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239 event(s), page 2 of 3, 98 uncited and 100 outside stories on this page

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  1. c. 25 March 1821 Independence of Greece 0 cit. no story The Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire begins; an independent Greek state was recognized in 1830. politics / war ●●●●
  2. 27 September 1821 Independence of Mexico 0 cit. no story The Army of the Three Guarantees enters Mexico City, completing the independence war begun with Hidalgo's Grito de Dolores in 1810. politics / war ●●●●
  3. 28 July 1821 Independence of Peru 0 cit. no story Jose de San Martin proclaims Peru's independence in Lima; Spanish forces were finally defeated at Ayacucho in 1824. politics / war ●●●
  4. 7 September 1822 Independence of Brazil 0 cit. no story Prince Pedro declares Brazil independent from Portugal with the Cry of Ipiranga and becomes Emperor Pedro I. politics / war ●●●●
  5. 6 August 1825 Independence of Bolivia 0 cit. no story Bolivia declares independence from Spain after the wars of liberation led by Simon Bolivar and Antonio Jose de Sucre. politics / war ●●●
  6. 25 August 1825 Independence of Uruguay 0 cit. no story Uruguay declares independence from Brazil; full sovereignty was secured by the 1828 treaty ending the Cisplatine War. politics / war ●●●
  7. December 1825 to August 1828 Cisplatine War 0 cit. no story Brazil and the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata fight over the Banda Oriental. British mediation ends the war by creating the independent state of Uruguay. politics / war ●●
  8. 4 October 1830 Independence of Belgium 0 cit. no story Following the Belgian Revolution, the provisional government declares Belgium independent from the Netherlands. politics / war ●●●
  9. c. June 1830 to c. 1903 French Conquest of Algeria 0 cit. no story France invades Algiers in 1830 and spends decades subduing resistance led by figures like Abd al-Qadir, at the cost of several hundred thousand Algerian lives. Algeria becomes the core of France's colonial empire. war ●●●●
  10. 2 October 1835 to 21 April 1836 Texas Revolution 0 cit. no story American settlers and Tejanos revolt against Mexico, losing the Alamo but winning decisively at San Jacinto. The war creates the independent Republic of Texas, later annexed by the United States. politics / war ●●
  11. 27 February 1844 Independence of the Dominican Republic 0 cit. no story Dominican rebels proclaim independence from Haiti, ending twenty-two years of Haitian rule over the eastern part of Hispaniola. politics / war ●●●
  12. December 1845 to March 1849 Anglo-Sikh Wars 0 cit. no story The British East India Company defeats the Sikh Empire in two hard-fought wars. The victory annexes the Punjab, completing British control of India. war ●●●
  13. 25 April 1846 to 2 February 1848 Mexican-American War 0 cit. no story The United States defeats Mexico and takes its capital. The peace transfers roughly half of Mexico's territory, including California and the Southwest, to the United States. politics / war ●●●●
  14. September 1848 to 13 August 1849 Hungarian War of Independence 0 cit. no story Hungary fights for independence from Habsburg Austria during the revolutions of 1848. Austria wins only after calling in a Russian army, and executes the rebel generals. politics / war ●●●
  15. March 1848 to 1852 First Schleswig War 0 cit. no story Denmark and German nationalists backed by Prussia fight over the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. Denmark keeps the duchies, but the dispute reignites in 1864. politics / war ●●
  16. c. 1848 to c. 1866 Wars of Italian Unification 0 cit. no story Piedmont, aided by France and by Garibaldi's volunteers, fights Austria and the Italian states in three wars of independence. The campaigns unite most of Italy under the House of Savoy by 1866, with Rome added in 1870. politics / war ●●●●
  17. 1851 to August 1868 Nian Rebellion 0 cit. no story Bandit-led rebel armies ravage northern China alongside the Taiping Rebellion. The revolt further drains the Qing dynasty's strength. society / war ●●●
  18. 1856 to 1873 Panthay Rebellion 0 cit. no story Hui Muslims in Yunnan rebel against Qing rule and establish a separate sultanate at Dali. The suppression kills up to a million people. religion / war ●●●
  19. December 1861 to June 1867 French Intervention in Mexico 0 cit. no story Napoleon III installs Maximilian of Austria as emperor of Mexico, but republican forces under Benito Juarez fight on. The French withdraw and Maximilian is executed in 1867. politics / war ●●●
  20. 12 April 1861 to 9 April 1865 American Civil War 0 cit. no story Eleven slaveholding states secede and fight the Union in America's deadliest war, killing over 600,000 soldiers. Union victory preserves the nation and ends slavery. politics / society / war ●●●●●
  21. 1862 to 1877 Dungan Revolt 0 cit. no story Hui Muslim communities in northwest China rise against Qing rule in a war entangled with famine and massacre. Millions die and whole regions are depopulated before the Qing reconquest. religion / war ●●●
  22. November 1864 to 1 March 1870 Paraguayan War 0 cit. no story Paraguay fights Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay in South America's deadliest war. Paraguay loses much of its territory and a majority of its male population. war ●●●●
  23. August 1864 to February 1865 Uruguayan War 0 cit. no story Brazil intervenes in Uruguay's civil strife to install the Colorado party in power. The war's entanglements help trigger the far larger Paraguayan War. politics / war ●●
  24. 27 January 1868 to 27 June 1869 Boshin War 0 cit. no story Forces loyal to the emperor defeat the Tokugawa shogunate in a brief civil war. The victory secures the Meiji Restoration and Japan's rapid modernization. politics / war ●●●
  25. 19 July 1870 to 10 May 1871 Franco-Prussian War 0 cit. no story Prussia and its German allies crush France, capturing Napoleon III at Sedan and besieging Paris. The victory unifies Germany under the Prussian crown and seizes Alsace-Lorraine, poisoning Franco-German relations for decades. politics / war ●●●●
  26. 18 January 1871 Unification of Germany 0 cit. no story The German Empire is proclaimed at Versailles, uniting the German states under Prussian leadership; chosen over the 1990 reunification as the event that first created a German nation state. politics / war ●●●●
  27. 9 May 1877 Independence of Romania 0 cit. no story Romania declares independence from the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War; the principalities had united in 1859. politics / war ●●●
  28. 29 January 1877 to 24 September 1877 Satsuma Rebellion 0 cit. no story Disaffected samurai under Saigo Takamori rise against the Meiji government and are defeated by its conscript army. The rebellion is the last armed challenge to Japan's modernization. politics / war ●●
  29. 24 April 1877 to 3 March 1878 Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 0 cit. no story Russia defeats the Ottoman Empire in a war fought partly to protect Balkan Christians. The peace creates an autonomous Bulgaria and independence for Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania. politics / war ●●●
  30. 3 March 1878 Liberation of Bulgaria 0 cit. no story The Treaty of San Stefano ends the Russo-Turkish War and re-establishes a Bulgarian state after five centuries of Ottoman rule; full independence was declared in 1908. politics / war ●●●
  31. 13 July 1878 Independence of Serbia 0 cit. no story The Congress of Berlin recognizes Serbia's full independence from the Ottoman Empire after decades of autonomy won through uprisings. politics / war ●●●
  32. November 1878 to September 1880 Second Anglo-Afghan War 0 cit. no story Britain invades Afghanistan again to counter Russian influence. It withdraws after securing control of Afghan foreign policy, leaving the country a buffer state. war ●●
  33. c. 1878 to c. 1904 Conquests of Menelik II 0 cit. no story Menelik II of Shewa conquers vast southern territories and doubles the size of the Ethiopian Empire. The campaigns and accompanying famines kill millions but create modern Ethiopia's borders. war ●●●
  34. June 1881 to November 1899 Mahdist War 0 cit. no story Muhammad Ahmad declares himself the Mahdi and drives Egypt and Britain from Sudan, taking Khartoum in 1885. Britain reconquers Sudan at Omdurman in 1898 in a war that costs millions of lives through fighting and famine. religion / war ●●●
  35. August 1883 to April 1885 Sino-French War 0 cit. no story France and Qing China fight over control of northern Vietnam. France wins a protectorate over Vietnam, extending French Indochina. war ●●
  36. December 1895 to October 1896 First Italo-Ethiopian War 0 cit. no story Ethiopia under Menelik II destroys an invading Italian army at Adwa in 1896. It is the most decisive African victory over a European colonial power in the nineteenth century. war ●●●
  37. 24 February 1895 to August 1898 Cuban War of Independence 0 cit. no story Cuban rebels fight Spain in a brutal war marked by Spanish reconcentration camps. The conflict draws in the United States in 1898 and ends Spanish rule in Cuba. politics / war ●●●
  38. November 1896 to October 1897 War of Canudos 0 cit. no story The Brazilian army destroys the millenarian settlement of Canudos after three failed expeditions. Tens of thousands die in one of Brazil's deadliest internal conflicts. religion / society / war ●●
  39. 12 June 1898 Independence of the Philippines 0 cit. no story Emilio Aguinaldo proclaims Philippine independence from Spain; after decades of US rule, full sovereignty came on 4 July 1946. politics / war ●●●
  40. 21 April 1898 to 13 August 1898 Spanish-American War 0 cit. no story The United States defeats Spain in a short war fought in Cuba and the Philippines. Spain loses the remnants of its empire and the United States emerges as an overseas colonial power. politics / war ●●●●
  41. 4 February 1899 to 2 July 1902 Philippine-American War 0 cit. no story Filipino forces that had fought Spain resist American annexation of the islands. The war and its accompanying famine and disease kill hundreds of thousands of Filipinos. war ●●●
  42. 20 May 1902 Independence of Cuba 0 cit. no story The Republic of Cuba is proclaimed as US occupation ends, following decades of independence wars against Spain. politics / war ●●●
  43. January 1904 to 1908 Herero and Nama Wars 0 cit. no story Germany crushes Herero and Nama uprisings and drives survivors into the desert and concentration camps. The campaign is widely regarded as the twentieth century's first genocide. war ●●●
  44. 29 September 1911 to 18 October 1912 Italo-Turkish War 0 cit. no story Italy seizes Ottoman Libya and the Dodecanese islands, using aircraft in combat for the first time. Ottoman weakness revealed by the war helps trigger the Balkan Wars. war ●●
  45. 28 November 1912 Independence of Albania 0 cit. no story Ismail Qemali declares Albania independent from the Ottoman Empire at Vlore during the First Balkan War. politics / war ●●●
  46. 1 January 1912 Proclamation of the Republic of China 0 cit. no story The Republic of China is proclaimed after the revolution that ended the Qing dynasty; its government has been based on Taiwan since 1949. politics / war ●●●
  47. 8 October 1912 to 30 May 1913 First Balkan War 1 cit. no story Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Montenegro drive the Ottoman Empire from almost all its European territory. The victors immediately quarrel over the spoils. war ●●●
  48. 29 June 1913 to 10 August 1913 Second Balkan War 0 cit. no story Bulgaria attacks its former allies over the division of Macedonia and is quickly defeated by Serbia, Greece, Romania, and the Ottomans. The unstable settlement feeds the tensions that explode in 1914. war ●●●
  49. 12 November 1918 Proclamation of the Republic of Austria 0 cit. no story After the collapse of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I, Austria is proclaimed a republic. politics / war ●●●
  50. 24 February 1918 Independence of Estonia 0 cit. no story Estonia declares independence from Russia; after Soviet annexation in 1940, independence was restored in August 1991. politics / war ●●●
  51. 18 November 1918 Independence of Latvia 0 cit. no story Latvia proclaims independence from Russia; after Soviet annexation in 1940, independence was restored in 1991. politics / war ●●●
  52. 16 February 1918 Independence of Lithuania 0 cit. no story The Council of Lithuania proclaims the restoration of an independent Lithuanian state; independence was restored again from the USSR in 1990. politics / war ●●●
  53. 11 November 1918 Independence of Poland 0 cit. no story Poland regains independence at the end of World War I, 123 years after being partitioned by Russia, Prussia and Austria. politics / war ●●●●
  54. 19 August 1919 Independence of Afghanistan 0 cit. no story After the Third Anglo-Afghan War, Britain recognizes Afghanistan's full independence in foreign affairs under the Treaty of Rawalpindi. politics / war ●●●
  55. 21 January 1919 to 11 July 1921 Irish War of Independence 0 cit. no story The IRA fights a guerrilla war against British rule. The truce leads to the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State, with the island partitioned. politics / war ●●●
  56. 19 May 1919 to 24 July 1923 Turkish War of Independence 0 cit. no story Mustafa Kemal leads Turkish nationalists against Greek, French, and Armenian forces and the Allied partition of Anatolia. Victory overturns the Treaty of Sevres and creates the Republic of Turkey. politics / war ●●●●
  57. June 1921 to May 1926 Rif War 0 cit. no story Abd el-Krim's Rif republic destroys a Spanish army at Annual before France and Spain combine to crush it, using chemical weapons. The war becomes a model for later anti-colonial insurgencies. war ●●
  58. 6 December 1922 Independence of Ireland 0 cit. no story The Irish Free State is established under the Anglo-Irish Treaty after the War of Independence, ending British rule in most of Ireland. politics / war ●●●
  59. 29 October 1923 Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey 0 cit. no story Mustafa Kemal Ataturk proclaims the Republic of Turkey after the War of Independence, succeeding the Ottoman Empire. politics / war ●●●●
  60. 1 August 1927 to 7 December 1949 Chinese Civil War 0 cit. no story Nationalists and Communists fight an on-and-off civil war spanning two decades, interrupted by the Japanese invasion. Communist victory in 1949 founds the People's Republic of China and drives the Nationalists to Taiwan. politics / war ●●●●●
  61. 23 September 1932 Unification of Saudi Arabia 0 cit. no story Abdulaziz Ibn Saud proclaims the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, uniting Nejd and Hejaz after three decades of conquest. politics / war ●●●●
  62. 9 September 1932 to 12 June 1935 Chaco War 0 cit. no story Bolivia and Paraguay fight over the arid Chaco region, rumored to hold oil, in South America's bloodiest twentieth-century war. Paraguay wins most of the disputed territory at a cost of some 100,000 lives. war ●●●
  63. 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939 Spanish Civil War 0 cit. no story Franco's Nationalists, backed by Germany and Italy, defeat the Republic, backed by the Soviet Union and international volunteers. Around half a million die and Franco rules Spain until 1975. politics / war ●●●●
  64. 17 August 1945 Independence of Indonesia 0 cit. no story Sukarno and Hatta proclaim Indonesian independence; the Netherlands recognized it in 1949 after a four-year armed struggle. politics / war ●●●●
  65. 2 September 1945 Independence of Vietnam 0 cit. no story Ho Chi Minh proclaims the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi; independence was secured through wars against France and later the United States. politics / war ●●●●
  66. 19 December 1946 to 1 August 1954 First Indochina War 0 cit. no story The Viet Minh fight France for Vietnamese independence, winning decisively at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. The Geneva Accords divide Vietnam at the 17th parallel, setting the stage for the Vietnam War. politics / war ●●●●
  67. March 1946 to 16 October 1949 Greek Civil War 0 cit. no story Communist guerrillas fight the Western-backed Greek government in the Cold War's first armed confrontation. The government wins with American aid under the Truman Doctrine. politics / war ●●●
  68. 22 October 1947 to 1 January 1949 Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948 0 cit. no story India and Pakistan fight their first war over the princely state of Kashmir immediately after partition. A UN ceasefire divides Kashmir along a line that remains disputed today. war ●●●
  69. 14 May 1948 Independence of Israel 0 cit. no story David Ben-Gurion proclaims the State of Israel as the British mandate over Palestine ends; war with neighboring Arab states follows immediately. politics / war ●●●●
  70. 9 April 1948 to 1958 La Violencia 0 cit. no story Liberal and Conservative partisans wage a rural civil war in Colombia that kills around 200,000 people. Its legacies feed the guerrilla conflicts of later decades. politics / war ●●●
  71. 26 July 1953 to 1 January 1959 Cuban Revolution 0 cit. no story Fidel Castro's guerrilla movement overthrows the Batista dictatorship. The revolution creates the western hemisphere's first communist state and a flashpoint of the Cold War. politics / war ●●●●
  72. 1 November 1954 to 19 March 1962 Algerian War 0 cit. no story The FLN fights France for Algerian independence in a war marked by torture, terrorism, and massive civilian death. Algeria wins independence in 1962 and the crisis brings down the French Fourth Republic. politics / war ●●●●
  73. 1 November 1955 to 30 April 1975 Vietnam War 0 cit. no story Communist North Vietnam and southern guerrillas fight the US-backed South, with massive American intervention from 1965. The war kills millions, ends with Saigon's fall in 1975, and reshapes American politics and foreign policy. politics / war ●●●●●
  74. 18 August 1955 to 27 March 1972 First Sudanese Civil War 0 cit. no story Southern Sudanese rebels fight the Arab-dominated government in Khartoum for autonomy. Around half a million die before the Addis Ababa Agreement grants the south limited self-rule. war ●●●
  75. 5 July 1960 to 25 November 1965 Congo Crisis 0 cit. no story The newly independent Congo collapses into secession, UN intervention, and Cold War proxy struggle, with Prime Minister Lumumba murdered. Mobutu's 1965 coup ends the crisis and begins three decades of dictatorship. politics / war ●●●
  76. 13 November 1960 to 29 December 1996 Guatemalan Civil War 0 cit. no story Leftist guerrillas fight US-backed military governments for 36 years. State violence, including genocidal campaigns against Maya communities, accounts for most of the roughly 200,000 dead. politics / war ●●●
  77. 1 September 1961 to 29 May 1991 Eritrean War of Independence 0 cit. no story Eritrean rebels fight Ethiopian rule for thirty years, outlasting both imperial and communist governments. Eritrea wins de facto independence in 1991, formalized by referendum in 1993. politics / war ●●●
  78. 4 February 1961 to 25 April 1974 Portuguese Colonial War 0 cit. no story Portugal fights independence movements in its African colonies for thirteen years. War-weariness triggers the 1974 Carnation Revolution in Lisbon, and the colonies win independence. politics / war ●●●
  79. 5 July 1962 Independence of Algeria 0 cit. no story Algeria becomes independent from France after an eight-year war of independence and the Evian Accords. politics / war ●●●●
  80. 5 August 1965 to 23 September 1965 Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 0 cit. no story Pakistan's infiltration into Kashmir escalates into a full war with large tank battles. The fighting ends in stalemate and a Soviet-brokered return to prewar lines. war ●●●
  81. 6 July 1967 to 15 January 1970 Nigerian Civil War 0 cit. no story The southeastern region secedes as Biafra and is blockaded and reconquered by Nigeria. Famine under the blockade kills one to three million civilians. politics / war ●●●●
  82. 1967 to 17 April 1975 Cambodian Civil War 0 cit. no story The Khmer Rouge fight the US-backed Khmer Republic amid heavy American bombing. Their victory in 1975 begins a genocidal regime that kills roughly a quarter of Cambodia's population. politics / war ●●●
  83. 1 July 1967 to 7 August 1970 War of Attrition 0 cit. no story Egypt and Israel fight a static war of artillery duels, air raids, and commando strikes along the Suez Canal. A ceasefire in 1970 restores the status quo ante. war ●●
  84. 26 March 1971 to 16 December 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War 0 cit. no story Pakistan's army launches a brutal crackdown in East Pakistan, killing hundreds of thousands and driving millions of refugees into India. Indian intervention in December forces Pakistan's surrender and Bangladesh becomes independent. politics / war ●●●●
  85. 24 September 1973 Independence of Guinea-Bissau 0 cit. no story Guinea-Bissau unilaterally declares independence during its liberation war against Portugal, which recognized it in 1974. politics / war ●●
  86. 12 September 1974 to 28 May 1991 Ethiopian Civil War 0 cit. no story The Derg military regime fights insurgencies across Ethiopia amid the Red Terror and catastrophic famine. Rebel armies take Addis Ababa in 1991 after a war that kills over a million people. politics / war ●●●
  87. 11 November 1975 Independence of Angola 0 cit. no story Angola becomes independent from Portugal after a long armed liberation struggle, and immediately slides into civil war. politics / war ●●●
  88. 25 June 1975 Independence of Mozambique 0 cit. no story Mozambique becomes independent from Portugal after a ten-year liberation war led by FRELIMO. politics / war ●●●
  89. 13 April 1975 to 13 October 1990 Lebanese Civil War 0 cit. no story Lebanon's sectarian factions, Palestinian forces, Syria, and Israel fight a fifteen-year multi-sided war. Around 150,000 die and Beirut becomes a byword for urban warfare. politics / religion / war ●●●
  90. 11 November 1975 to 4 April 2002 Angolan Civil War 0 cit. no story The MPLA government, backed by Cuba and the USSR, fights UNITA, backed by South Africa and the United States, for 27 years. The Cold War proxy conflict kills around 800,000 people. politics / war ●●●
  91. October 1975 to 6 September 1991 Western Sahara War 0 cit. no story The Polisario Front fights Morocco and initially Mauritania over the former Spanish Sahara. A 1991 ceasefire leaves Morocco controlling most of the territory, with the promised referendum never held. war ●●
  92. 13 July 1977 to 15 March 1978 Ogaden War 0 cit. no story Somalia invades Ethiopia's Somali-inhabited Ogaden region. Massive Soviet and Cuban support lets Ethiopia repel the invasion, realigning Cold War patronage in the Horn of Africa. war ●●●
  93. 30 May 1977 to 4 October 1992 Mozambican Civil War 0 cit. no story The FRELIMO government fights the RENAMO insurgency backed by Rhodesia and South Africa. War and famine kill around a million people before the 1992 peace accord. politics / war ●●●
  94. 25 December 1978 to 26 September 1989 Cambodian-Vietnamese War 0 cit. no story Vietnam invades Cambodia and overthrows the Khmer Rouge, ending the genocide, then fights a decade-long occupation war. Vietnamese withdrawal in 1989 opens the way to a UN-brokered peace. war ●●●
  95. c. 1978 to c. April 1990 Nicaraguan Revolution and Contra War 0 cit. no story The Sandinistas overthrow the Somoza dictatorship in 1979, then fight US-backed Contra rebels through the 1980s. The wars kill tens of thousands and end with the Sandinistas' electoral defeat in 1990. politics / war ●●●
  96. 17 February 1979 to 16 March 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War 1 cit. no story China invades northern Vietnam to punish it for toppling the Khmer Rouge, then withdraws after a month of heavy fighting. Border clashes continue for another decade. war ●●●
  97. 15 October 1979 to 16 January 1992 Salvadoran Civil War 0 cit. no story The FMLN guerrillas fight the US-backed Salvadoran government, whose death squads kill thousands of civilians. Around 75,000 die before the 1992 peace accords. politics / war ●●●
  98. 18 April 1980 Independence of Zimbabwe 0 cit. no story Zimbabwe becomes independent under Robert Mugabe after the Rhodesian Bush War and the Lancaster House Agreement. politics / war ●●●
  99. 2 April 1982 to 14 June 1982 Falklands War 0 cit. no story Argentina seizes the British Falkland Islands and Britain retakes them in a ten-week naval and land campaign. Defeat brings down Argentina's military junta. politics / war ●●●
  100. 5 June 1983 to 9 January 2005 Second Sudanese Civil War 0 cit. no story The southern SPLA fights the Khartoum government in a war entwined with famine and slavery, killing around two million people. The 2005 peace deal leads to South Sudan's independence in 2011. religion / war ●●●