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545 event(s), page 1 of 6, 100 uncited and 100 outside stories on this page

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  1. c. 11 February 660 BCE Traditional Founding of Japan legendary 0 cit. no story By tradition, Emperor Jimmu ascends the throne in 660 BCE, founding the Japanese imperial line; the date is legendary but remains Japan's National Foundation Day. culture / politics ●●●●
  2. 509 BCE Battle of Silva Arsia wikidata 0 cit. no story battle in c.509 BCE between the Roman Republic and Etruscan Tarquinii and Veii forces ●●
  3. 508 BCE to 507 BCE Athenian Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story 508-507 BCE revolt by the people of Athens ●●●
  4. 499 BCE to 449 BCE Greco-Persian Wars 0 cit. no story The Achaemenid Persian Empire twice invades Greece and is repelled by an alliance of Greek city-states at Marathon, Salamis, and Plataea. The Greek victory preserves the independent city-state world that produced classical civilization. war ●●●●●
  5. 431 BCE to 404 BCE Peloponnesian War 0 cit. no story Athens and Sparta fight a three-decade struggle for supremacy in Greece. Athens' defeat ends its golden age and exhausts the Greek world. war ●●●●
  6. 395 BCE to 387 BCE Corinthian War 0 cit. no story Sparta fights a coalition of Athens, Thebes, Corinth, and Argos backed by Persia. The war ends with the King's Peace, which leaves Sparta dominant but under Persian oversight. war ●●
  7. 343 BCE to 290 BCE Samnite Wars 0 cit. no story Rome fights three wars against the Samnites and their allies for control of central Italy. Victory makes Rome the dominant power of the Italian peninsula. war ●●
  8. 336 BCE to 323 BCE Wars of Alexander the Great 0 cit. no story Alexander of Macedon conquers the Persian Empire and campaigns as far as Egypt and India in eleven years. His conquests spread Greek culture across the Near East and open the Hellenistic age. war ●●●●●
  9. 330 BCE Battle of the Persian Gate on the Mountain wikidata 0 cit. no story battle between Alexander the Great and Ariobarzanes near Persepolis in a small mountainpass known as the Persian gate along the Royal road ●●
  10. 329 BCE Battle of Jaxartes wikidata 0 cit. no story 329 BCE battle ●●
  11. c. 322 BCE to c. 281 BCE Wars of the Diadochi 0 cit. no story Alexander's generals fight over his empire for four decades after his death. The wars carve the Hellenistic world into the Ptolemaic, Seleucid, and Antigonid kingdoms. politics / war ●●●
  12. 310 BCE Battle of Lake Vadimo wikidata 0 cit. no story 310 BCE battle ●●
  13. 280 BCE to 275 BCE Pyrrhic War 0 cit. no story King Pyrrhus of Epirus wins costly battles against Rome on behalf of the Greek cities of southern Italy but cannot sustain the war. His withdrawal leaves Rome master of Italy and gives the language the term Pyrrhic victory. war ●●
  14. c. 262 BCE to c. 261 BCE Kalinga War 0 cit. no story The Mauryan emperor Ashoka conquers Kalinga at enormous human cost. Remorse over the slaughter leads him to embrace Buddhism and promote its spread across Asia. religion / war ●●●
  15. 255 BCE Battle of Bagradas wikidata 0 cit. no story battle of the First Punic War with a Carthaginian victory ●●
  16. 230 BCE to 221 BCE Qin's Wars of Unification 0 cit. no story The state of Qin conquers the six rival Warring States in under a decade. The victory creates the first unified Chinese empire under Qin Shi Huang. politics / war ●●●●●
  17. 229 BCE to 227 BCE First Illyro-Roman War wikidata 0 cit. no story ●●●●
  18. 226 BCE Ebro Treaty wikidata 0 cit. no story peace treaty ●●●
  19. 218 BCE to 201 BCE Second Punic War 0 cit. no story Hannibal crosses the Alps and devastates Roman armies at Cannae, but Rome outlasts Carthage and wins at Zama. The victory makes Rome the leading power of the western Mediterranean. war ●●●●●
  20. 214 BCE to 205 BCE First Macedonian War wikidata 0 cit. no story war between Rome and Macedonia ●●●●
  21. 206 BCE to 202 BCE Chu-Han Contention 0 cit. no story After the fall of the Qin dynasty, Liu Bang of Han defeats Xiang Yu of Chu in a civil war for control of China. The outcome founds the Han dynasty, which rules for four centuries. politics / war ●●●
  22. 200 BCE to 197 BCE Second Macedonian War wikidata 0 cit. no story war ●●●●
  23. 171 BCE to 168 BCE Third Macedonian War wikidata 0 cit. no story war between the Roman Republic and King Perseus of Macedon ●●●●
  24. 149 BCE to 146 BCE Third Punic War 0 cit. no story Rome besieges and destroys Carthage, killing or enslaving its population. The city's territory becomes the Roman province of Africa. war ●●●
  25. c. 133 BCE to c. 89 Han-Xiongnu Wars 0 cit. no story Han China fights a two-century intermittent war against the Xiongnu nomad confederation on its northern frontier. Han victories open the Silk Road and break Xiongnu power in the steppe. war ●●●
  26. 113 BCE to 101 BCE Cimbrian War 0 cit. no story The migrating Cimbri and Teutones crush several Roman armies before Gaius Marius destroys them. The emergency drives Marius' army reforms, which reshape Roman politics. war ●●
  27. 112 BCE to 106 BCE Jugurthine War 0 cit. no story Rome fights King Jugurtha of Numidia in a war marked by bribery scandals at home. The conflict launches the careers of Marius and Sulla. war ●●
  28. 91 BCE to 87 BCE Social War 0 cit. no story Rome's Italian allies revolt after being denied citizenship. Rome wins the war but concedes citizenship to most Italians, transforming the Roman state. politics / war ●●
  29. 88 BCE to 63 BCE Mithridatic Wars 0 cit. no story Rome fights three wars against Mithridates VI of Pontus, who massacres Roman settlers and overruns Roman Asia. Pompey's final victory brings most of Anatolia and the Levant under Roman control. war ●●●
  30. 73 BCE to 71 BCE Third Servile War 0 cit. no story The gladiator Spartacus leads a slave revolt that defeats several Roman armies before Crassus crushes it. Thousands of captured rebels are crucified along the Appian Way. society / war ●●
  31. 72 BCE The crucifixions along the Appian Way 0 cit. no story After crushing the slave revolt led by Spartacus in 71 BCE, the Roman general Crassus had about 6,000 captured rebels crucified along the Appian Way between Capua and Rome. The bodies lined the road for days as a public warning. ●●
  32. 58 BCE to 50 BCE Gallic Wars 0 cit. no story Julius Caesar conquers Gaul in eight years of campaigning, defeating the great revolt of Vercingetorix at Alesia. The conquest kills or enslaves millions and brings Gaul permanently into the Roman world. war ●●●●
  33. c. 54 BCE to c. 628 Roman-Persian Wars 0 cit. no story Rome and then Byzantium fight Parthian and Sasanian Persia in a nearly seven-century series of frontier wars. The long rivalry exhausts both empires on the eve of the Arab conquests. war ●●●●
  34. 49 BCE to 45 BCE Caesar's Civil War 0 cit. no story Caesar crosses the Rubicon and defeats Pompey and the Senate's forces across Greece, Egypt, Africa, and Spain. His victory ends the Roman Republic in all but name. politics / war ●●●●
  35. 32 BCE to 30 BCE Final War of the Roman Republic 0 cit. no story Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra at the naval battle of Actium and annexes Egypt. The victory makes him Rome's first emperor as Augustus. politics / war ●●●●
  36. September 9 Battle of the Teutoburg Forest wikidata 0 cit. no story battle between a coalition of Germanic peoples and an Imperial Roman army, 9 BCE ●●
  37. c. 43 to c. 84 Roman Conquest of Britain 0 cit. no story Rome invades Britain under Claudius and subdues most of the island over four decades, crushing Boudica's revolt along the way. Britain remains a Roman province for over 350 years. war ●●●
  38. 165 Antonine Plague wikidata 0 cit. no story pandemic ●●●
  39. c. 220 to c. 280 Wars of the Three Kingdoms Period 0 cit. no story The rival states of Wei, Shu, and Wu fight for control of China after the fall of the Han dynasty. The era's wars and famines cause one of history's largest population collapses before Jin reunifies the country. politics / war ●●●●
  40. 249 to 262 Plague of Cyprian wikidata 0 cit. no story pandemic in the Roman Empire (249-262 CE) ●●●
  41. c. 270 The destruction of the Library of Alexandria contested 0 cit. no story The great library declined and was damaged across several events, not one dramatic fire: Caesar’s war in 48 BCE, later imperial turmoil, and the destruction of the Serapeum in 391 CE. The single catastrophic burning is largely a later legend; the real loss was gradual. ●●
  42. c. 3 September 301 Founding of San Marino legendary 0 cit. no story By tradition, the stonemason Marinus founds a monastic community on Mount Titano in 301 CE, the origin of the world's oldest surviving republic. politics / religion ●●
  43. 376 to 382 Gothic War of 376-382 0 cit. no story Goths fleeing the Huns revolt inside the Roman Empire and destroy an imperial army at Adrianople, killing Emperor Valens. The settlement that follows plants armed Gothic peoples permanently inside Roman territory. war ●●●
  44. c. 434 to c. 453 Hunnic Wars of Attila 0 cit. no story Attila's Huns ravage the Balkans, Gaul, and Italy, extracting tribute from both Roman empires. His empire collapses after his death, but the invasions accelerate the fall of the Roman West. war ●●●●
  45. 535 to 554 Gothic War of 535-554 0 cit. no story Emperor Justinian's generals reconquer Italy from the Ostrogoths in a two-decade war. The fighting devastates Italy and leaves it open to Lombard invasion. war ●●●
  46. 541 to 767 First plague pandemic wikidata 0 cit. no story series of pandemics (541-767 c.e.) ●●●
  47. 602 to 628 Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628 0 cit. no story The last and greatest Roman-Persian war sees Persia overrun Egypt and the Levant before Heraclius strikes back into the Persian heartland. Both empires emerge exhausted just before the Arab conquests. war ●●●●
  48. c. 622 to c. 750 Early Muslim Conquests 0 cit. no story Arab armies united by Islam conquer the Sasanian Empire and strip Byzantium of Syria, Egypt, and North Africa, reaching Spain and Central Asia within a century. The conquests permanently reshape the religious and political map of the Old World. religion / war ●●●●●
  49. 631 Battle of Wogastisburg wikidata 0 cit. no story 631 battle ●●
  50. c. 718 to c. 1492 Reconquista 0 cit. no story Christian kingdoms gradually reconquer Muslim-ruled Iberia over nearly eight centuries, ending with the fall of Granada in 1492. The struggle forges the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal. religion / war ●●●●
  51. 772 to 804 Saxon Wars 0 cit. no story Charlemagne fights a three-decade campaign to conquer and forcibly Christianize the Saxons. The wars extend Frankish power across Germany. religion / war ●●●
  52. c. 793 to c. 1066 Viking Invasions of Europe 0 cit. no story Scandinavian raiders and armies attack and settle across the British Isles, Francia, and beyond for nearly three centuries. The Viking age founds new states from Normandy to the Danelaw and Kievan Rus. exploration / war ●●●●
  53. August 843 Treaty of Verdun wikidata 0 cit. no story 843 treaty dividing the Frankish Empire between the grandsons of Charlemagne ●●●
  54. c. August 843 Formation of France 0 cit. no story The Treaty of Verdun divides the Carolingian Empire and creates West Francia, the kingdom from which modern France developed. politics ●●●●
  55. 12 August 870 Treaty of Meerssen wikidata 0 cit. no story treaty ●●●
  56. 874 to 884 Huang Chao Rebellion 0 cit. no story A huge rebel army under Huang Chao sacks both Tang capitals and massacres the merchant city of Guangzhou. The devastation fatally weakens the Tang dynasty. society / war ●●●
  57. c. 965 Unification of Denmark 0 cit. no story Harald Bluetooth unifies the Danish kingdom and converts it to Christianity, an event recorded on the Jelling stones. politics / religion ●●●
  58. c. 25 December 1000 Foundation of the Kingdom of Hungary 0 cit. no story Stephen I is crowned as the first King of Hungary, founding a Christian kingdom that anchored the Hungarian state. politics / religion ●●●
  59. c. 1048 to c. 1308 Byzantine-Seljuk Wars 0 cit. no story Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantium at Manzikert in 1071 and settle Anatolia, which gradually turns Turkish and Muslim. The Byzantine appeal for help against them triggers the Crusades. war ●●●
  60. 1054 Battle of Mortemer wikidata 0 cit. no story 1054 battle ●●
  61. 22 March 1057 Battle of Varaville wikidata 0 cit. no story 1057 battle ●●
  62. September 1066 to 1071 Norman Conquest of England 0 cit. no story William of Normandy defeats King Harold at Hastings and subdues England over the following years. The conquest replaces the English ruling class and ties England to continental Europe. politics / war ●●●●
  63. August 1096 to July 1099 First Crusade 0 cit. no story Western European armies answer the papal call to take Jerusalem, capturing it in 1099 amid great slaughter. The victory founds the Crusader states and opens two centuries of holy war in the Levant. religion / war ●●●●
  64. 1108 Treaty of Devol wikidata 0 cit. no story 1108 treaty following the First Crusade ●●●
  65. c. 1125 to c. 1234 Jin-Song Wars 0 cit. no story The Jurchen Jin dynasty conquers northern China from the Song, who hold the south for another century. The long division ends only when the Mongols destroy the Jin. war ●●●
  66. c. 5 October 1143 Independence of Portugal 0 cit. no story The Treaty of Zamora recognizes Afonso Henriques as King of Portugal, establishing the independent Portuguese kingdom. politics ●●●
  67. 1147 to 1150 Second Crusade 0 cit. no story Launched after the fall of Edessa, the crusade of the French and German kings fails disastrously outside Damascus. The failure emboldens Muslim reunification under Nur ad-Din. religion / war ●●●
  68. c. 1147 to c. 1290 Northern Crusades 0 cit. no story German and Scandinavian crusaders conquer and Christianize the pagan peoples of the Baltic. The campaigns create the Teutonic Order's state in Prussia and Livonia. religion / war ●●●
  69. 1180 to April 1185 Genpei War 0 cit. no story The Minamoto and Taira clans fight a civil war that ends with the Taira destroyed at the naval battle of Dan-no-ura. The victory establishes the Kamakura shogunate and seven centuries of samurai rule. politics / war ●●●
  70. 1189 to September 1192 Third Crusade 0 cit. no story Richard the Lionheart, Philip of France, and Frederick Barbarossa march against Saladin after his capture of Jerusalem. The crusade retakes the coast but not Jerusalem, ending in a negotiated truce. religion / war ●●●●
  71. 1202 to April 1204 Fourth Crusade 0 cit. no story A crusade bound for Egypt is diverted and sacks Christian Constantinople in 1204. The blow permanently weakens Byzantium and deepens the split between the Latin and Greek churches. religion / war ●●●●
  72. c. 1206 to c. 1368 Mongol Invasions and Conquests 0 cit. no story Genghis Khan and his successors conquer the largest contiguous land empire in history, from China to Eastern Europe. The conquests kill tens of millions and reconnect the Eurasian trade routes. war ●●●●●
  73. 1209 to 1229 Albigensian Crusade 0 cit. no story A crusade against the Cathar heresy devastates Languedoc over twenty years. It destroys Cathar society and brings southern France under the French crown. religion / war ●●●
  74. 1244 Battle of Embūte wikidata 0 cit. no story 1244 battle ●●
  75. 11 July 1253 Battle of Westkapelle wikidata 0 cit. no story 1253 conflict ●●
  76. c. 1265 to c. May 1453 Byzantine-Ottoman Wars 0 cit. no story The rising Ottoman state gradually absorbs Byzantine territory over two centuries, ending with the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The conquest ends the Roman imperial line and establishes Ottoman power in Europe. war ●●●●
  77. November 1274 to August 1281 Mongol Invasions of Japan 0 cit. no story Kublai Khan twice sends invasion fleets against Japan, and both are wrecked by storms the Japanese call kamikaze. The failures mark the limit of Mongol expansion in the east. war ●●●
  78. c. 8 September 1278 Formation of Andorra 0 cit. no story The Pareage of 1278 establishes Andorra as a co-principality shared between the Bishop of Urgell and the Count of Foix. politics ●●
  79. March 1282 to 1302 War of the Sicilian Vespers 0 cit. no story A Sicilian uprising against Angevin French rule draws Aragon into a twenty-year Mediterranean war. The peace splits the old Kingdom of Sicily between Naples and Aragonese Sicily. politics / war ●●
  80. c. 1 August 1291 Formation of Switzerland 0 cit. no story The cantons of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden swear the Federal Charter, the traditional founding of the Swiss Confederation. politics ●●●
  81. 1296 to 1357 Scottish Wars of Independence 0 cit. no story Scotland fights off English attempts at conquest in two long wars, with Robert the Bruce's victory at Bannockburn the turning point. Scotland preserves its independence for another three and a half centuries. politics / war ●●●
  82. c. 8 January 1297 Formation of Monaco 0 cit. no story Francesco Grimaldi seizes the fortress of Monaco, beginning the Grimaldi dynasty's rule over the principality. politics ●●
  83. 4 July 1336 Battle of Minatogawa wikidata 0 cit. no story battle in Japan on July 4, 1336 ●●
  84. May 1337 to October 1453 Hundred Years' War 0 cit. no story England and France fight a dynastic war lasting over a century, spanning Crecy, Agincourt, and Joan of Arc. France finally expels the English and both kingdoms emerge as stronger centralized states. politics / war ●●●●●
  85. 1340s to 1880s Second plague pandemic wikidata 0 cit. no story major series of epidemics, 14th, 19th centuries ●●●
  86. 1346 to 1352 Black Death wikidata 0 cit. no story 1346-1353 pandemic in Eurasia and North Africa ●●●
  87. 1351 to 1368 Red Turban Rebellion 0 cit. no story Popular revolts against Mongol Yuan rule spread across China until rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang takes Beijing. The victory founds the Ming dynasty. politics / war ●●●
  88. 1370 to 1405 Conquests of Timur 0 cit. no story Timur builds an empire from Delhi to Damascus through campaigns of extraordinary brutality, killing millions. His victories break the Ottoman sultan and the Golden Horde but his empire fragments after his death. war ●●●●
  89. 1419 to 1434 Hussite Wars 0 cit. no story Followers of the executed reformer Jan Hus defeat five crusades sent against Bohemia, pioneering war-wagon tactics and handheld firearms. The wars foreshadow the Reformation a century later. religion / war ●●●
  90. 1454 to 1466 Thirteen Years' War 0 cit. no story Poland and the rebellious Prussian cities defeat the Teutonic Order in a thirteen-year war. The peace gives Poland access to the Baltic and reduces the Order to a Polish vassal. war ●●
  91. 22 May 1455 to 16 June 1487 Wars of the Roses wikidata 0 cit. no story dynastic civil war in England from 1455 to 1487 ●●●●
  92. 11 September 1457 Battle of Albulena wikidata 0 cit. no story 1457 battle ●●
  93. 1467 to 1477 Onin War 0 cit. no story A succession dispute among Japan's great lords destroys Kyoto and shatters central authority. The war opens the century-long Sengoku era of warring states. politics / war ●●●
  94. c. 1479 Unification of Spain 0 cit. no story The crowns of Castile and Aragon unite under Ferdinand and Isabella, creating the dynastic union from which modern Spain formed; the Reconquista ended in 1492. politics ●●●●
  95. 1494 to 1559 Italian Wars 0 cit. no story France and Habsburg Spain fight a series of wars for dominance in Italy over six decades. Spain emerges as the leading power in Italy and Europe. politics / war ●●●●
  96. February 1499 to 1 October 1499 Swabian War wikidata 0 cit. no story war in 1499 ●●●●
  97. 23 September 1515 to 24 September 1515 Battle of Marignano wikidata 0 cit. no story 1515 battle between Switzerland and France ●●
  98. c. 1519 to c. 1530 Mughal Conquests of Babur 0 cit. no story Babur invades India from Kabul and destroys the Delhi Sultanate's army at Panipat in 1526. His victories found the Mughal Empire, which dominates India for two centuries. war ●●●●
  99. 1520 to 1522 Revolt of the Comuneros wikidata 0 cit. no story rebellion ●●●●
  100. 6 June 1523 Independence of Sweden 0 cit. no story Gustav Vasa is elected King of Sweden, ending the Kalmar Union with Denmark and founding the modern Swedish state. politics / war ●●●