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  1. 1912 Legislative action rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In fact, that process had begun even before the election of 1912 ●●
  2. 1913 Cofounder and leader of the First National Bank, 1863–1931 (though after 19... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cofounder and leader of the First National Bank, 1863–1931 (though after 1913, his son George Baker Jr. was more involved running the bank). Lloyd Blankfein: Chairman and CEO of... ●●
  3. 1913 On June 18, 1913, he asked Wilson to allow bank representation on the propo... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 18, 1913, he asked Wilson to allow bank representation on the proposed Federal Reserve Board.64 Glass had been up past one o’clock the night before discussing the matter... ●●
  4. 1913 2 On February 26, 1913, the Pujo Committee issued its final report, a seari... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2 On February 26, 1913, the Pujo Committee issued its final report, a searing indictment of the dangers of high concentration of money and credit in the hands of a few elite... ●●
  5. 1913 85 Secondly, under the pre-1913 system, before the Fed had been created, a crisis of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 85 Secondly, under the pre-1913 system, before the Fed had been created, a crisis of this sort would have triggered a restriction of convertibility of bank deposits into gold. ●●
  6. 1913 In the United States, where public housing was never so important, mortgage interest payments were rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the United States, where public housing was never so important, mortgage interest payments were always tax deductible, from the inception of the federal income tax in 1913. ●●
  7. 1913 But the post-1913 history of the bank has remained virgin territory... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Although I didn’t realize it at first, this was a propitious time in which to write a history of the House of Morgan, perhaps the first time anyone could do it justice. Secrecy has always been a Morgan fetish, and almost all earli... ●●
  8. 1913 Aldrich, April 7, 1913 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 28. Ibid., Edward C. Grenfell File, letter from Edward C. ●●
  9. 1913 Cettie's Health Deteriorates at Forest Hill rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During summer 1913, Cettie's condition worsened dramatically with multiple serious illnesses compounding. Doctors warned Rockefeller that she was too frail to safely leave Cleveland. ●●
  10. 1913 Edith Sails to Switzerland for Analysis rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1913, Edith Rockefeller McCormick sailed to Switzerland with Carl Jung to continue her psychoanalysis. What began as a temporary visit would extend into years of self-imposed European exile. ●●
  11. 1913 Jimmy Rothschild Commissions Bakst Decorative Panels rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jimmy de Rothschild commissioned elaborate decorative panels from renowned Diaghilev set designer Léon Bakst in 1913, with multiple family members serving as artistic subjects. ●●
  12. 1913 These passing ships connected them to a larger rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These passing ships connected them to a larger world. As Paul’s son Jimmy wrote, “From our house, high on the hills overlooking the Elbe, I could watch an endless procession of ships of many nations g... ●●
  13. 1913 As Paul’s son Jimmy wrote, “From our house, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Paul’s son Jimmy wrote, “From our house, high on the hills overlooking the Elbe, I could watch an endless procession of ships of many nations going to or coming from almost every part of the world.... ●●
  14. 1913 By 1913, there were 100,000 arrests for ‘attacks on State po rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1913, there were 100,000 arrests for ‘attacks on State power.’ ”140 Needless to say, all this strained a reluctant army, which was also busy crushing the resentful ethnic minorities—Poles, Finns, G ●●
  15. 1913 Separated from other strong nations by thousands of miles of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Separated from other strong nations by thousands of miles of ocean, possessing a negligible army, content to have achieved hemispheric dominance and, at least after Roosevelt’s departure, less eager t ●●
  16. 1913 1913 Economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Industrial/Technological Comparisons with the United States but Without Russia U.K./U.S./France Germany/Austria-Hungary Percentages of world manufacturing production (1913) 51.7 ... ●●
  17. 1913 1913 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story World Indices of Manufacturing Production, 1913-19259 ●●
  18. 1913 24. EH. SI B144a F 4015, letter from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 24. EH. SI B144a F 4015, letter from Paul Warburg, July 22, 1913. ●●
  19. 1913 The Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Sazonov, wrot... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Sazonov, wrote to the Tsar in December 1913: “To abandon the Straits to a powerful state would be synonymous with ●●
  20. 1913 1913, already much too late, he had expressed, qui... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1913, already much too late, he had expressed, quite accurately, why German foreign policy proved so uns ●●
  21. 1913 meeting of the British Association, the separation of neon into two isotopes by laborious diffusion rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story meeting of the British Association, the separation of neon into two isotopes by laborious diffusion through pipe clay. ●●
  22. 1913 when he separated two isotopes of neon by diffusing a mixed sample several thousand times over and o rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when he separated two isotopes of neon by diffusing a mixed sample several thousand times over and over through pipe clay—that is, unglazed bisque of the sort used to make clay pipes. ●●
  23. 1913 1913: John von Neumann (1903–57) in 1954. Herman Goldstine (1913–2004) circa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John von Neumann (1903–57) in 1954. Herman Goldstine (1913–2004) circa 1944. Presper Eckert (center ) and CBS’s Walter Cronki ●●
  24. 1913 Event of 1913 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the German bishops declared in 1913, offering a small but crucial amendment to the 350-year-old Roman catechism, the main point of marriage was pro ●●
  25. 1913 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Finally, there is an analysis of the Federal Reserve itself and its dismal record since 1913 ●●
  26. 1913 As the Jersey’s legal counsel wrote to a colleague in 1913: “Within a very short... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the Jersey’s legal counsel wrote to a colleague in 1913: “Within a very short time, Harkness and Pratt resign and their places will be filled by people who own very little of the stock ●●
  27. 1913 Public Opposition to Money Trust Fuels Fed Creation rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin claims that public distaste for concentration of financial power in Wall Street banks helped fuel support for the Federal Reserve Act, though the Act ultimately concentrated power further. ●●
  28. 1913 Benjamin Strong Dominates Federal Reserve System rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin documents that Benjamin Strong, head of the New York Reserve Bank, became the dominant force in the Federal Reserve, ruling as an autocrat and often determining policy without consulting Washington. ●●
  29. 1914 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 28 June 1914 Serbian nationalists assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo. At first dismissed as another Balkan episode, it set off the chain of events leading to the First World War. ●●
  30. 1914 —Jack Morgan, personal letter to President Woodrow Wilson, September 4, 191... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —Jack Morgan, personal letter to President Woodrow Wilson, September 4, 1914 BOTH FEDERAL RESERVE AND DOMESTIC ANTITRUST ISSUES WERE SOON overshadowed by more ominous events... ●●
  31. 1914 Was this a sign of tighter ties to the money trust titans? Was Wilson close... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Was this a sign of tighter ties to the money trust titans? Was Wilson closer to the bankers than he had appeared? With whispers of such queries hanging in the hot summer air, at... ●●
  32. 1914 But contrary to the conventional read-back from the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But contrary to the conventional read-back from the winners' side ofWorld War I , Russian, Ottoman, German, and Habsburg empires arrived at 1914, like... ●●
  33. 1914 Arguably a much worse stock market crash had occurred at the end of July 1914, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Arguably a much worse stock market crash had occurred at the end of July 1914, when the outbreak of the First World War precipitated such a total meltdown that the world’s principal stock markets – including New York’s – simply had to close their doors. ●●
  34. 1914 Amid talk of war and fears of a 1914-style market shutdown, Greenspan slashed rates again, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Amid talk of war and fears of a 1914-style market shutdown, Greenspan slashed rates again, from 3. ●●
  35. 1914 34 The Japanese were insured; between 1879 and 1914 their insurance industry had grown from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 34 The Japanese were insured; between 1879 and 1914 their insurance industry had grown from nothing into a vibrant sector of the economy, offering cover against loss at sea, death, fire, conscription, transport accident and burglary, to name just some of the thirteen distinct forms of insurance sold by more than thirty companies. ●●
  36. 1914 By the end of 1914, Russian bonds were down 8. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the end of 1914, Russian bonds were down 8. ●●
  37. 1914 114 Could anything trigger another breakdown of globalization like the one that happened in 1914? rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 114 Could anything trigger another breakdown of globalization like the one that happened in 1914? ●●
  38. 1914 Anti-Morgan Agitation During World War I rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With America officially neutral, the House of Morgan's Export Department faced inflammatory criticism from isolationists and anti-Morgan agitators. Protesters blamed Morgan partners for the deaths of innocent civilians caused by American arms sales to the Allies. ●●
  39. 1914 Allen Dulles Graduates from Princeton rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Allen Welsh Dulles graduated from Princeton and soon departed for Ewing Christian College in central India to teach English. ●●
  40. 1914 Touring the Far East in 1914, Rose heard rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Touring the Far East in 1914, Rose heard fears from public-health officials that a fresh outbreak of yellow fever could result from ships passing through the new canal. ●●
  41. 1914 In early June 1914, still fretting about his rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In early June 1914, still fretting about his finances, he received a cryptic telegram from the Rockefeller Foundation, inviting him to New York to discuss a special labor project for its new economic-research unit. ●●
  42. 1914 “I learned that in the old days during rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I learned that in the old days during the strike out west.”46 In May 1914, while still reeling from the Ludlow Massacre, Junior asked Arthur Brisbane to recommend someone who might burnish the family image, and Brisbane suggested thirty-six-year-old Ivy Ledbetter Lee, executive assistant to the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad. ●●
  43. 1914 Rockefeller Prepares Kykuit for Cettie rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1914, John Rockefeller preceded his wife to Kykuit to prepare the remodeled house for her comfortable residence. He was concerned about her frail condition making the journey from Cleveland. ●●
  44. 1914 Paul agreed to testify if all nominees were rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paul agreed to testify if all nominees were treated alike. In early July 1914, three “popular” nominees sailed through without questioning, while Paul and Thomas D. ●●
  45. 1914 Soon regretting this, he proposed instead that new rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Soon regretting this, he proposed instead that new war-credit banks be set up to service German industry. Max, Fritz, and Melchior worked on statutes for the new Hamburg Bank of 1914, a financing mode... ●●
  46. 1914 During their fin-de-siècle idyll, they had enjoyed a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During their fin-de-siècle idyll, they had enjoyed a hybrid identity, summering in German spas and marrying Germans while indulging their American patriotism at home. Before August 1914, this was no c... ●●
  47. 1914 Before August 1914, this was no contradiction, and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before August 1914, this was no contradiction, and presented no conflict. ●●
  48. 1914 Like Paul, Felix sympathized with Germany and championed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Like Paul, Felix sympathized with Germany and championed American neutrality. When Paul joined the Fed in 1914, Felix took over his M. ●●
  49. 1914 When Paul joined the Fed in 1914, Felix rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Paul joined the Fed in 1914, Felix took over his M. ●●
  50. 1914 But probably nothing prepared him for the burst rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But probably nothing prepared him for the burst of candor that would suddenly erupt from Schiff during the war. As the war progressed, Max regarded England in a far more malevolent light than he had i... ●●
  51. 1914 Responding to the chauvinism stirred by war, Jews rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Responding to the chauvinism stirred by war, Jews flocked to serve under an imperial flag emblazoned with an Iron Cross and eagle. In August 1914, Jewish groups issued impassioned calls to arms, urgin... ●●
  52. 1914 Aby undertook one diplomatic mission. In 1914, Italy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Aby undertook one diplomatic mission. In 1914, Italy wavered whether to side with Germany or defect to the Entente powers. ●●
  53. 1914 “During a period of war people act as rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “During a period of war people act as in a fever and reasoning is impossible,” he wrote McAdoo.70 What mattered, he said, was to refute any insinuations of disloyalty and “leave no doubt in the people... ●●
  54. 1914 The critical paragraph of his May 27, 1914, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The critical paragraph of his May 27, 1914, letter ran as follows: “Much to my regret, Mr. ●●
  55. 1914 In these circumstances, I deem it my duty rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In these circumstances, I deem it my duty to state to you myself that it is my firm belief that the interest of the country will best be served if my name be not considered by you in this connection.”... ●●
  56. 1914 The Position of the Powers, 1885–1914 In the face of such u rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Position of the Powers, 1885–1914 In the face of such unnervingly specific figures, that a certain power possessed 2.7 percent of world manufacturing production in 1913, or that another had an in ●●
  57. 1914 Instead of being a cluster of rivaling small states, partly rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Instead of being a cluster of rivaling small states, partly under foreign sovereignty and always under the threat of foreign intervention, there was now a solid block of thirty million people growing ●●
  58. 1914 It was, in the first place, immensely wealthy, both at home rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was, in the first place, immensely wealthy, both at home and abroad, though the British Treasury felt itself under heavy pressure in the two decades before 1914 as the newer technology more than do ●●
  59. 1914 From the plausible evidence which does exist, however, it se rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From the plausible evidence which does exist, however, it seems that Russia in the decades prior to 1914 was simultaneously powerful and weak—depending, as ever, upon which end of the telescope one pe ●●
  60. 1914 Its coal output was rising even faster, from 6 million tons rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Its coal output was rising even faster, from 6 million tons in 1890 to 36 million tons in 1914. It was the world’s second-largest oil producer. ●●
  61. 1914 The Russian railway network, already some 31,000 miles in 19 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Russian railway network, already some 31,000 miles in 1900, was constantly augmented, so that by 1914 it was close to 46,000 miles. Foreign trade, stabilized by Russia’s going onto the gold standa ●●
  62. 1914 The agitation to preserve an “open door” in China and the ma rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The agitation to preserve an “open door” in China and the massive interest shown in making the United States the dominant economic force in Latin America were only two of the manifestations of this co ●●
  63. 1914 industry, utilities, and services (which totaled around $7 b rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story industry, utilities, and services (which totaled around $7 billion by 1914). Although some of this westward flow of bullion was reversed by the returns on European investments and by American payments ●●
  64. 1914 That was yet another of the common pre-1914 assumptions whic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That was yet another of the common pre-1914 assumptions which the Great War itself would prove wrong. ●●
  65. 1914 Similarly, the historical record suggests that there is rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The France of 1914 was, absolutely, more powerful than that of 1850—but this was little consolation when France was being eclipsed by a much stronger Germany. Britain today has far greater wealth, and ●●
  66. 1914 As the twentieth century approached, therefore, the pace rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Behind the frequent colonial quarrels and international crises of the pre-1914 period, however, the decade-by-decade indices of economic power were pointing to even more fundamental shifts in the glob ●●
  67. 1914 1914 Economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Total War and the Power Balances, 1914–1918 Before examining the First World War in the light of the grand strategy of the two coalitions and of the military and industrial resour... ●●
  68. 1914 1914 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Consequently, in 1914, even as the bulk of the army was attacking in the west, the Prussian General Staff was nervously redeploying two corps to reinforce its exposed eastern front... ●●
  69. 1914 1914 Military Campaign rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the bloody fighting at Ypres in November 1914 convinced Falkenhayn of the hopelessness of achieving a swift victory in the west, a further eight German divisions were transfer... ●●
  70. 1914 1914 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, according to one arcane calculation already mentioned earlier, the United States pre-1914 growth was such that it probably would have overtaken Europe in total output in the ... ●●
  71. 1914 1914 Diplomatic Agreement rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Furthermore, in certain instances the reemer-gence of extra-European and colonial issues was cutting right across the former 1914–1918 alliance structure. ●●
  72. 1914 1914 Military Technology rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before 1914, Germany had paid for such imports by its booming export of manufactures: in the 1930s, this was no longer possible, since German industry was now being redirected into... ●●
  73. 1914 34. New York American, May 18, 1914 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 34. New York American, May 18, 1914. ●●
  74. 1914 30. JS. B440 F8, letter from Max Warburg rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 30. JS. B440 F8, letter from Max Warburg, December 22, 1914. ●●
  75. 1914 31. JS. B440 F8, letter from Max Warburg rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 31. JS. B440 F8, letter from Max Warburg, November 11, 1914. ●●
  76. 1914 6. Hamburger Echo, December 8, 1914 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 6. Hamburger Echo, December 8, 1914. ●●
  77. 1914 17. AW Kopierbuch 6 26(7) Hamburg Transcript, letter rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 17. AW Kopierbuch 6 26(7) Hamburg Transcript, letter to Onkel Empel, August 9, 1914. ●●
  78. 1914 18. AW Kopierbuch 5 26(7) Hamburg Transcript, letter rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 18. AW Kopierbuch 5 26(7) Hamburg Transcript, letter to Veth, September 2, 1914. ●●
  79. 1914 World War I 1914-1917 costs Russia millions of casualties rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story World War I from 1914-1917 cost Russia millions of casualties and massive economic dislocation, marked the first occasion for massive American military projection into Europe. ●●
  80. 1914 Germany's Defeat in World War I rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Crowley uses Germany in 1914 as a cautionary example of a nation that understood its will but failed to eliminate internal opposition and understand victory conditions, leading to its defeat. He frames the war as resulting from Germany violating magical principles. ●●
  81. 1914 THE BALANCE OF POWER PETRIFIES When war broke out ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story THE BALANCE OF POWER PETRIFIES When war broke out in 1914, the Franco-Russian Alliance was already twenty-three years old, and the Austro-German Allia ●●
  82. 1914 Finally, in 1914, a crisis arose from which no one... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Finally, in 1914, a crisis arose from which no one shrank. ●●
  83. 1914 He had graduated from the University of Washington in 1914, studied engineering rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He had graduated from the University of Washington in 1914, studied engineering intensely for two years at MIT and gone on to West Point, where he graduated fourth in his class in 1918. ●●
  84. 1914 ally against a German foe. A remarkable change occ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ally against a German foe. A remarkable change occurred in British foreign policy between 1890 and 1914. ●●
  85. 1914 The Kaiser, regarding these developments as tests ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Kaiser, regarding these developments as tests of his manhood, told his chancellor on February 25, 1914: “Russo-Prussian relations are dead once an ●●
  86. 1914 1914, the confrontation between Germany and Austri... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1914, the confrontation between Germany and Austria-Hungary on the one side, and the Triple Entente on the other, had turned deadly earnest. ●●
  87. 1914 the Germans too great an honor, for the Kaiser and... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the Germans too great an honor, for the Kaiser and his advisers had no more of a long-range plan in 1914 than they had had during any previous crisis. ●●
  88. 1914 But by 1914, legitimacy was no longer a common bon... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But by 1914, legitimacy was no longer a common bond. ●●
  89. 1914 The paradox of July 1914 was that the countries wh... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The paradox of July 1914 was that the countries which had political reasons to go to war were not tied to rigid mobilization ●●
  90. 1914 roying the world order in which their nations had ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story roying the world order in which their nations had coexisted for nearly a century. By the winter of 1914–15, military strategy and foreign policy had l ●●
  91. 1914 litary understanding—very limited indeed—which was... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story litary understanding—very limited indeed—which was given effect between Great Britain and France in 1914, there had been no other bond between the two ●●
  92. 1914 But for Wilson and the peacemakers at Versailles, ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But for Wilson and the peacemakers at Versailles, the cause of the war of 1914–18 had to be ascribed to some evil which had to be punished. When the h ●●
  93. 1914 some of the arguments of imperial Germany for a Br... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story d some of the arguments of imperial Germany for a British alliance, declaring that “the position of 1914 is today reversed. ●●
  94. 1914 For Stresemann, these interests were straightforwa... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For Stresemann, these interests were straightforward: to restore Germany to its pre-1914 stature, to dispose of the financial burdens of reparations, ●●
  95. 1914 drew from this assessment the Realpolitik conclusi... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He drew from this assessment the Realpolitik conclusion that he had before him an opportunity to rebuild Germany to at least its pre-1914 level and pr ●●
  96. 1914 Weizmann found a circular on his desk from the British War Office “inviting every scientist in posse rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Weizmann found a circular on his desk from the British War Office “inviting every scientist in possession of any discovery of military value to report it. ●●
  97. 1914 had questioned a witness at an appropriations hearing, “What is a physicist? rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story had questioned a witness at an appropriations hearing, “What is a physicist? ●●
  98. 1914 ROBERT BICKERS, The Scramble for China: Foreign Devils in the Qing Empire, 1832-1914 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story polis: The Way We’ll Live Next DAVID GILMOUR, The Pursuit of Italy: A History of a Land, its Regions and their Peoples NIALL FERGUSON, Civilization: The West and the Rest TIM FLANNERY, Here on Earth: A New Beginning ROBERT BICKERS, The Scramble for C ●●
  99. 1914 Event of 1914 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But history punishes strategic frivolity sooner or later. World War I broke out because political leaders lost control over their own tactics. For nearly a month after the assassination of the Austrian Crown Prince in June 1914 by a Serbian nationali ●●
  100. 1914 Information history in 1914 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story en in the modern world, lacked an alphabet. The drums metamorphosed speech. ●●