists themselves. Framed as science, the quarantine regime worked in practice to hem in and impoverish the herding economies. economy / science ●●

23 December 1913 Federal Reserve Act signed 0 cit. President Woodrow Wilson signs the Federal Reserve Act, creating a central bank for the United States. The new system underpins the dollar's rise to global dominance. economy / politics ●●●

23 December 1913 Founding of the Federal Reserve 0 cit. President Wilson signs the Federal Reserve Act, creating a central banking system of twelve regional banks after the Panic of 1907 exposed the need for a lender of last resort. The Fed becomes the most influential central bank in the world. economy / politics ●●●●●

1 December 1913 Ford launches the moving assembly line 0 cit. Ford installs the first moving assembly line for cars at its Highland Park plant, cutting Model T chassis assembly from over 12 hours to about 93 minutes. Mass production transforms manufacturing worldwide. economy / technology ●●●●

3 February 1913 Ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment 0 cit. The amendment gives Congress clear power to tax incomes without apportioning the tax among the states, overriding an 1895 Supreme Court ruling. The modern income tax follows within months and becomes the government's main revenue source. economy / politics ●●●●

4 March 1913 Founding of the Department of Labor 0 cit. On his last day in office, President Taft signs the act splitting Commerce and Labor and creating a separate Department of Labor to promote the welfare of wage earners. It later administers labor statistics, workplace standards, and unemployment programs. economy / society ●●●

1913 The moving assembly line 0 cit. Ford introduced a moving assembly line that brought the work to the worker and slashed the time to build a car. Mass production lowered prices and became the model for modern manufacturing. economy / technology ●●●●

1913 India's first feature film 0 cit. Raja Harishchandra, directed by Dadasaheb Phalke, was India's first full-length feature. It launched what would become the world's largest film industry. culture ●●●

23 December 1913 Federal Reserve Act of 1913 0 cit. President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act, creating a central banking system with twelve regional reserve banks. It gave the United States a lasting institution to manage credit and currency. economy / politics ●●●●●

c. May 1913 Saudi Conquest of Al-Hasa 0 cit. Ibn Saud took the eastern province of Al-Hasa from the Ottomans, extending Saudi rule to the Persian Gulf coast. The region later proved to hold vast oil reserves. politics / war ●●●

9 September 1913 Bosch scales up ammonia production at Oppau 0 cit. Carl Bosch turned Haber's laboratory reaction into a full industrial process at a BASF plant. The Haber-Bosch process made fertilizer on a scale that fed a growing world population. economy / technology ●●●●●

1 December 1913 Ford starts the moving assembly line 0 cit. Ford installed a moving assembly line at Highland Park that carried cars past stationary workers. It cut the time to build a Model T from hours to minutes and made mass production the industrial standard. economy / technology ●●●●●

14 May 1913 Rockefeller Foundation is chartered 0 cit. The Rockefeller Foundation was chartered in New York in May 1913 to promote the well-being of people worldwide. It became one of the most influential philanthropic bodies of the twentieth century. science / society ●●●●

31 March 1913 J.P. Morgan dies in Rome 0 cit. John Pierpont Morgan died in Rome in March 1913. Control of the bank passed to his son, J.P. Morgan Jr. economy ●●●

23 December 1913 Founding of the US Federal Reserve 0 cit. The Federal Reserve Act created a central banking system for the United States after repeated banking panics, most recently the Panic of 1907. It set up twelve regional reserve banks, of which the New York Fed became the most influential. economy / politics ●●●●

1913 South Africa establishes the South African Police 0 cit. The South African Police was formed as a national force shortly after the Union of South Africa's creation, and over subsequent decades it became a central instrument for enforcing racial segregation, formalized as apartheid after 1948. Police units used pass laws, forced removals, and detention without trial to suppress Black South Africans and anti-apartheid activists. Units such as the security police carried out torture and killings of detainees, documented later by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. politics ●●●

19 June 1913 Natives Land Act restricts African land ownership 0 cit. The Natives Land Act barred Black South Africans, roughly two-thirds of the population, from buying or leasing land outside designated reserves, which made up less than ten percent of the country's land. The law forced many Black farmers into wage labor or tenancy on white-owned farms and mines. It became one of the foundational pieces of segregationist legislation later expanded under apartheid. economy / politics ●●●

31 May 1913 Mombasa Lodge consecrated 0 cit. Mombasa Lodge No. 3645 was consecrated on 31 May 1913 under the English constitution, giving the coastal port its own Masonic lodge distinct from the earlier Nairobi and Zanzibar foundations. Mombasa's role as the colony's main port and a mixed British, Arab, and Indian trading town gave its lodge a somewhat different membership base than the upcountry railway and settler lodges. A Freemasons' Hall was later built in Mombasa to house the lodge. economy / society ●●

1913 Averell Harriman is tapped for Skull and Bones 0 cit. Averell Harriman, later a US ambassador and Governor of New York, was tapped into Skull and Bones in 1913. This is documented in Yale and Skull and Bones membership records. politics / society ●●

c. 1 January 1913 Sterilization Laws Spread Across the States 0 cit. Following Indiana and California, states including New Jersey, Iowa, New York, North Dakota, Michigan, Kansas, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and Oregon passed compulsory sterilization laws in the years before World War I. By the 1930s, roughly thirty states had enacted eugenic sterilization statutes, backed by the American Eugenics Society and state boards of health. politics / science / society ●●

c. 1913 Suppression of the Giriama uprising 0 cit. When the Giriama resisted taxation, labour demands, and colonial control, the British launched a punitive campaign in 1913 and 1914, burning the sacred Kaya shrine, imposing heavy fines, and forcing removals. The resistance was linked to the prophetess Mekatilili wa Menza, who was arrested and detained. Police and administration forces enforced the crackdown. religion / war ●●

4 June 1913 Emily Davison killed at the Epsom Derby 0 cit. Suffragette Emily Davison ran onto the racecourse and was struck by the King's horse, dying of her injuries days later. Whether she meant to sacrifice her life is still debated, but her death became a rallying symbol for the vote. politics / society ●●

1913 The Congo Reform Association declares victory and closes 0 cit. Judging that Belgian reforms had ended the worst of the forced-labor system, the Congo Reform Association wound up its work. Morel went on to other causes, and Casement was later executed by Britain for his role in the Irish independence struggle, a turn that complicated his memory. The association left a model for later international human rights campaigns, even as colonial rule in the Congo continued. politics / society ●●

1913 to 1914 Mekatilili wa Menza and the Giriama uprising 0 cit. The Giriama woman leader Mekatilili wa Menza rallied resistance to British demands for labor and taxes by invoking Mijikenda tradition, the sacred kaya forest shrine, and binding oaths. She drew authority from custom and the ancestors rather than from any colonial office. The British deported her and attacked the kaya, but she became a lasting symbol of coastal Kenyan resistance. politics / religion / society ●●

1913 to 1915 William Wade Harris and the Harrist revival 0 cit. The Liberian Grebo prophet William Wade Harris walked through the Ivory Coast and Gold Coast preaching, baptizing, and calling people to burn their traditional charms, and tens of thousands converted in one of West Africa's largest mass movements. He founded an African-led Christianity outside missionary control. Wary of his influence, the French authorities expelled him back to Liberia in 1915. politics / religion / society ●●

1913 The Kikuyu missionary conference debates Protestant unity 0 cit. Protestant missions meeting at Kikuyu in 1913 proposed a federation to coordinate their work and share communion, a plan that provoked a sharp controversy in the wider Anglican Communion. The Anglican bishop of Zanzibar accused the organizers of heresy for worshipping with non-episcopal churches. The episode showed how missions cooperated on the ground in Kenya even as their home churches quarreled over doctrine. religion ●

1913 The Mombasa Lodge is consecrated 0 cit. A Masonic lodge was consecrated at the coastal port of Mombasa in 1913, giving the colony's oldest town its own branch of the fraternity. Its members were administrators, merchants, and professionals of the port. Like the Nairobi lodges, it was a private club of the colonial elite and had no connection to the mission churches. society ●

1913 The Maasai Case 0 cit. A group of Maasai led by Ol le Njogo sued the Crown, arguing the 1911 move broke the 1904 agreement and asking the court to let them stay on Laikipia. The court dismissed the case, ruling that an agreement between the Crown and a tribe was an act of state that British courts could not enforce. The decision confirmed that Africans had no legal defence against the taking of their land, a landmark in the law of colonial dispossession. diplomacy / politics ●●

August 1913 Mekatilili wa Menza Defies Arthur Champion 0 cit. At a public meeting in August 1913 the administrator Arthur Champion demanded Giriama men for labour and closer submission to the government, and the elderly Mekatilili wa Menza rose to refuse him. She rallied the Giriama, especially the women, and administered binding oaths at the sacred settlement of Kaya Fungo against cooperating with the colonisers. Arrested that October and exiled far away to Kisii, she became the enduring symbol of Giriama resistance, her story carried largely through oral tradition. politics / religion / war ●●●

c. 1913 The Dervishes build the fortresses at Taleh 0 cit. After earlier reverses and a period when Britain pulled back to the coast, the Dervish state consolidated in the interior and built stone fortresses at Taleh in the Nugaal valley. The Sayyid governed a functioning statelet with its own administration and defenses. The same year, Dervish forces killed British commander Richard Corfield at the Battle of Dul Madoba, a defeat later remembered in Somali poetry. politics / war ●●

1913 Lancaster House, a Crown mansion in St James's 0 cit. Lancaster House is a grand mansion beside St James's Palace in London, built from the 1820s and known earlier as York House and then Stafford House. In 1913 the soap magnate Sir William Lever bought it, renamed it, and gave it to the nation. From then on the government used it for official hospitality, state receptions, and diplomatic meetings. politics / society ●●●

1913 Mekatilili wa Menza leads the Giriama resistance 0 cit. In 1913 and 1914 the Giriama rose against British demands for forced labor, taxes, and eviction from their land, rallied by the woman leader Mekatilili wa Menza and the elder Wanje wa Mwadorikola. She revived binding oaths through the kifudu and mwanza dances to unite people against the colonial government. Britain crushed the revolt, burned the sacred kaya at Kaya Fungo, and deported her, but she became a lasting symbol of resistance. politics / war ●●●

1913 The Giriama rise under Mekatilili and are crushed 0 cit. The Giriama leader Mekatilili wa Menza rallied her people against British demands for taxes, forced labour, and porters, administering unifying oaths and invoking the authority of the sacred kaya elders. In her famous confrontation with the officer Arthur Champion she used the fowl and feather challenge to defy British power. The British crushed the 1913-14 rising, burned the sacred Kaya Fungo, killed scores, fined the Giriama, and deported Mekatilili to distant Gusii country, from which she is said to have walked home. politics / religion / society / war ●●●

August 1913 Mekatilili binds the Giriama with oaths 0 cit. Mekatilili wa Menza drew on the ritual authority of the kaya, the sacred Giriama forest centre and its elders, to rally resistance in 1913. At meetings she and elders like Wanje wa Mwadorikola led people in binding anti-British oaths, using the kifudu women's rite to hold them to it. The oaths committed Giriama not to give their labour or pay the taxes the colonial state demanded. It was religious and political power used together. politics / religion ●●●