Events, Verisoph

1908 Congo Free State becomes a Belgian colony ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1908, Leopold was forced to turn the Congo from a private domain into a formal Belgian colony and make gestures to cleaning up its administration. ●●

1908 Kaiser-Hommage procession celebrates the Habsburg dynasty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kaiser-Hommage procession celebrates Habsburg dynasty ●●

1908 Appeals court overturns Landis's Standard Oil fine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1908, a federal appeals court not only revoked the fine but severely reprimanded Landis for considering each carload of oil as a separate offense. Judge Peter S. Grosscup, calling Landis’s act an “abuse of judicial discretion,” ordered a retrial, in which Standard Oil was subsequently found not guilty. ●●

1908 Rockefeller endorses Taft for president ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the 1908 election, he was relieved to be free of Teddy Roosevelt, who handed over the Republican nomination to his corpulent secretary of war, William Howard Taft. On October 29, 1908, in a cameo appearance at 26 Broadway, Rockefeller endorsed Taft for president. ●●

1908 Stolypin breaks up the Russian peasant communes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yet when the minister for the interior, Stolypin, tried to reduce this discontent by breaking up the peasant communes after 1908, he simply provoked fresh unrest—whether from villages determined to ke ●●

1908 Bosnian annexation crisis erupts ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yet, with each new German challenge, the bonds of the Triple Entente grew tighter. In 1908, an international crisis occurred over Bosnia-Herzegovina, ●●

1908 Einstein becomes privatdozent at University of Bern ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of February 1908, Einstein was made a privatdozent (private lecturer) at the University of Bern after submitting a thesis on light quanta. However, the position paid little and he kept his job at the patent office. ●●

1908 Congress passes the Aldrich-Vreeland Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1908, Congress passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act which, basi- cally, accomplished two objectives ●●

15 June 1909 Founding of the Imperial Cricket Conference 0 cit. no story Representatives of England, Australia and South Africa meet at Lord's to found the Imperial Cricket Conference, the body that became today's International Cricket Council. culture / diplomacy / society ●●

1909 Rathenau on the men who direct Europe's economy, 1909 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley quotes industrialist Walter Rathenau, who in 1909 claimed that three hundred men who all knew one another directed the economic destiny of Europe. It is offered as evidence of concentrated financial power. ●●

1909 Rise of the American billion-dollar corporations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that the number of billion-dollar corporations in the United States grew from one in 1909, Morgan-controlled US Steel, to fifteen by 1930. ●●

1909 Morley-Minto Act of 1909 enlarges Indian councils ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A third reform act, passed in 1909 under Morley and Minto, enlarged the councils and created nonofficial majorities in the provinces, but its separate religious electorates deepened communal division. ●●

1909 Growth of billion-dollar corporations in the US ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites that from 1909 to 1930 the number of US billion-dollar corporations rose from 1 to 15, and the share of all corporate assets held by the 200 largest rose from 32 to over 49 percent. ●●

1909 Curtis and Kerr's 1909 mission to Canada ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Curtis recounts that in 1909 he and Philip Kerr went to Canada, taking William Marris along. The trip grew out of anxiety over whether the Dominions would join Britain in a future war with Germany. ●●

1909 Quigley: the secret history of the 1919 Act begins in Canada (1909) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the secret history of the Government of India Act began in Canada in 1909, when Curtis took from William Marris the idea of extending responsible government to India. ●●

1909 Banker George Reynolds backs a German-style central bank ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto links banking centralization to school Prussianization. On September 13, 1909, American Bankers Association president George Reynolds publicly favored a central bank modeled on the German Reichsbank. ●●

1909 President Taft urges a German-model central bank ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that on September 14, 1909, President William Howard Taft told the country to take up seriously the idea of a centralized bank on the German model, as schools were being rebuilt on Prussian lines. ●●

1909 Leonard Ayres publishes 'Laggards in Our Schools' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Leonard Ayres's 1909 book Laggards in Our Schools, which charged that schools full of 'retarded children' were fitted to the unusually bright student. Ayres devised measures of school efficiency by dropout rate. ●●

1909 Factory inspector survey of working children ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites a 1909 survey by factory inspector Helen Todd of 500 working children in 20 factories, in which 412 said they would rather work in the factories than return to school. He uses it to argue children preferred labor to schooling. ●●

1909 G. Stanley Hall invites Freud to the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1909 G. Stanley Hall, whom he calls the father of school administration, invited Sigmund Freud to the United States. Gatto reads it as an effort to give a scientific basis to the anti-family stance of state schooling. ●●

1909 Round Table Groups organized ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book asserts, following Quigley, that Milner's recruits organized semisecret Round Table Groups from 1909 to 1913 in the chief British dependencies and the United States. It frames these as the Network's instruments of influence. ●●

1909 Carnegie trustees ask how to involve the US in war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book continues Casey's account that in 1909 the trustees asked how to involve the United States in a war and resolved to control the State Department. It frames this as the Network's plan to capture US diplomacy. ●●

1909 Howard Baskerville killed in Iran ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Howard Baskerville, a Princeton graduate and missionary's son, was killed defending Iranian democratic forces against royalist forces backed by foreign powers. ●●

1909 Henri de Rothschild sponsors the Ballets Russes tour ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Henri de Rothschild of the French branch sponsored Diaghilev's groundbreaking 1909 Ballet Russe tour, supporting avant-garde theatrical innovation in Paris. ●●

1909 Lloyd George publicly ridicules Lord Rothschild ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Chancellor Lloyd George publicly ridicules Lord Rothschild for demanding eight dreadnoughts while opposing progressive taxation. The speech marks the loss of Rothschild influence over British fiscal policy. ●●

20 November 1910 to 21 May 1920 Mexican Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story nationwide armed struggle in Mexico (1910-1920) ●●●

31 May 1910 Formation of the Union of South Africa 0 cit. no story Four British colonies unite as the self-governing Union of South Africa; the country became a republic in 1961 and a full democracy in 1994. politics ●●●●

1910 Death of Tolstoy, 1910 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley treats Tolstoy's death in 1910 as a marker that Russia remained faithful to its Greek-Byzantine intellectual tradition down to the eve of revolution. ●●

1910 German-Russian Potsdam agreement on Persia, 1910 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The November 1910 German-Russian agreement at Potsdam gave Russia a free hand in northern Persia and withdrew Russian opposition to the Baghdad Railway. ●●

1910 Union of South Africa intensifies Indian struggle (1910) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Union of South Africa was created in 1910, Transvaal restrictions on Indians were not repealed, intensifying Gandhi's civil disobedience campaign. ●●

1910 Execution of twelve for anarchism ends Japanese labor agitation (1910) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Minor socialist and labor agitations were brought to a violent end in 1910 by the execution of twelve persons for anarchistic agitations; the labor movement did not revive until 1919-1922. ●●

1910 Founding of The Round Table review ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts a Round Table Group (later called the Cliveden Set) wielded great influence through bodies including The Round Table, an anonymous quarterly founded in 1910 with money from Sir Abe Bailey and the Rhodes Trust and edited by Lothian. ●●

1910 Mexican Revolution challenges the old oligarchy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley dates the first serious challenge to Latin America's oligarchic alliance to Mexico in 1910. It arose from the commercialization and later incipient industrialization of Latin American society, which weakened the union of the older ruling groups. ●●

1910 Quigley traces Kindergarten members into Round Table and The Times ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley tallies where the twenty-three South African 'Kindergarten' men later worked. Nine founded and wrote The Round Table after 1910 and seven controlled The Times after 1912, evidence he offers for the network. ●●

1910 Curtis's draft becomes the Union of South Africa constitution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Curtis was chief author of the constitution draft the Transvaal delegation brought to the National Convention. With modifications it became the Constitution of the Union of South Africa in 1910. ●●

1910 Union of South Africa achieved ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Union of South Africa was achieved in 1910. Quigley says this did not end the Kindergarten, which turned to repeat the same feat on the imperial scale. ●●

1910 First issue of The Round Table (15 Nov 1910) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first issue of The Round Table appeared dated 15 November 1910, carrying no names of officers or contributors. Quigley says this anonymity was maintained deliberately for decades. ●●

1910 Gatto dates the shift of colleges toward serving business ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto argues that after 1910 serving business and the political state became the chief purpose of American colleges and universities, displacing the older aim of developing mind and character. ●●

1910 Brandeis coins the term 'scientific management' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that the term 'scientific management' was created by lawyer Louis Brandeis in 1910 for the Interstate Commerce Commission rate hearings, understanding how a phrase could shape public imagination. ●●

1910 Carrington reports involuntary sterilizations, 1910 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Charles V. Carrington, who in a July 1910 criminology journal reported two cases of successful involuntary sterilization in America. ●●

1910 Dewey publishes How We Think, 1910 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that by 1910 Dewey offered his own five-step method in How We Think, which Gatto reads as arguing that we do not really think at all. ●●

1910 Secret Jekyll Island meeting on monetary reform ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book recounts a secret 1910 gathering at Jekyll Island where bankers drafted what became the Federal Reserve System. It quotes participant Frank Vanderlip admitting he acted as furtively as a conspirator. ●●

1910 Norman Angell's 'The Great Illusion' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Norman Angell argued that the financial and commercial ties between nations had made war economically futile, so no rational country would start one. The book became a cult, selling over a million copies before 1914. ●●

1910 The secret Jekyll Island meeting ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1910 Henry Davison gathered Senator Aldrich, Paul Warburg, Benjamin Strong and others in secret on Jekyll Island, Georgia, to design an American central bank. The plan they drafted became the Aldrich Plan, forerunner of the Federal Reserve. ●●

1910 Nelson Aldrich struck by a New York trolley ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But on October 21, 1910, while in New York City, Aldrich was struck by a southbound Madison Avenue trolley car. He was hurled into the street and knocked unconscious.12 Confined... ●●

1910 US-backed overthrow of Nicaragua's President Zelaya ai_extracted 1 cit. no story General Estrada became president of Nicaragua after the U.S. orchestrated the overthrow of nationalist President Zelaya. When sworn in on August 21, 1910, it marked the first explicitly directed American regime change operation. ●●

1910 Rockefeller hookworm commission opens in Washington ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Instead of being based in New York, like other Rockefeller programs, it opened in 1910 in Washington, D.C., diplomatically south of the Mason-Dixon line. The executive secretary was a Tennessee native, Dr. ●●

1910 Jim Loeb founds the Loeb Classical Library ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jim Loeb endowed the Loeb Classical Library, producing pocket editions of Greek and Latin literature with English translations. His philanthropy achieved noteworthy cultural results. ●●

1910 Wireless telegraph enables Dr. Crippen's arrest at sea ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wireless telegraph leads to arrest of Dr. Hawley Crippen at sea after captain of Montrose reports suspicious passengers to Scotland Yard ●●

1910 Russell and Whitehead publish Principia Mathematica ai_extracted 1 cit. no story was the goal of Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead, the giants of English rationalism, who published their great work in three volumes from 1910 to 1913. Their title, Principia Mathematica, g ●●

1910 Great Idaho Fire burns three million acres ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The evolution in the Forest Service’s mission began with the Great Idaho Fire of 1910, which burned some three million acres in Idaho and Montana, and led to the death of eighty-five people. ●●

1910 Mary Harriman funds the Eugenics Record Office ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On February 16, 1910, widow Mary Harriman agreed to fund the creation of the Eugenics Record Office, donating $15,000 per year (eventually over half a million dollars total) to establish the database that would catalog the genetic backgrounds of millions of Americans. ●●

1910 Hilferding publishes Finance Capital ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rudolf Hilferding's Finance Capital, written by the Austrian Marxist, supplied Lenin with the second main pillar of his theory of imperialism as monopoly finance capitalism. ●●

10 October 1911 to 12 February 1912 Xinhai Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story revolution in China that overthrew the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China ●●●

29 December 1911 Independence of Mongolia 0 cit. no story Outer Mongolia declares independence from Qing China under the Bogd Khan; independence was secured by the 1921 revolution. politics ●●●

29 September 1911 to 18 October 1912 Italo-Turkish War 0 cit. no story Italy seizes Ottoman Libya and the Dodecanese islands, using aircraft in combat for the first time. Ottoman weakness revealed by the war helps trigger the Balkan Wars. war ●●

1911 Assassination of Prime Minister Stolypin, 1911 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russia's reforming and repressive chief minister Pyotr Stolypin was assassinated in the presence of the tsar in 1911. ●●

1911 Discovery at Hankow precipitates 1911 revolution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The discovery of the revolutionists' headquarters at Hankow in 1911 precipitated the revolution, as Sun Yat-sen returned from abroad and Yuan Shih-kai forced the Manchu abdication. ●●

1911 Payment for Members of Parliament introduced ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Payment for Members of Parliament was adopted first in 1911 at 400 pounds a year, later raised in 1936 to 500 pounds with an expenses allowance. Before this, unpaid seats restricted membership to the well-to-do. ●●

1911 Parliament Act of 1911 curbs the House of Lords ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Parliament bill, law in August 1911, stripped the Lords of any veto over money bills and limited them to a suspensive veto: any other bill became law if passed by the Commons in three sessions over at least two years. ●●

1911 Taylor's Principles of Scientific Management ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley marks the 1911 appearance of Frederick Winslow Taylor's The Principles of Scientific Management as a step in spreading rationalization from production to business efficiency. ●●

1911 Curtis decides the Empire should be renamed 'Commonwealth of Nations' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley claims Lionel Curtis's ideas became policy a generation later. In 1911 Curtis decided the Dominions should be called the 'Commonwealth of Nations', which he says was made official in 1948. ●●

1911 Round Table organization set up in Canada (1911) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says Arthur Glazebrook, on instructions from Milner and working with Curtis, Kerr and Marris, set up the Round Table organization in Canada in 1911. About a dozen units were established. ●●

1911 Lothian's 1911 warning on two codes of morality ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the August 1911 Round Table, the future Lord Lothian wrote that two codes of international morality, British and German, could not both prevail. Quigley cites it as evidence of the Group's early anti-German stance. ●●

1911 Frederick Taylor publishes Principles of Scientific Management ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frederick Taylor published Principles of Scientific Management in 1911. Wood says 'Taylorism' shaped business, government and the technocratic emphasis on efficiency. ●●

1911 Public Education Association calls for schools as welfare agencies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1911 the Public Education Association, which he describes as run by bankers and society figures, announced an urgent need to convert public schools into child welfare agencies. ●●

1911 Birth of Frances 'Bootie' Zimmer, Gatto's mother ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto's mother, Frances Zimmer, was born on Halloween 1911 in Monongahela, three years before the country had an income tax or a Federal Reserve Bank. ●●

1911 Robert Michels publishes Political Parties ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites the German sociologist Robert Michels, who in his 1911 book Political Parties warned that large bureaucracies could use their wealth to buy off critics and resist reform. Gatto applies the argument to school bureaucracies. ●●

1911 Wilson meets Colonel Edward Mandell House ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says Wilson met kingmaker Edward Mandell House in November 1911, beginning House's grooming of Wilson for the presidency. It quotes both men describing an immediate meeting of minds. ●●

1911 John Foster Dulles joins Sullivan & Cromwell ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Foster Dulles joined Sullivan & Cromwell, the country's most eminent corporate law firm, as a clerk, beginning a nearly forty-year career there. ●●

1911 Death of Albert von Rothschild in Vienna ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Albert von Rothschild, the last major figure of his generation in Vienna, died in 1911, after which his younger son Louis assumed control of the Vienna house. ●●

1911 Jim Loeb marries Toni Hambuechen ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jim Loeb married nurse Toni Hambüchen and moved to Hochried, a vast Bavarian estate, where they lived a reclusive life. He never returned to New York. ●●

1911 Supreme Court orders breakup of Standard Oil ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On May 15, 1911, the Supreme Court ordered that the Standard Oil Company be broken up ●●

1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire kills 146 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, where 146 workers, mainly immigrant teenage girls, died ●●

1911 Henri Bergson publishes Creative Evolution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Philosopher Henri Bergson publishes Creative Evolution, associating thought process with form of movie at extreme point of mechanization ●●

1911 Mexican Revolution overthrows Porfirio Diaz ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The resulting social tensions exploded in the Mexican Revolution, another convulsive affair that led to Díaz’s overthrow in 1911 and lasted until 1916. ●●

1911 Death of Francis Galton, founder of eugenics ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Francis Galton, the founder of the eugenics movement, died in 1911. His passing marked the transition of eugenic thought from his idealistic vision to more coercive and negative forms of eugenics promoted by followers in America. ●●

1911 Merger forms Computing-Tabulating-Recording, IBM forerunner ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These were to merge in 1911 to form the Computing-Tabulator Recording Company, the forerunner of International Business Machines ●●

1911 Supreme Court breaks up American Tobacco Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In tobacco, the American Tobacco Company remained all-powerful until 1911, when it was broken up by a Supreme Court decision ●●

17 July 1912 Founding of World Athletics 0 cit. no story National federations meeting after the Stockholm Olympics found the International Amateur Athletic Federation to govern track and field and ratify world records. It is now known as World Athletics. culture / diplomacy / society ●●

28 November 1912 Independence of Albania 0 cit. no story Ismail Qemali declares Albania independent from the Ottoman Empire at Vlore during the First Balkan War. politics / war ●●●

1 January 1912 Proclamation of the Republic of China 0 cit. no story The Republic of China is proclaimed after the revolution that ended the Qing dynasty; its government has been based on Taiwan since 1949. politics / war ●●●

8 October 1912 to 30 May 1913 First Balkan War 1 cit. no story Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Montenegro drive the Ottoman Empire from almost all its European territory. The victors immediately quarrel over the spoils. war ●●●

1912 Woodrow Wilson wins the presidency, 1912 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A split in Big Business and in the Republican Party let the liberal East and agrarian West combine to elect Woodrow Wilson president in 1912. ●●

1912 Geoffrey Dawson becomes editor of The Times ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Geoffrey Dawson, a Milner private secretary in South Africa, became editor of The Times in 1912. Quigley treats his long editorship as a key lever of the group's influence. ●●

1912 Quigley dates Milner Group control of The Times to 1912 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the Milner Group did not own The Times before 1922 but clearly controlled it as far back as 1912. He frames the paper as one of the group's chief instruments of influence. ●●

1912 Milner and Kerr speak in Canada (1912) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that in 1912 Milner and Kerr went to Canada to address Round Table Groups. The trips were part of the Group's push for imperial organization among the Dominions. ●●

1912 Shailer Mathews publishes 'Scientific Management in the Churches' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Shailer Mathews, dean of Chicago's School of Divinity, who wrote Scientific Management in the Churches in 1912. Mathews urged Protestant churches to adopt the structure and strategy of corporations. ●●

1912 Frederick Taylor testifies before Congress ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes Frederick Winslow Taylor's 1912 congressional testimony on the correct way to shovel, using it to show how scientific management reduced workers to controlled motions later echoed in schooling. ●●

1912 Bobbitt publishes 'Elimination of Waste in Education' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites John Franklin Bobbitt's 1912 article 'Elimination of Waste in Education,' which argued that the Gary Plan schools were the work of businessmen applying scientific management. ●●

1912 Scott Nearing publishes The Super Race in 1912 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1912 the writer Scott Nearing published The Super Race: An American Problem, framing the breeding of a super race as an engineering challenge. ●●

1912 Theodore Roosevelt's 1912 Progressive platform ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto argues that Theodore Roosevelt's 1912 Progressive Party platform was shaped by the ideas of Herbert Croly and Gaetano Mosca, urging the public to defer to experts. He treats it as part of a broader elite redefinition of democracy. ●●

1912 Edward Mandell House publishes Philip Dru: Administrator ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book notes House anonymously published the novel Philip Dru: Administrator in 1912, about a man who overthrows the US government and installs socialism. It uses the novel to characterize House's aims. ●●

1912 Woodrow Wilson wins the 1912 presidential election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book asserts the Network split the Republican vote by backing Teddy Roosevelt so that Wilson won with only about 42 percent of the vote. It presents Taft's defeat as engineered. ●●

1912 Titanic sinks in the North Atlantic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Morgan was in France when word spread that the Titanic had sunk on April 15, 1912, and with it the investment money Morgan had contributed on behalf of the shipping trust that... ●●

1912 Taft-Roosevelt split elects Woodrow Wilson ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1912 split between Taft and Roosevelt brought to power the man who had lectured Pierpont on his moral duty: Woodrow Wilson. ●●

1912 Carl Jung meets John D. Rockefeller at Kykuit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1912, psychoanalyst Carl Jung spent a day at Kykuit with Edith Rockefeller McCormick and met her father John D. Rockefeller. Jung formed a highly critical assessment of the oil magnate. ●●

1912 Einstein begins the Zurich Notebook on field equations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Beginning in summer 1912, Einstein struggled to develop gravitational field equations using tensors in his scratchpad notebook (the 'Zurich Notebook'). He pursued both physical and mathematical strategies simultaneously. ●●

1912 Birth of Alan Turing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alan Turing is born while his parents are on home leave from India. ●●

1912 Italy annexes Libya after war with Turkey ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Following an Anglo-French-Italian carve-up of North Africa, Italy went to war with Turkey and annexed Libya, ending centuries of Ottoman rule that Nkrumah traces back to the sixteenth century. ●●