Events, Verisoph

1815 If the Punjabis and Annamese and Sioux and Bantu were the “l rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If the Punjabis and Annamese and Sioux and Bantu were the “losers” (to use Eric Hobsbawm’s term)17 in this early-nineteenth-century expansion, the British were undoubtedly the “winners.” As noted in t ●●

1815 First—although it is a somewhat pedantic matter—it is unlike rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story First—although it is a somewhat pedantic matter—it is unlikely that the country’s gross national product (GNP) was ever the largest in the world during the decades following 1815. Given the sheer size ●●

1815 On the other hand—and this second point is not a pedantic on rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the other hand—and this second point is not a pedantic one—Britain’s growing industrial muscle was not organized in the post-1815 decades to give the state swift access to military hardware and man ●●

1815 It is therefore hardly an exaggeration to suggest that betwe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It is therefore hardly an exaggeration to suggest that between 1815 and 1880 much of the British Empire existed in a power-political vacuum, which is why its colonial army could be kept relatively low ●●

1815 Yet whatever the rhetoric of anti-imperialism within Britain rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yet whatever the rhetoric of anti-imperialism within Britain, the fact was that the empire continued to grow, expanding (according to one calculation) at an average annual pace of about 100,000 square ●●

1815 The “Middle Powers” The impact of economic and technologica rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The “Middle Powers” The impact of economic and technological change upon the relative position of the Great Powers of continental Europe was much less dramatic in the half-century or so following 181 ●●

1815 There simply was not enough capital, or local demand, or off rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There simply was not enough capital, or local demand, or official enthusiasm, to produce a transformation; and many a European merchant, craftsman, and handloom weaver would bitterly oppose the adopti ●●

1815 Unlike either the age of Napoleon preceding it or the age of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Unlike either the age of Napoleon preceding it or the age of Bismarck following it, therefore, the period 1815–1865 internationalized most of its tricky political problems (Belgium, Greece), and frown ●●

1815 If the period 1648–1815 had seen the empire “rising” and “as rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If the period 1648–1815 had seen the empire “rising” and “asserting itself,”40 that expansion had not eliminated the difficulties under which Vienna labored as it strove to carry out a Great Power rol ●●

1815 On the contrary, the settlement of 1815 compounded these dif rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the contrary, the settlement of 1815 compounded these difficulties, at least in the longer term. For example, the very fact that the Austrians had fought so frequently against Napoleon and emerged ●●

1815 Despite its losses during the Napoleonic War, the position o rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Despite its losses during the Napoleonic War, the position of France in the half-century following 1815 was significantly better than that of either Prussia or the Habsburg Empire in many respects.48 ●●

1815 The overriding fact about the years 1814–1815, at the power- rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The overriding fact about the years 1814–1815, at the power-political level, was that all of the other great states had shown themselves determined to prevent French attempts to maintain a hegemony ov ●●

1815 Thus, while Prussia acted as guardian to the Rhineland, Aust rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, while Prussia acted as guardian to the Rhineland, Austria strengthened its position in northern Italy, and British influence was expanded in the Iberian peninsula; behind all this lay a large Ru ●●

1815 The Crimean War and the Erosion of Russian Power Russia’s r rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Crimean War and the Erosion of Russian Power Russia’s relative power was to decline the most during the post-1815 decades of international peace and industrialization—although that was not fully ●●

1815 Yet at the economic and technological level, Russia was losi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yet at the economic and technological level, Russia was losing ground in an alarming way between 1815 and 1880, at least relative to other powers. This is not to say that there was no economic improve ●●

1815 On the contrary, the post-1815 preference shown by the Great rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the contrary, the post-1815 preference shown by the Great Powers for ancien régime structures in general could nowhere be more clearly seen than in the social composition, weaponry, and tactics of ●●

1815 Conclusions With the important exception of the American Ci rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Conclusions With the important exception of the American Civil War, the period 1815–1885 had not witnessed any lengthy, mutually exhausting military struggles. The lesser campaigns of this age, like ●●

1815 On the other hand, the relatively stable Pentarchy of the po rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the other hand, the relatively stable Pentarchy of the post-1815 Concert system was dissolving, not merely because its members were more willing to fight against each other by the 1860s than a few ●●

1815 However, if viewed from other perspectives—say, from the sob rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story However, if viewed from other perspectives—say, from the sober calculations of the British “official mind,”103 or from that of later historians of the collapse of British power—the late nineteenth cen ●●

1815 Introduction This is a book about national and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Great Power struggles which took place between 1660 and 1815, and are covered in Chapter 3, cannot be so easily summarized as a contest between one large bloc and its many rivals. It was in this c ●●

1815 3Finance, Geography, and the Winning of Wars, 1660–1815 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 3Finance, Geography, and the Winning of Wars, 1660–1815 The signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees did not, of course, bring to an end the rivalries of the European Great Powers, or their habit of sett ●●

1815 The “Financial Revolution” The importance of finance and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The rise of the ancien régime monarchies of the eighteenth century, with their large military establishments and fleets of warships, simply increased the government’s need to nurture the economy and t ●●

1815 1815 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Like the British after 1815, the Americans in their turn found their informal influence in various lands hardening into something more formal—and more entangling; like the British,... ●●

1815 1815 Diplomatic Agreement rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Here, too, there are many parallels with the expansion of British bases and treaty relationships after 1815; but the most noticeable difference was that Britain, on the whole, was ... ●●

1815 1815 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Although this was an enormous force, many of its divisions existed only in skeleton form, or were essentially garrison troops.55 Moreover, the service ran the danger which had befa... ●●

1815 After the dislocations caused by the French Revolu... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the dislocations caused by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, the leaders of Europe restored the balance of power at the Congress of ●●

1815 1804, Pitt had deflated his proposed crusade for l... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1804, Pitt had deflated his proposed crusade for liberal institutions; by 1815, Alexander was imbued with too strong a sense of victory to be thus ●●

1815 Edward Condon, whose father had been a builder of railroads in the West, who had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Edward Condon, whose father had been a builder of railroads in the West, who had worked as a newspaper reporter in tough Oakland, found occasion at Oppenheimer’s party to satirize Los Alamos’ Panglossian mood.1815 He was an exceptional theoretician; he and Oppenheimer had boarded together at Göttingen; Condon thought they were fast friends. ●●

1815 replied to Thiers three days later: “I detest thos... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He replied to Thiers three days later: “I detest those treaties of 1815 which nowadays people want to make the sole basis of our policy.”20 Little mor ●●

1815 He was an exceptional theoretician; he and Oppenheimer had boarded together at Göttingen; Condon tho rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He was an exceptional theoretician; he and Oppenheimer had boarded together at Göttingen; Condon thought they were fast friends. ●●

1815 1815: Ada, Countess of Lovelace (1815–52), painted by Margaret Sarah Carpent rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ada, Countess of Lovelace (1815–52), painted by Margaret Sarah Carpenter in 1836. Lord Byron (1788–1824), Ada’s father, in Albania ●●

1815 1815: ere were times when Lord Byron was not a romantic. He and Annabella we rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ere were times when Lord Byron was not a romantic. He and Annabella were married in January 1815. Byron initiated the marriage in his Byronic fash ●●

1815 No country in Europe qualified as even an electoral democracy at the time of the Congress of Vienna rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story No country in Europe qualified as even an electoral democracy at the time of the Congress of Vienna in 1815 that brought to an end the Napoleonic Wars. ●●

1815 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1815) Few in 1789 could have predicted that France rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1815) Few in 1789 could have predicted that France would be the seat of revolution ●●

1815 People who cared about the restructuring of Europe in the wake of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story People who cared about the restructuring of Europe in the wake of events from 1789 to 1815 respected the rationalism of the Enlightenment less than a new expression of emotion and a search for individual fulfilment ●●

1815 94 In 1815 active Church membership had grown to around a quarter rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 94 In 1815 active Church membership had grown to around a quarter of the population; by 1914 it was approaching half - this in a country which in the same period through immigration and natural growth had seen its numbers balloon from 8 ●●

1815 War or conflict rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 126 years between 1689 and 1815, England was at war 63 of them ●●

1815 And few had capital assets (excluding the value of slaves) of $300,000, the capi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story And few had capital assets (excluding the value of slaves) of $300,000, the capitalization of the Boston Manufacturing Company when it began productio ●●

1815 Each of these enterprises, serving as exclusive marketing agents for several lar rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Each of these enterprises, serving as exclusive marketing agents for several large mills, sold their products through the distributing network which h ●●

1815 This firm began by importing a general line of goods from Europe and trading ext rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story This firm began by importing a general line of goods from Europe and trading extensively with the West Indies, but after 1815 it concentrated wholly o ●●

1815 Connecticut born, Morgan began as a ship’s grocer and chandler in 1815 and owned rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Connecticut born, Morgan began as a ship’s grocer and chandler in 1815 and owned shares of ships and packet lines after 1819 ●●

9 July 1816 Independence of Argentina 0 cit. no story The Congress of Tucuman declares the independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata from Spain. politics / war ●●●●

1816 The first of these was in terms of total population, althoug rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first of these was in terms of total population, although the gap significantly narrowed between 1816 (Russia 51.2 million, United States 8.5 million) and 1860 (Russia 76 million, United States 31 ●●

1816 We must be able to overwhelm them by this means, without which I do not see a wa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story We must be able to overwhelm them by this means, without which I do not see a way through.”1816, 1817 The slide from precision bombing attacks on industry to general attacks on cities followed less from political decisions than from inadequate technology. ●●

1816 1817 The slide from precision bombing attacks on industry to general attacks on cities followed les rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1817 The slide from precision bombing attacks on industry to general attacks on cities followed less from political decisions than from inadequate technology. ●●

1816 Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars, 1816–1980. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars, 1816–1980. ●●

1816 84 Robert Owen, one of the chief personalities in the movement, who rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 84 Robert Owen, one of the chief personalities in the movement, who from 1816 turned theory into remarkably productive practice in his New Lanark cotton mills in Scotland, detested established Churches, but he certainly did not lack religious serious ●●

1816 Legislative action rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Act of 1816, Section 20, 3 Stat ●●

1816 Then, in 1816, when Nathan Trotter took over the firm, he began to concentrate o rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then, in 1816, when Nathan Trotter took over the firm, he began to concentrate on importing a single line of goods—iron, copper, and other metals ●●

1817 to 1824 First cholera pandemic wikidata 0 cit. no story cholera pandemic in Asia and Middle East, 1817-1824 ●●●

1817 to May 1864 Caucasian War 0 cit. no story Russia spends nearly half a century subduing the mountain peoples of the Caucasus, including Imam Shamil's long resistance. The conquest ends with the mass expulsion of the Circassians. war ●●●

1817 In 1817, Joseph sold his farm in West Springfield, Massachus rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1817, Joseph sold his farm in West Springfield, Massachusetts, and moved to Hartford, Connecticut, which would become the Morgans’ ancestral home. Joseph had a refined air, a straight, delicate nos... ●●

1817 Prussia requires law study for higher civil service ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The employment regulations of 1817 required a classical secondary education as well as university study in law for recruitment into the higher civil service. ●●

1817 Pennsylvania Charter Explosion in New Banks rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin reports that Pennsylvania chartered thirty-seven new banks in 1817, part of a wildcat banking boom following the War of 1812. ●●

12 February 1818 Independence of Chile 0 cit. no story Bernardo O'Higgins proclaims Chile's independence from Spain, secured by victory at the Battle of Maipu. politics / war ●●●

1818 its reserve quite evident as early as the first su... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story its reserve quite evident as early as the first such conference, the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818. ●●

1818 France admitted at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Castlereagh attended the first conference at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818, France was admitted to the Congress system and Great Britain made its exit ●●

1818 And within less than three years—in 1818—he managed France’s entry into the Quadruple Alliance candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story onality could have projected himself into the center of so many great and conflicting events. At Vienna, Talleyrand’s contribution was to achieve for France a peace that preserved the “ancient frontiers,” which existed when it had started its foreign ●●

1818 In 1818 Parliament voted funds for a large number of new (and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1818 Parliament voted funds for a large number of new (and remarkably joyless) urban churches, and for around forty years from the late 1780s it was also official policy to finance Anglican establishments in British colonial possessions ●●

1818 First deliberate US monetary contraction begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The country’s first experience with a deliberately created mone- tary contraction began in 1818 when the Bank became concerned about its own ability t ●●

1819 Prussia establishes the first effective secular compulsion schooling ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that Prussia produced the human race's first effective secular compulsion schooling in 1819, the same year he says Mary Shelley's Frankenstein appeared in England. ●●

1819 John Griscom's 'A Year in Europe' praises Prussian schools ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto lists travelers' reports that brought Prussian schooling to American attention. The first was John Griscom's 1819 book A Year in Europe, read and admired by Thomas Jefferson and other leading Americans. ●●

1819 Kings: George I (Elector of Hanover, King of Ireland;; ); George(Elector of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kings: George I (Elector of Hanover, King of Ireland;; ); George(Elector of Hanover, King of Ireland;; ); George(1865; ) Queens: Victoria (Queen-Empress; 1819; ) see also Atlantic Isles; British Empire; England; Ireland; Scotland; Wales Great Moravia ●●

1819 The Panic of 1819 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This is exactly what happened in the so-called panic of 1819 ●●

1820 He won reelection by the biggest electoral margin victory since James Monro... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He won reelection by the biggest electoral margin victory since James Monroe ran unopposed in 1820, capturing 98.49 percent, or 523 electoral votes, the largest number of... ●●

1820 By 1820 per capita income in the United States was roughly twice that of China; rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1820 per capita income in the United States was roughly twice that of China; by 1870, nearly five times higher; by 1913 nearly ten times; by 1950 nearly twenty-two times. ●●

1820 1820, the United States found a compromise between... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1820, the United States found a compromise between the two approaches which enabled it to have it both ways until after the Second World War. ●●

1820 Castlereagh sets out British policy in State Paper ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Castlereagh himself had set forth the British position in a state paper of May 5, 1820. ●●

1820 Information history in 1820 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ed. “Multitudes of contrivances were designed, and almost endless drawings made, for the purpose of economizing the time,” Babbage wrote ruefully. ●●

1820 was a Jewish immigrant peddler who settled in Louisville in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Their father, Moritz Flexner, born in Bohemia in 1820, was a Jewish immigrant peddler who settled in Louisville in 1854, carrying his wares on his bac ●●

1820 According to him, the first long wave began in the 1820s and continued through the end of the ninete rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story According to him, the first long wave began in the 1820s and continued through the end of the nineteenth century, while the second short wave happened in the immediate aftermath of World War II. ●●

1820 The prime example of this is the United States, which invented clientelistic party government after rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The prime example of this is the United States, which invented clientelistic party government after the opening up of the democratic franchise in the 1820s and was thereafter saddled with a patronage-riddled bureaucracy for much of the next century. ●●

1820 These services were developed so swiftly and so effectively for the cotton trade rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These services were developed so swiftly and so effectively for the cotton trade that by the 1820s the leading mercantile firms handling the flow of c ●●

1820 Robert Albion estimates that the packet boats were built in the 1820s at about $ rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Albion estimates that the packet boats were built in the 1820s at about $30,000 apiece ●●

1820 Owners of coal lands first began to build canals into the anthracite regions in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Owners of coal lands first began to build canals into the anthracite regions in the 1820s ●●

1820 Max Müller on the rediscovery of Vedic texts rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Blavatsky cites Max Müller's observation that around 1820, the sacred books of the Brahmans (Vedas), Zoroastrians (Zend Avesta), and Buddhists (Tripitaka) were nearly unknown and virtually untranslatable by any scholar. ●●

15 September 1821 Independence of Costa Rica 0 cit. no story Central America declares independence from Spain; Costa Rica later left the Central American federation to become a fully separate republic. politics ●●●

15 September 1821 Independence of El Salvador 0 cit. no story Central America declares independence from Spain; El Salvador became a separate republic after the Central American federation dissolved. politics ●●●

c. 25 March 1821 Independence of Greece 0 cit. no story The Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire begins; an independent Greek state was recognized in 1830. politics / war ●●●●

15 September 1821 Independence of Guatemala 0 cit. no story The Act of Independence of Central America is signed in Guatemala City, ending Spanish rule over the region. politics ●●●

15 September 1821 Independence of Honduras 0 cit. no story Central America declares independence from Spain; Honduras became a separate republic after the federation dissolved in 1838. politics ●●●

27 September 1821 Independence of Mexico 0 cit. no story The Army of the Three Guarantees enters Mexico City, completing the independence war begun with Hidalgo's Grito de Dolores in 1810. politics / war ●●●●

15 September 1821 Independence of Nicaragua 0 cit. no story Central America declares independence from Spain; Nicaragua became a separate republic after the federation dissolved in 1838. politics ●●●

28 July 1821 Independence of Peru 0 cit. no story Jose de San Martin proclaims Peru's independence in Lima; Spanish forces were finally defeated at Ayacucho in 1824. politics / war ●●●

1821 Greek War of Independence, 1821-1830 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Greek struggle for independence from the sultan (1821-1830) was an early expression of Balkan nationalism, ending with a guaranteed constitutional monarchy. ●●

1821 Britain returns to the gold standard in 1821 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Napoleonic Wars, the Bank of England nearly halved the paper money supply, driving prices down by 50 percent. Despite years of riots and agricultural distress, Britain went back on gold in 1821. ●●

1821 John Quincy Adams, then Secretary of State, summed... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Quincy Adams, then Secretary of State, summed up this attitude in 1821: Wherever the standard of freedom and independence has been or shall be un ●●

1821 Wilson produced the League of Nations; Carteret fl... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wilson produced the League of Nations; Carteret flirted with permanent engagements on the Continent; Castlereagh, Foreign Secretary from 1812 to 1821, ●●

1821 During the Greek Revolution of 1821, England inter... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the Greek Revolution of 1821, England interpreted the Tsar’s desire to protect the Christian population of the collapsing Ottoman Empire as the ●●

1821 1821, the year before he succeeded Castlereagh, Ca... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1821, the year before he succeeded Castlereagh, Canning had called for a policy of “neutrality in word a ●●

1821 1821: ogarithms Herschel replied, “It is quite possible.” 28 In 1821 Babbage rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ogarithms Herschel replied, “It is quite possible.” 28 In 1821 Babbage turned his attention to building such a machine. Over the years, many had fiddl ●●

1821 Event of 1821 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story precursor of the United Nations Security Council. Its conferences acted on a series of crises, attempting to distill a common course: the revolutions in Naples in 1820 and in Spain in 1820–23 (quelled by the Holy Alliance and France, respectively) an ●●

1821 Greeks declare independence and revolt against Turkish rule ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Greeks, inspired in part by the ideals of the French Revolution, declared independence in 1821 and began a revolt against Turkish rule. ●●

1821 Archbishop Laurence translates the Book of Enoch ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Archbishop Laurence translated the Book of Enoch from Ethiopic texts discovered by James Bruce in Abyssinia and held in the Bodleian Library, Oxford ●●

6 August 1822 to 8 August 1822 Battle of Dervenakia wikidata 0 cit. no story 1822 battle in the Greek War of Independence ●●

7 September 1822 Independence of Brazil 0 cit. no story Prince Pedro declares Brazil independent from Portugal with the Cry of Ipiranga and becomes Emperor Pedro I. politics / war ●●●●

1822 Information history in 1822 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story zing the time,” Babbage wrote ruefully. By 1820 he had settled on a design. ●●

18 September 1823 Treaty of Moultrie Creek wikidata 0 cit. no story 1823 treaty between the United States and several Seminole leaders in Florida ●●●

1823 1823: tish government was impressed, at least initially. In 1823 it gave him rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story tish government was impressed, at least initially. In 1823 it gave him seed money of £1,700 and would eventually sink more than £17,000, twice the cos ●●

1823 Event of 1823 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The United States soon set out to expand this maxim to all of the Americas. A tacit accommodation with Britain, the premier naval power, allowed the United States to declare in the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 its entire hemisphere off-limits for foreign ●●