Events, Verisoph

1859 Horace Mann's Antioch College commencement address ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto uses Horace Mann as his model of a schooling 'true believer.' At the 1859 Antioch College commencement Mann urged graduates to be ashamed to die until they had won some victory for humanity. ●●

1859 First important American oil exploitation at Seneca Lake ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that the first important American exploitation of oil occurred at Seneca Lake, New York, in 1859, near the ancestral home of the Rockefeller family. ●●

1859 Darwin's books reshape thinking about children and society ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto argues that Darwin's Origin of Species (1859) and Descent of Man (1871) undercut the blank-slate view of children and, in his reading, licensed the upper classes to justify forced schooling as a breeding experiment. ●●

1859 Lincoln's 1859 Wisconsin speech on mudsill theory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Abraham Lincoln's September 1859 speech to the Wisconsin Agricultural Society, in which Lincoln argued the goal of government should be independent livelihoods and rejected 'mudsill theory.' Gatto uses it as an anti-mudsill vision for schooling. ●●

1859 Company's Indian possessions pass to the British Crown ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Allahabad Fort, where Clive had signed the Diwani, Lord Canning announced that the Company's Indian possessions would be nationalised. Queen Victoria would henceforth rule India in place of the directors. ●●

1859 In the Caucasus where Russians had been hard candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the Caucasus where Russians had been hard put to subdue mountain peoples, Shamil, an imam from Dagestan and Chechnya, began a long campaign against... ●●

1859 George W. Gardner joins Clark and Rockefeller ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 1, 1859, George W. Gardner, an elite Cleveland businessman, joins Clark and Rockefeller as partner. The firm is renamed Clark, Gardner and Company, and Rockefeller's name is dropped from the title. ●●

1859 Peace of Villafranca ends Austro-Sardinian War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 12 Napoleon and Franz Joseph reach compromise peace. ●●

1859 Its fleet was expanded so that at times (e rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Its fleet was expanded so that at times (e.g., 1859) it caused alarm on the other side of the English Channel. Militarily and diplomatically, it seemed to be the decisive third force in any solution o ●●

1859 Yet however important the battles of Magenta and Solferino w rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Militarily and diplomatically, it seemed to be the decisive third force in any solution of either the German or the Italian question—as was amply shown in 1859, when France swiftly intervened on Piedm ●●

1859 1859 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story What was also important was that since a coalition war was much more likely than in, say, 1859 or 1870, the prospects that the conflict would be prolonged were also that much great... ●●

1859 mean War produced nearly two decades of conflict: ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story mean War produced nearly two decades of conflict: the war of Piedmont and France against Austria of 1859, the war over Schleswig-Holstein of 1864, the ●●

1859 nance.”8 His penchant for revolutionary projects c... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nance.”8 His penchant for revolutionary projects caused him to go to war with Austria over Italy in 1859. ●●

1859 something outside of all possibility we would soon... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story as something outside of all possibility we would soon hear more sensible things from there….41 In 1859, during Austria’s war with France and Piedmont, ●●

1859 Event of 1859 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 11. “candidly confess[ed]: Jefferson to Monroe, October 24, 1823, as excerpted in “Continental Policy of the United States: The Acquisition of Cuba,” Uni ●●

1859 Information history in 1859 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Philological Society. Proposal for a Publication of a New English Dictionary by the Philological Society. ●●

1859 Event of 1859 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was Malthus who inspired Charles Darwin to argue in 1859 that the struggle for existence could give rise to new, better-adapted species ●●

1859 77 The Great American Tea Company, founded in 1859 by George F rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 77 The Great American Tea Company, founded in 1859 by George F ●●

1859 By 1859 Singer had opened fourteen branches, each with a female demonstrator, a... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1859 Singer had opened fourteen branches, each with a female demonstrator, a mechanic to repair and service, and a salesman or canvasser to sell the machine, as well as a manager who supervised the others and handled collections and credits ●●

1860 John D. Rockefeller casts first presidential vote for Abraham Lincoln rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1860, eighteen-year-old John D. Rockefeller casts his first presidential vote for Abraham Lincoln, reflecting his strong antislavery views and alignment with Cleveland's abolitionist community. ●●

1860 The first of these was in terms of total population, althoug rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first of these was in terms of total population, although the gap significantly narrowed between 1816 (Russia 51.2 million, United States 8.5 million) and 1860 (Russia 76 million, United States 31 ●●

1860 While its share of world manufacturing output in 1860 was we rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While its share of world manufacturing output in 1860 was well behind that of Great Britain, it had already surged past Germany and Russia and was on the point of overtaking France. The United States, ●●

1860 The agitation to preserve an “open door” in China and the ma rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The agitation to preserve an “open door” in China and the massive interest shown in making the United States the dominant economic force in Latin America were only two of the manifestations of this co ●●

1860 considered Prussia the most genuinely national Ger... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He considered Prussia the most genuinely national German state, writing in 1860 that: Prussia personifies the German nationality, religious reform, co ●●

1860 Closing them off eases the adversary’s calculation... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Closing them off eases the adversary’s calculations, and constricts those of the practitioners of Realpolitik. The break between Gerlach and Bismarck ●●

1860 Information history in 1860 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story potato with it before his eyes, he will declare it useless, because it will not slice a pineapple. ”♦ They no longer saw the point. ●●

1860 In the land which became Belgium, for instance, the proportion of women rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the land which became Belgium, for instance, the proportion of women religious to men reversed from 1780 to 1860, from 40:60 to 60:40, and at the end of this process, in a development to horrify any bishop from the Council of Trent, only 10 per ce ●●

1860 War or conflict rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The relative unimportance of slavery as a cause for war was made clear by Lincoln himself during his campaign for the Presidency in 1860, and he repea ●●

1860 Bessemer steel process introduced in the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In such integrated rail mills the Bessemer steel process—the first to produce that metal on a massive scale—was introduced into the United States in t ●●

1860 And they established when and where to buy, lease, or build the small feeder lin rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story And they established when and where to buy, lease, or build the small feeder lines in the 1860s and 1870s, and where and when to build the giant inter ●●

1860 The stores founded in the 1860s and 1870s account for almost half of the leading rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The stores founded in the 1860s and 1870s account for almost half of the leading department stores in New York a century later ●●

1860 French astronomy debates vacuum theory rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story French astronomers, notably Le Couturier, combated what they called the disastrous results of Newton's theory of vacuum, arguing it was impossible to maintain that celestial bodies move through absolute void. ●●

1860 By 1860 they already produced three-fourths of the industry’s output, with Wheel... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1860 they already produced three-fourths of the industry’s output, with Wheeler & Wilson manufacturing 85,000 machines in that year and the other two 55,000 apiece ●●

1860 Other western connections whose securities the Pennsylvania purchased included t... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Other western connections whose securities the Pennsylvania purchased included the Maysville & Big Sandy and the Springfield, Mount Vernon & Pittsburgh; see Henry Varnum Poor, History of the Railroads and Canals of the United States (New York, 1860), pp ●●

1860 Macmillan publication on natural history defense rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Macmillan published defense of naturalists' observations against charges of fabrication, addressing the tendency to dismiss novel discoveries. ●●

December 1861 to June 1867 French Intervention in Mexico 0 cit. no story Napoleon III installs Maximilian of Austria as emperor of Mexico, but republican forces under Benito Juarez fight on. The French withdraw and Maximilian is executed in 1867. politics / war ●●●

12 April 1861 to 9 April 1865 American Civil War 0 cit. no story Eleven slaveholding states secede and fight the Union in America's deadliest war, killing over 600,000 soldiers. Union victory preserves the nation and ends slavery. politics / society / war ●●●●●

1861 Henry Maine publishes Ancient Law, 1861 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that Sir Henry Maine's 1861 book Ancient Law made his reputation and helped justify separating children from their cultures through adoption and schooling. ●●

1861 Amid a mad rush of Wall Street profiteering, Pierpont financ candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Amid a mad rush of Wall Street profiteering, Pierpont financed a deal in 1861 that, if not unscrupulous, showed a decided lack of judgment. ●●

1861 Rockefeller hires military substitute as Civil War begins rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Like many wealthy young men, John D. Rockefeller hires a military substitute for $300 to serve in place of him during the Civil War, exempting himself from military service. ●●

1861 Mill publishes Thoughts on Parliamentary Government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In Thoughts on Parliamentary Government, published in 1861 before the Second Reform Act, Mill made several arguments against a universal and equal franchise. ●●

1861 Even those who were not High Churchpeople approved of the Church gradually rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even those who were not High Churchpeople approved of the Church gradually gaining a forum for its own debate, first in the revival of the Convocations of Canterbury and York in 1852 and 1861, and then in the creation of a series of Church assemblies ●●

1861 The suddenness of the change in Southern society, the freeing of four rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The suddenness of the change in Southern society, the freeing of four million human beings, was a deep trauma to add to the sheer destructiveness and death of the war itself: the end of an institution which in 1861 had seemed to be flourishing and ev ●●

1861 War or conflict rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even after the outbreak of war in 1861, Lincoln confirmed his previous stand ●●

1861 Transcontinental telegraph reaches the Pacific ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Because the telegraph was easier and cheaper to build than the railroad, it reached the Pacific first, in 1861 ●●

1862 to 1877 Dungan Revolt 0 cit. no story Hui Muslim communities in northwest China rise against Qing rule in a war entangled with famine and massacre. Millions die and whole regions are depopulated before the Qing reconquest. religion / war ●●●

1862 There was some question as to the legality of the proposed i rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There was some question as to the legality of the proposed issue, and either Morgan or Carlisle dusted off an 1862 statute that granted the Lincoln administration emergency powers to buy gold during t... ●●

1862 Clark and Rockefeller annual profits reach $17,000 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1862, the commodity business of Clark and Rockefeller produces annual profits of $17,000, nearly four times the profits from their only prewar year, powered by Civil War inflation. ●●

1862 Upon becoming Ministerpräsident in 1862, Bismarck ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Upon becoming Ministerpräsident in 1862, Bismarck had asked the Austrian ambassador to convey to his Emperor the startling proposition that ●●

1862 Information history in 1862 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story vin, imprinted the second law on the popular imagination by reveling in its bleakness: “Although mechanical energy is indestructible,” he declared in 1862, “there is a universal tendency to its dissip ●●

1862 By 1862, the building had not been completed and Tweed authorized an additional $1 million toward it rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1862, the building had not been completed and Tweed authorized an additional $1 million toward its construction. ●●

1862 Carpenter, The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy: Reputations, Networks, and Policy Innovation in Exe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Carpenter, The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy: Reputations, Networks, and Policy Innovation in Executive Agencies, 1862–1928 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), pp. ●●

1862 He said so in a pamphlet of 1862 addressed to the Archbishop rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He said so in a pamphlet of 1862 addressed to the Archbishop of Canterbury ●●

1862 Roman Catholic Church doctrines regarding the Virgin Mary rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Blavatsky references the Roman Catholic Church's doctrine and practices regarding the Virgin Mary as they existed in 1862, and their relationship to ancient pagan goddess worship. ●●

1862 Founding or establishment rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1862, even though the law still limited bank notes to two times capital, the banks had created $73,685,000 in total money, including checkbook mone ●●

1862 Lincoln's Greenback Currency Inflation rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin describes how the Lincoln administration's issuance of greenbacks caused purchasing power to fall 65% during the Civil War, with prices more than doubling while wages rose less than half. ●●

1862 Hazard Circular Reveals Banking Strategy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin cites the Hazard Circular prepared by an American agent of British financiers, revealing their strategy to use war debt as means to control money volume and prevent greenbacks from circulating. ●●

1863 to 1875 Fourth cholera pandemic wikidata 0 cit. no story One of several 19th century epidemics ●●●

1863 Liberation of the Russian serfs, 1863 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As late as the emancipation of the serfs in 1863, Russia remained almost untouched by industrialization and more backward than pre-steam-engine Britain and France. ●●

1863 Sir Robert Hart heads Chinese customs (1863-1906) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that treaties kept China's tariffs low and under foreign control, with Sir Robert Hart heading the Chinese customs service from 1863 to 1906. ●●

1863 Western bombardments force Japan open (1863-1866) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A series of naval bombardments of Japanese ports in 1863-1866 forced Japan open and imposed a tariff agreement limiting import duties to 5 percent until 1899. ●●

1863 Ontario teacher William Young assaulted amid schooling resistance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites documented resistance to compulsory schooling in North America. At Brantford, Ontario, in 1863 teacher William Young was reportedly beaten severely by students while parents looked on. ●●

1863 Cofounder and leader of the First National Bank, 1863–1931 (though after 19... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cofounder and leader of the First National Bank, 1863–1931 (though after 1913, his son George Baker Jr. was more involved running the bank). Lloyd Blankfein: Chairman and CEO of... ●●

1863 (The National Banking Act was passed in 1863—with revisions in 1864 and 186... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (The National Banking Act was passed in 1863—with revisions in 1864 and 1865—to help fund the Civil War by creating currency notes issued by the larger nationally chartered banks... ●●

1863 Rockefeller and Clark form Andrews, Clark and Co. ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1863, John D. Rockefeller and Maurice Clark each invest $2,000 for half the working capital in Andrews, Clark and Co., Rockefeller's first major step into the oil business as a refiner. ●●

1863 Atlantic and Great Western Railroad reaches Cleveland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 3, 1863, a gleaming locomotive of the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad pulls into Cleveland with ceremonial fanfare, giving the city access to New York via the Erie Railroad and Pennsylvania oil fields. ●●

1863 Allegheny River oil fire burns Franklin bridge ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1863, the Allegheny River becomes so befouled with spilled petroleum that it actually catches fire and burns a bridge in Franklin, Pennsylvania, demonstrating the environmental damage of early oil production. ●●

1863 James at Imperial Court rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story James is observed at a court social function hosted by Princess Mathilde. ●●

1863 Napoleon’s conduct during the Polish revolt of 186... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Napoleon’s conduct during the Polish revolt of 1863 advanced his journey into isolation. ●●

1863 In 1863 Renan produced a Life of Jesus which utterly denied that rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1863 Renan produced a Life of Jesus which utterly denied that this Jewish teacher had any divine character ●●

1863 National Banking Act of 1863 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The National Banking Act of 1863 required banks to keep a percentage of their notes and deposits in the form of lawful money (gold coins) as a reserve ●●

1863 Congress passes the National Banking Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin documents that on February 25, 1863, Congress passed the National Banking Act, establishing nationally-chartered banks and transforming government bonds into circulating money. ●●

1 February 1864 to 31 October 1864 Second Schleswig War wikidata 0 cit. no story second military conflict as a result of the Schleswig-Holstein Question ●●●●

November 1864 to 1 March 1870 Paraguayan War 0 cit. no story Paraguay fights Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay in South America's deadliest war. Paraguay loses much of its territory and a majority of its male population. war ●●●●

August 1864 to February 1865 Uruguayan War 0 cit. no story Brazil intervenes in Uruguay's civil strife to install the Colorado party in power. The war's entanglements help trigger the far larger Paraguayan War. politics / war ●●

1864 Massachusetts reform school gives away children of retrieving parents ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes an 1864 Massachusetts state document (Public Document 20) in which officials declined to return reform-school children to their own parents, placing them instead with farmers and mechanics under the state's parens patriae power. ●●

1864 Junius Morgan takes control of George Peabody and Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Although Peabody was nominal head until 1864, Junius Morgan assumed control of George Peabody and Company in 1859. In increasingly poor health, Peabody took his first European vacation in twenty-one y... ●●

1864 US National Bank Act passed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The National Bank Act significantly reduced barriers to setting up privately owned banks in the United States. ●●

1864 Rockefeller purchases diamond engagement ring rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As an unusual splurge, John D. Rockefeller spends a shocking $118 on a diamond engagement ring for Laura Spelman, signaling to her family that he is a rising young businessman of substance. ●●

1864 Rockefeller honeymooning at Niagara Falls and Canada rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After working on his wedding morning, Rockefeller takes a precisely planned one-month honeymoon from September 8 to October 8, 1864. The itinerary includes Niagara Falls, Montreal, Mount Washington, and Oread Collegiate Institute. ●●

1864 Peak Kerosene Prices During Civil War rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Crude oil prices peaked at $12 per barrel in 1864, driven by wartime demand. Soon after the war ended, prices collapsed to $2.40 a barrel. ●●

1864 Alphonse's Doubts on Italian Kingdom rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alphonse expresses concern about excessive Italian stock holdings. ●●

1864 onflict: the war of Piedmont and France against Au... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story onflict: the war of Piedmont and France against Austria of 1859, the war over Schleswig-Holstein of 1864, the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, and the Fra ●●

1864 With the center of gravity of European policy movi... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With the center of gravity of European policy moving toward Germany, France found itself alone. An ominous event occurred in 1864. ●●

1864 Government Printing Office, 1864), Document No rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nvoys”: “The Emperor of China,” Chinese Recorder 29, no. 10 (1898): 471–73. “Having, with reverence, received”: Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs Accompanying the Annual Message of the President to the First Session of the Thirty-eighth Congress (Wa ●●

1864 Moreover, the National Banking Act of 1864 and laws in many states forbade the b... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Moreover, the National Banking Act of 1864 and laws in many states forbade the banks within their jurisdictions to have branches ●●

1864 Lincoln's Lincoln's Fears of Money Power rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin quotes Lincoln expressing in a letter that he believes the money power preys on the nation, is more despotic than monarchy, and will lead to the republic's destruction. ●●

1864 Societe Generale founded under Napoleon III ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The great Belgian-linked banking house Société Générale, which Nkrumah traces through decades of African mining and financial ties, was founded under Napoleon the Third. ●●

1865 J.P. Morgan marries Frances Tracy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1865, he married Frances Louisa Tracy—Fanny, as she was known—daughter of a successful lawyer, Charles Tracy, who later performed legal work for Pierpont. She was tall and pretty, with a rosebu... ●●

1865 Pithole Creek gusher creates Pennsylvania boomtown ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In January 1865, a tremendous gusher spouts up at Pithole Creek in Pennsylvania, transforming a settlement of four log cabins into a boomtown of 12,000 people with 50 hotels and crystal-chandelier theater within months. ●●

1865 Rockefeller buys out Clark brothers at auction ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On February 1, 1865, Rockefeller engineers the dissolution of his partnership with the Clark brothers by arranging an auction of the refining business. He secures $72,500 loan from sympathetic bankers and wins the refinery. ●●

1865 Robert E. Lee surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 9, 1865, General Robert E. Lee surrenders to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia, effectively ending the American Civil War. ●●

1865 Torpedo Wells Technology Increases Production rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Producers began using gunpowder explosives inside wells in 1865 to increase extraction. This innovation swelled production and drove prices downward. ●●

1865 As the South’s economy, morale, and front-line forces waned— candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the South’s economy, morale, and front-line forces waned—by the beginning of 1865 its “present for duty” troop total was down to 155,000 men—surrender was the only realistic choice left. ●●

1865 Clausius coins the term entropy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ame given to one of the quantitative elements which determine the thermodynamic condition of a portion of matter. Rudolf Clausius coined the word in 1865, in the course of creating a science of thermo ●●

1865 Hudson Taylor founds the China Inland Mission ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Breaking with the floundering Christian missionary society which had brought him to China, in 1865 he set up his own, the China Inland Mission, which would be based in China and seek no support but that of God himself ●●

1865 Kings: George I (Elector of Hanover, King of Ireland;; ); George(Elector of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kings: George I (Elector of Hanover, King of Ireland;; ); George(Elector of Hanover, King of Ireland;; ); George(1865; ) Queens: Victoria (Queen-Empress; 1819; ) see also Atlantic Isles; British Empire; England; Ireland; Scotland; Wales Great Moravia ●●

1865 Blavatsky's writings on Astronomy and Nebular Theory rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Blavatsky states that she examined and counted thirty-nine contradictory scientific hypotheses regarding the rotation of heavenly bodies in a series of works on Astronomy and the Nebular Theory written between 1865 and 1866. ●●

1865 Remington Brothers Agricultural Works founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1865 they set up the Remington Brothers Agricultural Works to make mowing machines and cultivators ●●

1865 They were the Albany Iron Works of Erastus Corning and John Winslow in 1865, the... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They were the Albany Iron Works of Erastus Corning and John Winslow in 1865, the rail-making subsidiary of the Pennsylvania Railroad, the Pennsylvania Steel Company, in 1866, followed by Cleveland Rolling Mill Company (A ●●