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  1. 1290 Expulsion of the Jews from England rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. The Jews of England were finally expelled in 1290. Their property passed to others, including a lending firm from Cahors. ●●
  2. 1694 Founding of the Bank of England rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1694 a consortium of English bankers loaned 1,200,000 pounds to the king. In return they gained a royal monopoly on issuing banknotes, monetizing the royal debt. ●●
  3. 1800 Founding of the Banque de France rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. Created with Napoleon Bonaparte's blessing to bring order to France's chaotic currency, the Banque de France opened on 18 January 1800. Napoleon himself bought thirty of its shares. ●●
  4. 1848 Publication of the Communist Manifesto rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. The 1848 publication of the Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels marks the dividing line between the Utopian Socialists and the period of scientific Socialism. ●●
  5. 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. Unable to stop the German advance, the Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918, losing all the western borderlands including Poland, the Ukraine, and the Baltic areas. ●●
  6. 1924 Death of Lenin rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. Lenin suffered a cerebral stroke in May 1922 and, after a series of strokes, died in January 1924. His long illness set off a struggle for control of the party and state. ●●
  7. 1926 France stabilizes the franc rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. France stabilized the franc at 124.21 to the pound at the end of 1926, though the move was made de jure only in June 1928. This was one of several devaluation-based stabilizations that proved more prosperous than Britain's deflation. ●●
  8. 1927 Buck v. Bell upholds forced sterilization rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. Gatto cites the 1927 Supreme Court case Buck v. Bell, which upheld an Indiana-model sterilization law, allowing Carrie Buck to be sterilized against her will. ●●
  9. 1928 Death of Benjamin Strong rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. Strong returned to New York and underwent surgery for intestinal bleeding on October 15, 1928, dying the next day of a hemorrhage at age fifty-five. His death removed the dominant figure in the Federal Reserve. ●●
  10. 1936 Anti-Comintern Pact rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. The Anti-Comintern Pact, a union of Germany and Japan against Communism and the Third International, was signed in November 1936 and joined by Italy a year later. ●●
  11. 1945 Yalta Conference rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta in the Crimea from February 4-12, 1945, to settle wartime and immediate postwar issues. They agreed on joint occupation of Germany, the United Nations voting rules, and the Polish settlement, giving Russia much of what it wanted. ●●
  12. 1953 Death of Stalin rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. Stalin died on March 5, 1953, just as he was preparing a third great purge of the party. His death set off a concealed five-year struggle for power from which Khrushchev eventually emerged as supreme leader. ●●
  13. 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. The Cuban Crisis of October 1962 brought the United States and Soviet Union to the edge of an unwanted war and revealed to both the need to ease tension, marking the end of the period begun in 1945. ●●
  14. 1971 World Economic Forum founded rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. The World Economic Forum was founded in 1971 and meets annually in Davos, Switzerland. Wood notes the WEF later backed the global Smart Grid and linked it to cutting carbon emissions. ●●
  15. 1971 Nixon ends the gold standard rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1971 Richard Nixon unpegged the dollar from precious metals and ended the international gold standard. This introduced the floating currency system that has dominated the world economy since. ●●
  16. 1972 Munich Olympics massacre rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. Palestinian gunmen murdered eleven Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics. One organizer, Ali Hassan Salameh, later became a well-placed CIA source before Israel assassinated him. ●●
  17. 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. The Berlin Wall, the greatest symbol of the Cold War, began to crack. The chief of the CIA's Soviet division watched it happen on CNN, with no worthwhile spies left to report from Moscow. ●●
  18. 1995 Oklahoma City bombing rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. A bomb destroyed the federal headquarters in Oklahoma City, killing 169 people. It was the deadliest attack on American territory since Pearl Harbor. ●●
  19. 2001 September 11 attacks rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. The attacks of September 11 were the catastrophic failure Tenet had predicted three years earlier. It was the Pearl Harbor the CIA had been created to prevent. ●●