Events, Verisoph

1987 Elijah Masinde dies after decades of detention across three governments 0 cit. Masinde spent much of his life in colonial and post-colonial detention. After independence the Kenyatta government held him for years on charges of stirring religious hatred, and he was released under Daniel arap Moi in 1978 before further arrests. He died in 1987 and is remembered by many as a neglected freedom fighter. politics / religion ●

1987 The Church of England questions Freemasonry 0 cit. The General Synod's report Freemasonry and Christianity found serious difficulties in reconciling the two, and some members judged them incompatible on grounds of the Masonic understanding of God. The Church did not forbid membership, but the relationship cooled. ●●

17 April 1988 Operation Ramadan ul-Mubarak wikidata 0 cit. no story 1988 Iraqi military operation ●●

1988 Asymmetric cross-border acquisitions of 1988 ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1988 Japanese companies acquired 315 firms abroad while foreigners bought only 11 firms in Japan, illustrating how cross shareholdings kept corporate Japan closed to foreign investment. ●●

1988 to 1989 Window guidance begins tightening before Mieno's governorship ai_extracted 1 cit. Window guidance was already tightening in 1988 and 1989, well before Mieno officially became governor, while Governor Sumita knew little about the policy reversal. ●●●

June 1988 Third Maekawa report announced ai_extracted 1 cit. A third version of the Maekawa report was announced in June 1988 under the title "The New Economic Plan, The Japan that Lives Together with the World." ●●

November 1988 Founding of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 0 cit. no story The WMO and UNEP establish the IPCC, which holds its first session in Geneva in November 1988, to assess the science of climate change for governments. It shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. diplomacy / environment / science ●●●

15 November 1988 Declaration of the State of Palestine 0 cit. no story The Palestine Liberation Organization proclaims the State of Palestine in Algiers; it holds UN observer state status since 2012. politics ●●●

February 1988 to 12 May 1994 Nagorno-Karabakh War 0 cit. no story Armenians and Azerbaijanis fight over the Nagorno-Karabakh enclave as the Soviet Union collapses. Armenian forces win control of the region and surrounding districts, displacing hundreds of thousands. war ●●●

17 September 1988 Founding of CNPC 0 cit. China dissolves its Ministry of Petroleum and creates the China National Petroleum Corporation to run its oil and gas industry. CNPC and its listed arm PetroChina become one of the world's largest energy groups. economy / politics ●●●

1 November 1988 Switzerland ends its nuclear weapons program 0 cit. The Swiss government dissolves its long-dormant working committee on nuclear armament, quietly closing a 43-year study of a Swiss bomb. The program never got beyond planning and stockpiled uranium. politics / war ●●

21 December 1988 Lockerbie bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 0 cit. A bomb destroyed Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, killing all 259 people on board and 11 on the ground, 270 in total. The attack was blamed on Libyan agents and led to years of international sanctions. politics / war ●●●

c. 1988 BlackRock is founded 0 cit. Larry Fink and partners founded BlackRock as a bond investment firm. It grew into the world's largest asset manager and a central player in global capital markets. economy / technology ●●●

c. 1988 Millennium of the Baptism of Rus 0 cit. State-tolerated celebrations marked a thousand years since the Christianization of Rus, signaling a thaw in relations between the Soviet state and the Orthodox Church. The event helped open the way for a religious revival. religion / society ●●●

c. 1988 BlackRock founded 0 cit. BlackRock was founded as an asset management firm and grew into the world's largest, overseeing trillions of dollars. The rise of large asset managers gave a handful of firms significant influence over global companies and markets. economy ●●●

12 August 1988 to 2001 The ECHELON surveillance network is exposed 0 cit. Journalist Duncan Campbell publicly named ECHELON, a global signals intelligence system run by the United States and allied nations. Later reporting and a 2001 European Parliament report detailed its interception of communications worldwide. politics / technology ●●●

15 July 1988 Basel I sets the first global capital standard 0 cit. The Basel Committee issued Basel I, the first international standard requiring banks to hold minimum capital against their risks. It set a common benchmark that spread to banking systems around the world. economy / politics ●●●●

1988 Founding of MIGA 0 cit. The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency was added to the World Bank Group to insure foreign investors against political risk in developing countries. It completed the group's five-institution structure. economy ●●

11 August 1988 Al-Qaeda founded in the Afghan war's aftermath contested 0 cit. Osama bin Laden and associates founded al-Qaeda from networks built during the anti-Soviet war. The group grew out of the war's aftermath, though the claim that the CIA created or directly funded bin Laden is contested and not supported by the documented record. religion / war ●●●●●

1988 Britain introduces the National Curriculum 0 cit. The Education Reform Act created a national curriculum with standard subjects and testing across England and Wales. It marked a move toward central control of what schools taught. politics / society ●●●

1988 Manufacturing Consent and the propaganda model 0 cit. Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky publish Manufacturing Consent, arguing that free-press societies manufacture consent through ownership, advertising, and sourcing filters rather than overt censorship. It names a subtler way speech is shaped: not banning ideas, but structuring which ones get heard. culture / society ●●●

1988 Prince Charles visits Steel Valley High ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts Prince Charles's 1988 visit to Steel Valley High in Homestead, Pennsylvania, to discuss converting closed steel mills into arboretums. He uses the scene, near where Braddock fell, as a symbol of elite indifference to a dying industrial community. ●●

1988 Carlucci lectures Soviet generals in Moscow ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Reagan's defense secretary went to Moscow and told Soviet generals to publish their military budget as the Americans did. The exchange showed the Soviets that their system, built on secrecy, could not win. ●●

1988 Gorbachev announces unilateral troop cut at UN ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Days after the CIA declared Soviet defense policy unchanged, Gorbachev stood at the UN and offered to cut 500,000 troops. The agency had judged such a move unthinkable. ●●

1988 Geneva Accords commit to Soviet withdrawal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 14, 1988, the Geneva Accords were signed by Afghanistan's communist-led regime, Pakistan, the United States, and the Soviet Union. The accords formally committed to Soviet troop withdrawal from Afghanistan, though the Afghan rebels had no role in negotiations. ●●

1988 Soviet troops begin withdrawal from Jalalabad ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1988, the first Soviet troops began rolling out of Jalalabad. Some twelve thousand men and their equipment withdrew as part of the formal Soviet pullout. CIA officers and ISI brigadiers worked to prevent rebel commanders from attacking the retreating Soviet forces. ●●

1988 Florida grand juries indict Noriega on drug charges ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then, early in 1988, two grand juries in Florida handed up criminal indictments charging Noriega and more than a dozen others, including Pablo Escobar (1988) ●●

1988 Morgan Grenfell shuts its securities operation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 6, 1988, Morgan Grenfell abruptly shut its securities operation, ending its chances of becoming an integrated global investment bank. There was a wholesale firing of 450 people, or a quarter of its entire payroll—one of the biggest sac... ●●

1988 Morgan bank borrows $400 million from Dai-Ichi Mutual ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1989, the bank had outgrown its shrine at 23 Wall. Lew Preston wanted a personal computer on every banker’s desk, and trading desks required an exotic jungle of electric wiring. To accommodate a high-tech bank, Morgans bought a new forty-seven-... ●●

1988 An astrologer in the Reagan White House 0 cit. It emerges that astrologer Joan Quigley had for years helped set the schedule of US President Ronald Reagan, timing events by the stars at the First Lady's request. Documented in the chief of staff's memoir, it showed astrology reaching the highest office in the world. politics / religion ●●●

1988 Yellowstone fire burns nearly 800,000 acres ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The public began to take notice after the huge Yellowstone fire in 1988, which ended up burning nearly eight hundred thousand acres and took several months to control. ●●

1988 Russian Church canonizes Andrei Rublev ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russian Orthodox Church declares Rublev a saint during millennium celebrations for conversion of Prince Vladimir. ●●

22 December 1988 New York Accords set the path to independence 0 cit. South Africa, Angola, and Cuba signed agreements committing to Cuban troop withdrawal from Angola and South African withdrawal from Namibia under UN supervision, clearing the way to implement Resolution 435. The accords resulted from months of negotiation mediated by the United States. They set a firm timetable for Namibia's transition to independence. diplomacy ●●

December 1988 British Steel privatized 0 cit. The British government sold British Steel Corporation to private investors, completing the privatization of the nationalized steel industry after years of plant closures and job cuts that had already shrunk the workforce sharply during the 1980s. Supporters pointed to the leaner, more competitive company that emerged; critics of the broader privatization program argued that decades of state assets and jobs had been stripped away in the name of efficiency, with the resulting profits flowing to new private owners rather than the communities that had built the industry. economy / politics ●●

21 December 1988 Drexel Burnham Lambert pleads guilty to fraud 0 cit. Drexel Burnham Lambert, the investment bank that had built the modern junk-bond market under Michael Milken and financed much of the 1980s takeover and buyout boom, pleaded guilty to six felony counts of securities and mail fraud and agreed to pay a 650 million dollar fine. Prosecutors had built the case around insider trading and stock manipulation schemes involving Milken, Ivan Boesky, and others. The plea marked the beginning of the end for the firm that had underwritten financing for many of the decade's most aggressive raids and buyouts. economy ●●●

October 1988 RJR Nabisco leveraged buyout 0 cit. KKR won a fierce bidding war against RJR Nabisco's own management team, led by F. Ross Johnson, to buy the food and tobacco conglomerate in a leveraged buyout worth about 25 billion dollars, the largest LBO of its era. The deal, financed overwhelmingly with debt underwritten in part by Drexel Burnham, became the subject of the book and later film "Barbarians at the Gate," which came to symbolize the excesses of the 1980s buyout boom. RJR Nabisco later sold off businesses and cut jobs to service the debt, and the deal is widely cited in both defenses and criticisms of the leveraged buyout model. economy ●●●

1988 Robert Campeau's leveraged buyout of Federated Department Stores 0 cit. Canadian developer Robert Campeau won a hostile bidding war to buy Federated Department Stores, owner of Bloomingdale's and other chains, in a heavily leveraged deal financed largely with junk bonds arranged through Drexel Burnham. The debt load proved unsustainable, and Federated filed for bankruptcy in January 1990, one of the largest retail bankruptcies to that point. The collapse became a widely cited cautionary example of a debt-fueled takeover that overwhelmed the operating business it had acquired. economy ●●

July 1988 Revco drugstore chain files for bankruptcy after leveraged buyout 0 cit. Revco D.S., a large drugstore chain, filed for bankruptcy less than two years after being taken private in a 1.25 billion dollar leveraged buyout led by its own management with financing from Salomon Brothers. The debt burden from the buyout left the company unable to invest in its stores and unable to service its obligations once sales slowed. The case became one of the most frequently cited examples in Congress and the financial press of an LBO that collapsed under its own debt. economy ●●

17 September 1988 1988 Seoul Olympics opening ceremony 0 cit. South Korea used the Games to present itself as a modernized, democratizing nation just a year after its first direct presidential election, with a ceremony blending traditional Korean performance with displays of industrial achievement. It was among the last Olympics of the Cold War era to be attended by both major blocs, with the Soviet Union and most Eastern Bloc countries returning after the 1980 and 1984 boycotts. culture / diplomacy ●●

c. 1988 First Black Texas Ranger appointed 0 cit. Lee Roy Young Jr. became the first Black Texas Ranger, appointed more than 150 years after the force's origins and decades after the civil-rights era integration of most other American police agencies. The lateness of the appointment is frequently cited by historians as evidence of how long institutional resistance to integration persisted within the DPS Ranger division specifically, even after the broader department had desegregated. society ●●

22 January 1988 Colin Pitchfork becomes the first person convicted using DNA evidence 0 cit. Colin Pitchfork was identified through the mass DNA screening prompted by the Enderby murders investigation, after he arranged for a friend to submit a sample in his place, and pleaded guilty to the rapes and murders of two teenage girls. It was the first criminal conviction in the world secured using DNA profiling. The case demonstrated both the power of DNA evidence and its ability to clear the innocent alongside catching the guilty. science ●●●

5 October 1988 Chile votes No to Pinochet 0 cit. In a plebiscite meant to extend his rule, Chileans vote No and force Augusto Pinochet to accept a return to elections. The peaceful campaign broke the fear that his secret police had spread for fifteen years. Pinochet left the presidency in 1990, though he kept command of the army and a seat in the senate. politics / society ●●

7 December 1988 Spitak earthquake 0 cit. A powerful earthquake devastates northern Armenia, destroying the town of Spitak and heavily damaging Leninakan, now Gyumri. Estimates of the dead generally range from about 25,000 to 50,000, with hundreds of thousands left homeless. The disaster drew rare international aid into the Soviet Union and exposed the poor quality of Soviet-era construction. science / society ●●

1988 to 1994 First Nagorno-Karabakh War 0 cit. A dispute over the mostly Armenian enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh inside Azerbaijan escalates into full war as both republics leave the Soviet Union. Armenian forces gain control of the enclave and surrounding districts, and a 1994 ceasefire leaves a self-declared Armenian-backed republic in place. The war displaced hundreds of thousands on both sides; accounts of its origins and atrocities remain contested between Armenia and Azerbaijan. politics / war ●●

c. 1988 DARPA and the rise of the drone 0 cit. DARPA backed the engineer Abraham Karem, whose Amber and Gnat drones became the basis for the Predator. That lineage produced the armed, remotely piloted aircraft that would define American warfare after 2001. technology / war ●●

c. 1988 ECHELON and global interception 0 cit. Journalists began to describe ECHELON, a Five Eyes system that intercepted satellite and telephone communications on a global scale. A New Zealand researcher and a later European Parliament inquiry documented how it swept up commercial and civilian traffic, not just military targets. It showed that Cold War surveillance networks had turned toward everyday communication. diplomacy / politics / technology ●●

May 1988 The bombing of Hargeisa 0 cit. After the Somali National Movement attacked northern towns in 1988, Barre's forces responded with artillery and aerial bombardment that flattened much of Hargeisa and Burao. Pilots reportedly took off from the city's own airport to bomb it. Estimates of civilians killed in the northern campaign range widely, often cited from tens of thousands up to around fifty thousand, with hundreds of thousands driven into Ethiopia as refugees. Some scholars and a later Somaliland investigation describe the campaign as genocide against the Isaaq. politics / war ●●●

February 1988 Queue-voting rigs the 1988 election 0 cit. In the 1988 KANU nominations the government replaced the secret ballot with mlolongo, a system where voters lined up in public behind their chosen candidate. Officials could see who backed whom, and results were widely manipulated in favor of loyalists. The open queues stripped away any secrecy and hardened public anger at the one-party system. politics ●●

1988 Geneva Accords set the terms of the Soviet withdrawal ai_extracted 1 cit. On April 14, 1988, Afghanistan's communist government, Pakistan, the U.S., and the Soviet Union signed the Geneva Accords formalizing the Soviet pullout. The mujahedin were excluded, and under a formula called "positive symmetry" the CIA kept arming them as long as Moscow supplied Kabul. ●●●

1988 President Zia and the U.S. ambassador die in a plane crash ai_extracted 1 cit. On August 17, 1988, Pakistani dictator Mohammed Zia-ul-Haq died when his C-130 crashed after a tank demonstration near Bhawalpur. Also killed were ISI chief General Akhtar, U.S. ambassador Arnold Raphel, and much of Pakistan's senior military brass; the cause was never established. ●●

March 1988 Queue-voting rigs the 1988 general election 0 cit. KANU ran the 1988 party primaries using mlolongo, an open system where voters lined up behind their preferred candidate instead of casting a secret ballot. Officials were widely accused of declaring winners against the visible queues to favor loyalists. The blatant manipulation discredited the ruling party and pushed many Kenyans toward demanding reform. politics ●●

1988 Kibaki is dropped as Vice President and moved to Health 1 cit. After the 1988 elections, Moi dropped Kibaki as Vice President and appointed him Minister for Health. This demotion pushed Kibaki further from Moi's inner circle, but he did not immediately resign. He stayed in government until the return of multiparty politics opened a different route. politics ●●●●

11 December 1989 Timor Gap Treaty wikidata 0 cit. no story treaty between Australia and Indonesia ●●●

17 November 1989 to 29 December 1989 Velvet Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story democratization process in Czechoslovakia in 1989 ●●●

15 December 1989 to 27 December 1989 Romanian Revolution (1989) wikidata 0 cit. no story 1989 popular uprising in Romania against the regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu ●●●

1989 Yasushi Mieno becomes Bank of Japan governor ai_extracted 1 cit. Yasushi Mieno became governor of the Bank of Japan in 1989, with Haruo Maekawa having become governor ten years earlier; both had long been tipped as certain successors. ●●●

1989 Peak of the Japanese asset bubble ai_extracted 1 cit. By 1989 speculative credit had pushed asset prices to extremes: the land surrounding the Imperial Palace in Tokyo had the same market value as the entire state of California. ●●●

1989 End of the Showa era ai_extracted 1 cit. The Showa era, the official calendar of Emperor Hirohito's reign, ended in 1989, sixty-four years after it began; Hirohito had remained in office after 1945, exchanging his military uniform for civilian clothes. ●●●

December 1989 Nikkei peaks at all-time high of 38,915 ai_extracted 1 cit. After rising an average 30 percent per year from 1984, the Nikkei 225 stock index peaked at an all-time high of 38,915 yen in December 1989. ●●●●

1989 Bubble lending reaches 27 percent of all bank loans ai_extracted 1 cit. By the end of 1989, loans to real estate, construction, and nonbank financial institutions used for speculation totaled 27 percent of all bank loans, some 98.9 trillion yen or 25 percent of nominal GDP. ●●●

1989 Banks suddenly restrict loan growth ai_extracted 1 cit. In mid-1989 Japanese banks suddenly restricted loan growth, cutting off the flow of new money into asset markets; stock prices peaked half a year later and land prices stopped rising. ●●●

December 1989 to 1994 Mieno becomes BoJ governor ai_extracted 1 cit. Yasushi Mieno served as governor of the Bank of Japan from December 1989 to 1994, determined to end the bubble he blamed for dividing Japan into haves and have-nots. ●●●

December 1989 Mieno's 'Christmas present' rate hike ends the bubble ai_extracted 1 cit. Only a fortnight after becoming governor, Mieno raised the official discount rate in December 1989, the infamous Christmas present; asset prices began tumbling in 1990 and land prices eventually fell around 80 percent. ●●●●

June 1989 BoJ tightens window guidance and ends the bubble ai_extracted 1 cit. The Bank of Japan ended the bubble by suddenly tightening its window guidance credit controls in June 1989, an act the author identifies as the trigger of the recession of the 1990s. ●●●●

1989 Death of Haruo Maekawa ai_extracted 1 cit. Former Bank of Japan governor Haruo Maekawa died in 1989, but his chosen successors Mieno and Fukui remained in power at the central bank. ●●

1989 Mieno appointed governor of the Bank of Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. Yasushi Mieno was appointed official governor of the Bank of Japan in 1989, with observers noting parallels between his career and that of former governor Sasaki. ●●●

July 1989 to 28 July 1990 Structural Impediments Initiative ai_extracted 1 cit. The bilateral U.S.-Japan Structural Impediments Initiative was launched in July 1989 and released its final report on July 28, 1990, detailing U.S. structural reform demands. ●●●

22 September 1989 Founding of the International Paralympic Committee 0 cit. no story Disability sport organizations found the International Paralympic Committee in Düsseldorf as the single global governing body of the Paralympic Games and movement. culture / diplomacy / society ●●

24 December 1989 to 2 August 1997 First Liberian Civil War 0 cit. no story Charles Taylor's rebellion collapses Liberia into factional warfare notorious for child soldiers. Around 200,000 die before elections bring Taylor to power in 1997. war ●●●

c. 15 February 1989 to c. October 2001 Afghan Civil War of 1989-2001 0 cit. no story After the Soviet withdrawal, Afghan factions fight over the country, destroying Kabul, until the Taliban seize most of it by 1996. The Taliban's harboring of al-Qaeda leads to the US invasion of 2001. politics / war ●●●

8 August 1989 Founding of Gazprom 0 cit. The Soviet Ministry of Gas Industry is converted into the State Gas Concern Gazprom, the USSR's first state corporate enterprise. Privatized after 1991, it controls the world's largest gas reserves and Russia's export pipelines. economy / politics ●●●

4 June 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown 0 cit. The Chinese army crushes pro-democracy protests centered on Tiananmen Square, killing hundreds or more. The crackdown sets China's course of economic opening without political liberalization. politics ●●●●

9 November 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall 1 cit. East Germany opens its border and crowds tear at the Berlin Wall. Communist rule across Eastern Europe collapses within months, ending the Cold War division of the continent. politics ●●●●●

c. 1989 to c. 1991 South Africa dismantles its arsenal 0 cit. As apartheid winds down, F.W. de Klerk orders South Africa's six nuclear weapons dismantled and the program shut. It remains the only state to build a nuclear arsenal and then voluntarily destroy it. politics / war ●●●●

c. 1989 Washington Consensus formulated 0 cit. Economist John Williamson coins the term Washington Consensus for the package of liberalization, privatization, and fiscal discipline urged on developing countries. The label comes to stand for market-oriented globalization. economy ●●●

27 November 1989 Bombing of Avianca Flight 203 0 cit. A bomb planted by the Medellin drug cartel destroyed Avianca Flight 203 shortly after takeoff, killing all 110 people on board. The attack targeted a presidential candidate who was not aboard. politics / society ●●

6 December 1989 DAS building bombing in Bogota 0 cit. The Medellin cartel detonated a bus bomb outside the headquarters of Colombia's security police, killing about 63 people and injuring hundreds during Pablo Escobar's war on the state. politics / society ●●

March 1989 The World Wide Web 0 cit. Tim Berners-Lee proposed the World Wide Web, a system of linked pages accessed over the internet, and opened it to the public in 1991. The web turned the internet into an everyday tool for billions. technology ●●●●●

c. 1989 Washington Consensus named 0 cit. Economist John Williamson coined the term Washington Consensus to describe a set of free market policy reforms recommended for developing economies. It came to stand for the prevailing economic orthodoxy promoted by Washington based institutions. economy ●●●●

4 June 1989 Tiananmen Square protests 0 cit. Student-led demonstrations for reform filled Tiananmen Square in spring 1989. The government declared martial law and used troops to end the protests with many deaths on 4 June. politics / society ●●●●●

1989 The Vatican and the fall of communism 0 cit. As communist governments fell across Eastern Europe, the Church under John Paul II was credited with helping inspire the change. The collapse restored Church freedom in much of the former Soviet bloc. politics / religion / society ●●●●

1989 The Washington Consensus is named 1 cit. Economist John Williamson coined the term Washington Consensus to describe a set of market-oriented policies favored by the IMF, World Bank, and US Treasury. The label came to stand, often critically, for the whole adjustment agenda. economy / politics ●●●●●

27 February 1989 The Caracazo uprising 0 cit. Days after Venezuela announced an IMF-backed austerity package that raised fuel and transport prices, riots swept Caracas and were put down with heavy loss of life. The events became a symbol of the social backlash against adjustment. politics / society ●●●

March 1989 The Brady Plan for debt reduction 0 cit. US Treasury Secretary Nicholas Brady proposed converting Latin American bank debt into tradable bonds with partial write-downs. The plan brought a measure of relief after years of the crisis being treated as a liquidity rather than solvency problem. economy / politics ●●●

1989 Asus takes its name from Pegasus of Greek myth 0 cit. The Taiwanese electronics company, founded in 1989, took its name from the last letters of Pegasus, the winged horse of Greek mythology. economy / religion / technology ●●

13 April 1989 The Kerry Committee links Contras to drugs 0 cit. A Senate subcommittee led by John Kerry reported that Contra networks and their supporters were involved in drug trafficking, and that US agencies looked the other way. The findings drew limited attention at the time. politics / society ●●●

20 December 1989 Manuel Noriega turns from asset to target 0 cit. Panama's Manuel Noriega had long worked with US intelligence before the US invaded to capture him on drug charges. His arc is a textbook case of a covert asset becoming a liability. politics / war ●●●

4 June 1989 Tiananmen and the erasure of memory 0 cit. China crushes the Tiananmen Square protests and then erases them from the record, scrubbing the date and images from its media and later its internet. The event becomes the model of censorship as enforced forgetting. politics / society ●●●●

1989 Campaign to change mathematics teaching launched ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Citing Tom Loveless, Gatto argues that in 1989 a group of math-education experts launched a campaign to change the content and teaching of mathematics, which he sees as a deliberate de-emphasis of math skills. ●●

1989 Gatto's grant to pay students, 1989 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that in 1989 he secured a foundation grant to pay his students cash for work they had done for free, an experiment that backfired. ●●

1989 Last Soviet soldier leaves Afghanistan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan ended as the last soldier withdrew. The CIA's weapons kept flowing to radical Afghan factions, seeding forces that would become al Qaeda. ●●

1989 George H. W. Bush sworn in as president ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The CIA celebrated as Bush, the only president who had run the agency, took office. He became his own director of central intelligence and demanded daily briefings from professionals. ●●

1989 U.S. invades Panama to seize Noriega ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the CIA repeatedly failed to unseat its old ally Manuel Noriega, the United States mounted its biggest military operation since the fall of Saigon. Special Forces fought through Panama City to arrest the dictator. ●●

1989 Noriega annuls Endara's election victory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When an opposition figure, Guillermo Endara, won the presidential election held in May 1989, Noriega simply ignored the result and imposed his own can (1989) ●●

1989 Soviet Troops Withdraw from Afghanistan ai_extracted 2 cit. The last Soviet military units withdrew from Afghanistan on February 15, 1989, crossing back into Soviet territory after nearly a decade of occupation. ●●

1989 Morgan Grenfell reports its first annual loss ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 6, 1988, Morgan Grenfell abruptly shut its securities operation, ending its chances of becoming an integrated global investment bank. There was a wholesale firing of 450 people, or a quarter of its entire payroll—one of the biggest sac... ●●

December 1989 The Malta Summit declares the Cold War over 0 cit. Weeks after the Berlin Wall fell, George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev meet at Malta and declare the Cold War at an end. Forty years of superpower confrontation gave way, briefly, to talk of a new world order. diplomacy / politics ●●●

1989 Pittston miners' strike begins ai_extracted 1 cit. In a notable illustration of the applicability of the propaganda model, the nine-month-long Pittston miners’ strike that began in April 1989 was accorded much less attention, and less friendly treatme ●●

1989 Tiananmen protests and the 1989 crackdown ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The contemporaneous Gorbachev reforms in the former Soviet Union inspired the Tiananmen protest movement and the government’s bloody crackdown in June 1989. ●●

1989 China permits village elections ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Chinese government has permitted village elections in rural areas since 1989 to elect village committees and village leaders with certain limited local powers. ●●