Events, Verisoph

1802 Treaty of Bassein ratified ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The fugitive Peshwa Baji Rao II signed a treaty of alliance accepting the Company as Maratha overlord and a British garrison at Pune. Holkar warned it had destroyed the Maratha state. ●●

1802 There was “relatively little nuclear physics” at Los Alamos, Bethe says, mostly rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There was “relatively little nuclear physics” at Los Alamos, Bethe says, mostly cross-section calculations.1802 They thought they were assembled to engineer a “practical military weapon.” That was first of all a national goal. ●●

1802 They thought they were assembled to engineer a “practical military weapon. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They thought they were assembled to engineer a “practical military weapon. ●●

18 May 1803 to 20 November 1815 Napoleonic Wars 0 cit. no story Napoleon's France fights successive coalitions of European powers, dominating the continent for a decade before defeat in Russia, at Leipzig, and finally at Waterloo. The wars kill millions and reshape the political map of Europe. politics / war ●●●●●

1803 Napoleon sells Louisiana to the United States, 1803 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in 1803 because his overriding concern had to be France's position on the European continent, not overseas empire. ●●

1803 Wellesley plans to invade Hindustan and seize Delhi ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When it became clear Scindia would not accept the Treaty of Bassein, Wellesley drew up plans to invade Hindustan and take both Delhi and the Mughal emperor. This aimed to make the Company the paramount power of India. ●●

1803 Arthur Wellesley restores Baji Rao to Pune ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Arthur Wellesley marched the Peshwa Baji Rao II back to Pune and restored him to his throne under British control, without firing a shot. Holkar withdrew his army north-east across the Deccan. ●●

1803 Barlow memorandum on British paramountcy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sir George Barlow set out an aggressive doctrine that no Indian state should survive unless upheld by, or under the absolute control of, British power. It foreshadowed the coming British Raj. ●●

1803 Daulat Rao Scindia declares war on the Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rather than back down to Wellesley's ultimatum, Scindia gave Colonel Collins a formal declaration of war and expelled him from his camp. Wellesley put his war plans into action on four fronts. ●●

1803 Arthur Wellesley captures Ahmadnagar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On hearing of Scindia's declaration of war, Arthur Wellesley broke camp with 40,000 troops and marched on the fortress of Ahmadnagar. He took it after a brief bombardment and a bribe to its mercenary garrison. ●●

1803 Battle of Assaye ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Arthur Wellesley, heavily outnumbered, attacked Scindia's confederated army near Assaye. After fierce fighting the Marathas were driven from the field, leaving ninety-eight guns, but Wellesley lost a third of his men. ●●

1803 Lord Lake marches from Kanpur against the Marathas ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A day after learning of the declaration of war, Lord Lake left Kanpur with a fast-moving army despite monsoon mud. He headed west toward General Perron's fortress at Aligarh. ●●

1803 Lake crosses into Maratha territory toward Aligarh ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After weeks of marching through heavy rain and flooded roads, Lake's army crossed into Maratha territory and advanced on the fortress of Aligarh. The fort was considered one of the strongest in Hindustan. ●●

1803 Storming of Aligarh fort ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Unable to conduct a siege, Lake chose a frontal assault on the main gate of Aligarh. After heavy losses the attackers blew open the gate and stormed in, and the garrison of 2,000 was massacred. ●●

1803 Earthquake collapses top of the Qutb Minar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A massive earthquake struck Delhi at midnight, toppling the top storey of the Qutb Minar and many buildings. Shah Alam and others read it as a bad omen of disasters to come. ●●

1803 Lake camps at Sikandra before the Battle of Delhi ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lake camped his army north of Akbar's Tomb at Sikandra as his spies reported Scindia's army had crossed the Yamuna to block his approach to Delhi. The battle for Mughal Delhi would be fought the next day. ●●

1803 Battle of Delhi ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lake defeated the French-officered Maratha army defending Delhi, luring it from its strong position and driving it into the Yamuna. It was the last time British troops faced French officers in South Asia. ●●

1803 Shah Abdul Aziz issues a fatwa of jihad ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Delhi imam Shah Abdul Aziz declared that Christians now controlled India and that it was no longer a land of Islam. Many Muslims saw the Company's conquest as the loss of India for the first time since the twelfth century. ●●

1803 Court of Directors object to Wellesley ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alarmed by Wellesley's wars and spending, the Court of Directors wrote to the Board of Control listing objections to his rule. By the end of the year the decision was taken to recall him. ●●

1803 In 1803, he gave up. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1803, he gave up. ●●

1803 In 1803 Napoleon was reputed to say, "Damn rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1803 Napoleon was reputed to say, "Damn sugar, damn coffee, damn colonies! ●●

1803 United States makes the Louisiana Purchase ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This culminated in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, which brought to the young country a huge, undefined territory west of the Mississippi River from ●●

1803 “If there were any ground-breaking ceremonies at Los Alamos like champagne or cu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “If there were any ground-breaking ceremonies at Los Alamos like champagne or cutting ribbons,” John Manley comments, “I was unaware of them.1803 Most of us who were there felt that the conference in April, 1943, was really the ground-breaking ceremony.”1804 Rabi, Fermi and Samuel Allison arrived from Cambridge and Chicago to serve as senior consultants. ●●

1803 Marquis de Mirville publishes volumes on spiritualism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story French Catholic writer Marquis de Mirville addresses the Academy of France with volumes on archaeology, palæography, and spiritualism, attempting to explain remarkable discoveries through Catholic theology ●●

1804 Global population reaches one billion (1804) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wood cites 1804 as the year global population reached one billion, arguing sustainable-development population targets would push living standards back to that era. ●●

1804 The Warburgs of Hamburg were spared the ghastly world of the... (1804) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story S. Warburg in 1804. The W. ●●

1804 1804, Pitt had deflated his proposed crusade for l... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1804, Pitt had deflated his proposed crusade for liberal institutions; by 1815, Alexander was imbued wit ●●

1804 Event of 1804 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story e force of his will, legitimized by charismatic magnetism and personal success in military command. The essence of the Great Man was his refusal to acknowledge traditional limits and his insistence on reordering the world by his own authority. At the ●●

1804 Pius VII attends Napoleon's imperial coronation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Pope’s new position was most effectively symbolized when in 1804 he agreed to be present at the coronation ceremony for Napoleon as Emperor in Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris: a curious reconciliation of the traditional Church with the new people’s ●●

1805 Unitarian takeover of Harvard ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto traces the energy behind American schooling to the collapse of New England Calvinism. He marks the 1805 Unitarian takeover of Harvard as the point where orthodox Calvinism reached the end of its road. ●●

1805 Austerlitz saves the infant Banque de France ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1805, after Trafalgar and amid war with Austria and Russia, a Paris panic caused a run that nearly liquidated the young Banque de France. News of Napoleon's victory at Austerlitz restored confidence. ●●

1806 Napoleon ends the Holy Roman Empire ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Universal Catholic Church survived the medieval split of the imperial idea, but the Holy Roman Empire was ended by Napoleon in 1806, a thousand years after Charlemagne. ●●

1806 First Lancaster school opens in New York City ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that the first Lancaster monitorial school opened in New York City in 1806 and that by 1829 the model had spread as far as Texas. ●●

1806 Napoleon defeats Prussia at the Battle of Jena ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto dates the seed of modern American schooling to 1806, when Napoleon's soldiers beat the Prussian army at Jena. He argues the defeat prompted Prussia to build a new system of universal conditioning through schooling. ●●

1806 William Fraser describes the blind Shah Alam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The newly arrived William Fraser, an early graduate of Fort William College, wrote to his father about accompanying the aged, blind Mughal emperor to the mosque. He described the dignity of the last of the line of Timur. ●●

1806 Godfrey Rockefeller marries Lucy Avery in Great Barrington rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Godfrey Rockefeller marries Lucy Avery, a Puritan descendant, despite her family's opposition to the match. This union produces William Avery Rockefeller, father of John D. Rockefeller. ●●

1806 Clausewitz captured at the Battle of Auerstadt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Clausewitz was captured after the battle of Auerstadt and spent the next year imprisoned in France and Switzerland. ●●

1806 1806, the vestigial Holy Roman Empire was abolishe... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1806, the vestigial Holy Roman Empire was abolished. ●●

1806 Event of 1806 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story d equated enlightenment with the power of reason, which implied a diffusion of authority from the Church to secular elites. Now these aspirations had been distilled further and concentrated on one leader as the expression of global power. An illustra ●●

1807 1807, French armies had set up satellite kingdoms ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1807, French armies had set up satellite kingdoms along the Rhine in Italy and Spain, reduced Prussia to a second-rank power, and gravely weakened ●●

1807 October Edict abolishes nobility's legal privileges ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The October Edict of 1807 abolished the legal privileges of the nobility, following the example of the French Revolution. ●●

1807 British Parliament abolishes the slave trade ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The British Parliament ended the slave trade in 1807, and the British navy was deployed over the succeeding decades to enforce the ban on slave trading off the African coast. ●●

1807 Fulton and Livingston launch first US steamboat line ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The country’s first steamboat line was set up by inventor Robert Fulton and his financial supporter Robert Livingston after the successful trial run o ●●

1808 1808 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Finally, the other traditional weapon in the British armory, peripheral operations on the lines of the Peninsular War of 1808–1814, could not be used against the German coast, sinc... ●●

1808 In the year 1808, when the Latin American wars of independence began, few societies in any part of t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the year 1808, when the Latin American wars of independence began, few societies in any part of the world were characterized by high degrees of economic or social equality. ●●

1808 Napoleon's occupation of Spain sparks Latin American independence wars ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first was the wars of independence from Spain, which were triggered not by the ideas of the American or French Revolutions but by the French occupation of the Iberian peninsula and Napoleon’s placing his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne in place of the Bourbon royal family in the years 1808–1810. ●●

1808 The sheer numbers of Bibles produced was staggering: between 1808 and 1901 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The sheer numbers of Bibles produced was staggering: between 1808 and 1901 one Protestant anglophone agency alone, the British and Foreign Bible Society, produced more than 46 million complete Bibles and nearly three times as many New Testaments and ●●

1809 He was appointed Foreign Minister in 1809 and Chancellor in 1821, serving until 1848 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story tified to the cosmopolitan nature of the eighteenth-century society. He was born in the Rhineland, near the border of France, educated in Strasbourg and Mainz. Metternich did not see Austria until his thirteenth year and did not live there until his ●●

1809 Information history in 1809 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rections. “It appears that he has formed an alphabet of motions,” reported a witness, but apparently only Lomond’s wife could understand the code. ●●

1809 By 1809 Albert Gallatin noted that sixty-two spinning mills were already in oper rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1809 Albert Gallatin noted that sixty-two spinning mills were already in operation and twenty-five more were being constructed, with the greatest c ●●

25 May 1810 May Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story 1810 revolution in Buenos Aires ●●●

20 July 1810 Independence of Colombia 0 cit. no story A revolt in Bogota begins Colombia's independence from Spain, secured by Bolivar's victory at Boyaca in 1819. politics / war ●●●

1810 The Bullion Committee of 1810 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A parliamentary inquiry known as the Bullion Committee was formed in 1810 to examine Britain's paper money and the suspension of gold payments. It recommended the Bank resume gold payments and contract the supply of paper money. ●●

1810 The death notice listed his birthday as November rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The death notice listed his birthday as November 13, 1810—the same date as Doc Rockefeller’s—settling the great mystery. Greatly relieved, Macdonald was at last liberated from Pulitzer’s obsession. On February 2, 1908, the nightmare that had haunted John D. ●●

1810 Mayer Amschel structures the Rothschild partnership ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mayer Amschel created the family partnership structure that bound male descendants across generations while rigorously excluding women, establishing principles that governed the firm for nearly a century. ●●

1810 William Avery Rockefeller born in Granger, New York rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story William Avery Rockefeller, known as "Big Bill" and father of John D. Rockefeller Sr., is born in Granger, New York. He would become a controversial figure marked by secrecy and business deception. ●●

1810 Thus, the cotton industry benefited from the Continental Sys rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, the cotton industry benefited from the Continental System to the extent that it was protected from superior British competition (not to mention the competition from neutral or satellite states, ●●

1810 Russia withdraws from the Continental System ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Few would openly rise in arms, like the Spaniards, or decide to pull out of the ruinous Continental System, as the Russians did in December 1810.91 However, once Napoleon’s Grand Army was devastated i ●●

1810 World Power Centers in the Sixteenth Century 2 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Europe at the Height of Napoleon’s Power, 1810 8. The Chief Possessions, Naval Bases, and Submarine Cables of the British Empire, c. 1900 9. ●●

14 May 1811 Independence of Paraguay 0 cit. no story Paraguay overthrows the Spanish governor in a nearly bloodless revolution and declares independence. politics ●●●

5 July 1811 Independence of Venezuela 0 cit. no story Venezuela declares independence from Spain, the first South American colony to do so; the war continued until Carabobo in 1821. politics / war ●●●

1811 Bell heads National Society to oppose Lancaster ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1811 Andrew Bell was named superintendent of a new organization set up to oppose Lancaster's British and Foreign School Society on behalf of the Established Church. ●●

1811 In John Henry Hobart, Bishop of New York from 1811, they had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In John Henry Hobart, Bishop of New York from 1811, they had what one of the doyens of American Church history has called ‘perhaps the greatest religious leader the American Episcopal Church ever produced’ ●●

1811 First Bank of the United States charter expires ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin documents that on January 24, 1811, the Bank of the United States closed its doors when its charter expired, marking the end of the first central bank. ●●

1811 Herschel publishes his nebular transformation hypothesis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sir William Herschell published his famous hypothesis in the Philosophical Transactions regarding the transformation of nebulae into stars. This was a turning point after which the Nebular Theory was accepted by the Royal Academies. ●●

18 June 1812 to 17 February 1815 War of 1812 0 cit. no story The United States and Britain fight over maritime rights and expansion, with Washington burned and New Orleans defended. The war ends in stalemate but strengthens American national identity. war ●●●

1812 Russia mobilizes its people against Napoleon, 1812 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1812 the Russian autocracy found it could not defeat Napoleon's army without calling on the Russian people, a step toward the pressure to westernize all classes. ●●

1812 Pierre DuPont's claim about American reading ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that by 1812 Pierre DuPont claimed barely four in a thousand Americans could not read well and that the young were skilled in argument from daily breakfast-table debates. ●●

1812 Humphry Davy invents the miner's safety lamp after a fatal explosion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto discusses Sir Humphry Davy's safety lamp, invented after an 1812 mine explosion that killed 92 boys and men. He argues that despite Davy's humanitarian reputation, the lamp let the coal industry expand and cost more lives than it saved. ●●

1812 As Napoleon's army lost its grip after the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Napoleon's army lost its grip after the debacle of his invasion of Russia in 1812, components of his conquest reconstituted themselves as political... ●●

1812 In Citigroup’s official family tree, numerous small firms – dating back to the City Bank candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In Citigroup’s official family tree, numerous small firms – dating back to the City Bank of New York, founded in 1812 – are seen to converge over time on a common trunk, the present-day conglomerate. ●●

1812 The British export economy was to receive its severest test rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The British export economy was to receive its severest test only in 1812; and until the battle of Leipzig (October 1813) there appeared good prospects that Napoleon could smash one of his eastern enem ●●

1812 Compared with these epic events, the Anglo-American war of 1 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Compared with these epic events, the Anglo-American war of 1812–1814 was a strategical sideshow.94 Economically, it might have been far more serious to British interests had it not coincided with the ●●

1812 was too soon after the 1812 British occupation of ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was too soon after the 1812 British occupation of Washington for America to side with the erstwhile mother country. ●●

1812 Wilson produced the League of Nations; Carteret fl... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wilson produced the League of Nations; Carteret flirted with permanent engagements on the Continent; Castlereagh, Foreign Secretary from 1812 to 1821, ●●

1812 1812: er love for machinery. He was, in fact, a Luddite. In his maiden speec rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story er love for machinery. He was, in fact, a Luddite. In his maiden speech in the House of Lords, given in February 1812 when he was twenty-four, Byron d ●●

1812 Event of 1812 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rease in the size of the army and the subjection of entire regions. Not until Napoleon succumbed to the temptation to enter territories where local resources were insufficient for the support of a huge army—Spain and Russia—would he face defeat, firs ●●

1812 THE JACKSONIAN REVOLUTION Andrew Jackson came from what was then frontier Tennessee and won militar rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story THE JACKSONIAN REVOLUTION Andrew Jackson came from what was then frontier Tennessee and won military fame by defeating the British at the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. ●●

1812 Struggling at the beginning of the nineteenth century to the extent that rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Struggling at the beginning of the nineteenth century to the extent that the British dealt a humiliating defeat in the war of 1812 (with surprisingly little long-term repercussion), by the century’s end the USA had spanned its own continent and was b ●●

1812 War or conflict rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The War of 1812 was not popular among the American public, and funding would have been impossible through taxes alone ●●

1812 War of 1812 Driven by Banking Interests rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin claims the War of 1812 was driven by pro-banking interests wanting profit, arguing that Western states with wildcat banks supported it while maritime New England opposed it. ●●

1813 Parliament abolishes the Company's Eastern trade monopoly ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Parliament ended the East India Company's monopoly of trade with the East. Other merchants and agency houses could now set up in Bombay and Calcutta. ●●

1813 After 1813 (when the East India Company’s trade monopoly end candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After 1813 (when the East India Company’s trade monopoly ended), imports of cotton fabrics into India rose spectacularly, from 1 million yards (1814) to 51 million (1830) to 995 million (1870), drivin ●●

1813 The second form of British aid was financial rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frederick the Great, for example, received from the British the substantial sum of £675,000 each year from 1757 to 1760; and in the closing stages of the Napoleonic War the flow of British funds reach ●●

1813 Battle of Hanau and Bonaparte's Rhine Crossing rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1813, Bonaparte would never have been able to return across the Rhine with even thirty to forty thousand men remaining after the battle of Hanau if he had refused a battle there and tried to cross at Mannheim or Coblenz. Minor defensive engagements proved vital to maintaining troop morale. ●●

1813 Secret society nearly seizes Peking's Imperial Palace ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jamieson describes an 1813 conspiracy, late in the reign of the Kea King (Jiaqing) emperor, in which members of the T'ien ti huei ('Brotherhood of Heaven and Earth') nearly captured the Imperial Palace at Peking, foiled only by the chance return of the young prince who later became the Tao Kuang emperor. ●●

1814 Lincoln's brief formal schooling ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that Abraham Lincoln received only about fifty weeks of formal schooling in total, spread across the twelve years between 1814 and 1826. ●●

1814 Battles of Jena, Regensburg, Leipzig, and Belle-Alliance rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The battles of Jena, Regensburg, Leipzig, and Belle-Alliance exemplify brilliant effects of major victories and first-rate pursuits in the Napoleonic Wars, where superior force and pursuit tactics produced exceptional results. ●●

1814 Congress of Vienna convenes to remake Europe ai_extracted 1 cit. no story uring his first exile, at Elba, the victors of the Napoleonic Wars assembled at Vienna in September 1814 to plan the postwar world. ●●

1814 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rather than allow the banks of the nation to fail, the governments, state and federal, decided in August 1814 to allow the banks to continue in busine ●●

1814 27 In 1814 a Bostonian, Francis Cabot Lowell, who had smuggled the plans of a po rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 27 In 1814 a Bostonian, Francis Cabot Lowell, who had smuggled the plans of a power loom out of Britain, built a factory on the Charles River at Walth ●●

c. 1815 to c. 1840 Mfecane 0 cit. no story The rise of the Zulu kingdom under Shaka sets off a chain of wars and mass migrations across southern Africa. The upheaval scatters and reforms peoples across the region, with a death toll in the hundreds of thousands or more. society / war ●●●

1815 Peace of Paris ends the Crimean War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Peace of Paris, signed in 1 856, emerged from the first general meeting of the European imperial powers since 1815. ●●

1815 Ottoman territorial loss after Napoleonic Wars candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ottoman territorial loss after Napoleonic Wars ●●

1815 This final round of the seven major Anglo-French wars fought rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This final round of the seven major Anglo-French wars fought between 1689 and 1815 was to last twelve years, and was the most severely testing of them all. Just as before, each combatant had different ●●

1815 Cotton, virtually a new industry before the war, expanded st rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cotton, virtually a new industry before the war, expanded stupendously in the next two decades, absorbing ever more machinery, steam power, coal, and labor; by 1815, cotton goods had become Britain’s ●●

1815 Controlling most of Europe’s colonies by 1815, dominating th rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Controlling most of Europe’s colonies by 1815, dominating the maritime routes and the profitable re-export trades, and well ahead of other societies in the process of industrialization, the British we ●●

1815 4Industrialization and the Shifting Global Balances, 1815–18 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 4Industrialization and the Shifting Global Balances, 1815–1885 The international system which developed in the half-century and more following Napoleon’s downfall possessed an unusual set of characte ●●

1815 The turbulence and costs of the 1793–1815 struggle—known to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The turbulence and costs of the 1793–1815 struggle—known to the nineteenth century as “the Great War”—caused conservatives and liberals alike to opt as far as possible for peace and stability, underpi ●●

1815 Indeed, one of those countries, Britain, benefited so much f rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Indeed, one of those countries, Britain, benefited so much from the general economic and geopolitical trends of the post-1815 era that it became a different type of Power from the rest. All the other ●●