Events, Verisoph

1947 CIA founded as a Network creation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book asserts the CIA, founded in 1947, is a creation of the Network used to covertly destabilize and topple uncooperative nations. It presents US foreign policy costs as accruing to America while benefits go to the Network. ●●

1947 Malagasy revolt of 1947 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During French colonial rule, a revolt broke out in Madagascar in 1947. French forces killed large numbers of Malagasy, by some reports around one hundred thousand. ●●

1947 India gains independence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book notes that from the Company's conquest, India would stay in British hands for another 144 years. It finally won its freedom in August 1947. ●●

1947 Britain ends support for Greek monarchists ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the British announced in early 1947 that they were withdrawing their sponsorship of the monarchists, almost every observer concluded that a leftist victory was at hand. There was, however, another force in Greece, and it is to them that U. ●●

1947 CIA created to replace the wartime OSS ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was still a new agency, created in 1947 to replace the wartime Office of Strategic Services (1947) ●●

1947 NSC authorizes CIA covert psychological operations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story National Security Council issued first directive authorizing CIA to conduct covert psychological operations against Soviet activities. ●●

1947 Tanganyika groundnuts scheme launched ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Tanganyika groundnuts scheme was launched in 1947 as a colonial development project, representing high-modernist agricultural planning that failed to achieve its objectives. ●●

1947 Stalinist terror reimposed after the war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The reimposition of Stalinist terror in the late 1940s involved large-scale arrests and frequent executions, extending Stalin's brutal control beyond the war years. ●●

1947 Richtmyer proposes computer simulation of a fission bomb ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “In September of 1947 I proposed to Johnny von Neumann a rather grandiose plan for computer-simulation of the explosion of a fission bomb,” Richtmyer ●●

1947 Katzen-Ellenbogen tried for war crimes at Dachau ai_extracted 1 cit. no story f you are in any doubt that I am not guilty, convict me because I would have a chance then in higher court or any other place to defend myself in a way that I perhaps didn’t do here.”63 On August 14, 1947, in a Dachau barrack set up for war crimes trials, Katzen-Ellenbogen stood, somewhat disheveled ●●

1947 Allies indict Reich eugenics organization leaders ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ther they are constitutionally responsible rulers, public officials or private individuals.” American prosecutors at the subsequent Nuremberg Trials took their cue from the treaty.69 In early July of 1947, the Allies indicted the leaders of the Reich’s militarized eugenics umbrella organization, the ●●

1947 Japan adopts American-drafted postwar constitution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A genuine rule of law finally arrived in Japan with its defeat in the Pacific War and adoption of an American-drafted constitution in 1947 that has remained in force without amendment until the present day. ●●

1947 Nationalist army massacres thousands of Taiwanese ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1992, the Taiwan government admitted that its army had killed an estimated 18,000 to 28,000 native-born Taiwanese in the 1947 massacre ●●

1947 US intervenes in 1948 Italian elections ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Italy 1947-1948: Free elections, Hollywood style ●●

1947 Iran's Parliament rejects joint Soviet oil company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Iranian leader, moreover, had campaigned successfully against lingering Soviet occupation of northern Iran after World War II, and in October 1947 had led Parliament in its rejection of a government proposal that a joint Irano-Soviet oil company ●●

1947 Congress passes the Taft-Hartley Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, the managers retained control over hiring, a prerogative that has never been seriously challenged since ●●

1947 Aleister Crowley dies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda notes that Aleister Crowley died in 1947, after which the OTO was in disarray. ●●

1947 Bardeen and Brattain build the first transistor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Bell Labs, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain assemble a point-contact device from germanium and gold foil that can amplify current, the first transistor. ●●

17 March 1948 Founding of the International Maritime Organization 0 cit. no story A UN maritime conference in Geneva adopts the convention creating the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization, now the IMO, the UN agency for shipping safety and marine pollution. It first met in London in 1959. diplomacy / economy / technology ●●

14 May 1948 Independence of Israel 0 cit. no story David Ben-Gurion proclaims the State of Israel as the British mandate over Palestine ends; war with neighboring Arab states follows immediately. politics / war ●●●●

4 January 1948 Independence of Myanmar 0 cit. no story Burma becomes independent from Britain as a republic outside the Commonwealth. politics ●●●

9 September 1948 Proclamation of North Korea 0 cit. no story The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is proclaimed in the Soviet-occupied north, three years after Japanese colonial rule ended. politics ●●●

15 August 1948 Establishment of South Korea 0 cit. no story The Republic of Korea is established in the south of the peninsula, three years after liberation from Japanese colonial rule. politics ●●●●

4 February 1948 Independence of Sri Lanka 0 cit. no story Ceylon becomes independent from Britain as a dominion; it became the Republic of Sri Lanka in 1972. politics ●●●

9 April 1948 to 1958 La Violencia 0 cit. no story Liberal and Conservative partisans wage a rural civil war in Colombia that kills around 200,000 people. Its legacies feed the guerrilla conflicts of later decades. politics / war ●●●

1948 Truman defeats Dewey ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Truman's 1948 defeat of Dewey embittered Republican partisans and, Quigley argues, pushed them toward any weapon that could discredit the Democratic administration. ●●

1948 Break between Tito and Moscow ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Moscow's efforts to dominate Yugoslavia alienated Tito, and by March 1948 a complete break between Belgrade and Moscow had been reached. ●●

1948 Communist coup in Czechoslovakia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1948 Gottwald threatened President Benes with civil war unless he dismissed non-Communist ministers; Benes yielded on 25 February 1948, completing the Communist takeover. ●●

1948 German currency reform of 1948 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the 1948 West German currency reform the fiscal miracle of the postwar world, sparking an explosion of industrial expansion and tying West Germany to the West. ●●

1948 Berlin blockade begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Using the West German currency reform as a pretext, the Soviets blockaded Berlin in extreme form from 24 June 1948 to 12 May 1949. ●●

1948 Italian election defeats the Communists ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 18 April 1948 Communist efforts to gain power in Italy were defeated in the first general election under the new Republican constitution, a turning point in postwar Italian history. ●●

1948 LeMay takes command of Strategic Air Command ai_extracted 1 cit. no story General Curtis LeMay took over the underfunded Strategic Air Command in October 1948 and rebuilt it into a force of high war readiness. ●●

1948 HUAC publicity launches Nixon and Mundt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes the House Committee on Un-American Activities gave its Republican members such publicity that it carried Mundt and Nixon to the Senate and Nixon toward the vice-presidency. ●●

1948 HUAC testimony times the 1948 election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story HUAC released its most sensational ex-Communist testimony in late summer 1948 to influence the November election, though Truman was elected anyway. ●●

1948 Quigley: Wallace's 1948 run destroyed U.S. Communism contested ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that Henry Wallace's third-party campaign, engineered with Michael Straight, drove Communists out of the unions and progressive movements, ending Communism as a U.S. political force by December 1948. ●●

1948 Communist research group's Marshall Plan attack ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A 'Communist research group' meeting at Frederick Vanderbilt Field's home drew up an attack on the Marshall Plan for Wallace, published in The New Republic on 12 January 1948. ●●

1948 Independence of Southeast Asian states ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Japanese collapse, colonial rule unraveled across Southeast Asia. Burma became independent in 1948, Indochina in 1949, Malaya in 1957, and Singapore in 1959. ●●

1948 Deaths of Gandhi and Jinnah after India's partition ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The partition of India before independence in 1947 unleashed mass violence, and the founders of both states died in 1948. Gandhi in India was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic and Jinnah in Pakistan died, leaving both new nations under new leaders. ●●

1948 State of Israel proclaimed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ben-Gurion proclaimed the state of Israel on May 14, 1948, and President Truman recognized it sixteen minutes later in a race to beat the Soviet Union. The proclamation came as the British mandate ended and Arab armies entered Palestine. ●●

1948 Western European integration begins, 1948 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley dates the integration of Western Europe to 1948, driven by Soviet aggression that culminated in the Prague coup and the Berlin blockade. ●●

1948 Re-founding of Israel ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The re-founding of Israel in 1948 was among the events prophecy writers pointed to as end-times markers. Wood cites it as part of the model The Late, Great Planet Earth used to read current events. ●●

1948 'The Proper Study of Mankind' published with foundation funding ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto points to the 1948 book The Proper Study of Mankind, funded by the Carnegie Corporation and the Russell Sage Foundation, as evidence of the belief that a society could be remade in about 15 years by conditioning the young. ●●

1948 B.F. Skinner publishes Walden Two, 1948 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto opens the chapter with B.F. Skinner's 1948 utopian novel Walden Two, which he treats as a blueprint for behavioral engineering of society. ●●

1948 Death of Harry Dexter White ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Named publicly as a Soviet agent by Whittaker Chambers, White testified before the House Committee on Un-American Activities. On August 16, 1948, three days after his testimony, he died of a heart attack at 56. ●●

1948 CROWCASS suspends operations after 85,000 reports ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the time it suspended operations in 1948, CROWCASS had processed 85,000 wanted reports, transmitted 130,000 detention reports to investigative teams from a dozen countries, and published a total of 40 book-length registries of persons being sought for crimes against humanity—probably the most ext ●●

1948 Washington alarm over 1948 Italian Communist gains ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Italian Communist party was favored to score heavily in the 1948 elections, and many analysts said that the party might democratically win control of the country’s government. This prospect created such alarm in Washington that George Kennan—by then the foremost long- range strategist for the U. ●●

1948 Kennan gains oversight of US clandestine operations ai_extracted 7 cit. no story By the summer of 1948 Truman and Marshall had delegated personal responsibility for political oversight of all peacetime clandestine operations to George Kennan, according to a later Senate investigation of U. ●●

1948 NSC 10/2 authorizes CIA covert warfare ai_extracted 1 cit. no story covert warfare plans in a June 1948 decision known in national security parlance as NSC 10/2 (“NSC ten-slash-two”). The decision marked a crucial turning point in the history of U. ●●

1948 Free Europe committee becomes CIA emigre funding pipeline ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Beginning as early as 1948 and picking up speed in the decade that followed, the National Committee for a Free Europe and its sister project, the American Committee for Liberation from Bolshevism, became the single most important pipeline through which the CIA passed money for émigré leaders. ●●

1948 General Lucius Clay's 1948 war scare ai_extracted 1 cit. no story General Lucius Clay’s war scare of early 1948, together with the deepening cold war, convinced many Americans in and out of government that there was at least an even chance of an all-out U. ●●

1948 Berlin blockade spurs passage of the Marshall Plan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Soviet blockade of Berlin, announced via alarming military cables, prompted Truman to secure congressional approval of the Marshall Plan. ●●

1948 Kennan defines Cold War as organized political warfare ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kennan issued secret directive defining Cold War strategy as "organized political warfare" linking Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine, and CIA operations. ●●

1948 Wisner takes charge of CIA covert operations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frank Wisner took charge of CIA covert operations with mission to liberate Eastern Europe. His organization soon grew larger than the rest of CIA combined. ●●

1948 Hjalmar Schacht acquitted and freed on appeal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dr. Schacht was finally acquitted on appeal and set free in September 1948. — Eric was a man of composite identity who felt American, German, and Jew... ●●

1948 Von Neumann convenes computer planning meeting at RCA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —John von Neumann, 1948 ON MONDAY, November 12, 1945, at 12:45 p.m., six people, led by John von Neumann, gathered in Vladimir Zworykin’s office at R ●●

1948 Manchester Baby runs the first stored program ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Built from scratch at Manchester University, the Manchester Baby uses cathode-ray-tube memory to become one of the first stored-program computers. ●●

1948 Shockley conceives the junction transistor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story William Shockley wakes before dawn with the idea for a simpler, more manufacturable junction transistor design. ●●

1948 Bell Labs announces the transistor to the press ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bell Labs holds a press event unveiling the transistor, with Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain presented as a team. ●●

1949 Berlin airlift ends as ground routes reopen ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the airlift delivered more than 1.6 million tons of freight, the Soviet blockade was defeated and the ground routes to Berlin were reopened on 12 May 1949. ●●

1949 West German elections and Adenauer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The West German elections of 14 August 1949 gave the Christian Democrats a plurality; Konrad Adenauer, an anti-Nazi jailed by Hitler, became chancellor by a single vote and held the post until 1963. ●●

1949 Nationalist government flees to Taiwan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1949 the Communist victories drove Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist government from the mainland to Taiwan, where the U.S. Seventh Fleet later shielded it. ●●

1949 Forrestal, first Secretary of Defense, resigns and dies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story James Forrestal, made the first Secretary of Defense in 1947, reversed his views on unification, broke down under the strain, resigned in 1949, and soon committed suicide. ●●

1949 NATO founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed by the treaty of 4 April 1949 signed in Washington, binding the U.S., Canada, and ten West European states in mutual defense. ●●

1949 Quigley: China lost through Chiang's own weakness ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues Mao won China because of the incompetence and corruption of Chiang Kai-shek's regime, not through any conspiracy in the State Department, and would have won whatever American aid was given. ●●

1949 Truman announces the first Soviet atomic bomb ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After U.S. air monitoring detected a radioactive cloud from Soviet Asia, Truman announced on 23 September 1949 that an atomic explosion had occurred in the USSR. ●●

1949 United Nations headquarters built ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The United Nations headquarters was built in 1949 on 17 acres in New York City donated by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Wood emphasizes the Rockefeller financial ties to the U.N. ●●

1949 Federal urban renewal legislation enables public-private partnerships ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wood cites the original 1949 federal urban renewal legislation, which let redevelopment authorities seize land by eminent domain and resell it cheaply to private corporations, as an early public-private partnership model. ●●

1949 George Orwell finishes Nineteen Eighty-Four ai_extracted 1 cit. no story George Orwell finished Nineteen Eighty-Four in 1949, coining the word Orwellian. Wood counts it, with Brave New World, among the works foreseeing technocratic control. ●●

1949 Max Otto publishes Science and the Moral Life, 1949 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Max Otto's 1949 essay Science and the Moral Life, which argued businessmen had quietly revolutionized the idea of education toward consumption. ●●

1949 Congress passes the CIA Act of 1949 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Congress rammed through the CIA Act on May 27, 1949, giving the agency unprecedented powers to conduct secret operations with secret budgets and untraceable funds, with minimal oversight. ●●

1949 Allen Dulles visits Iran to meet the Shah ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Allen Dulles traveled to Iran in 1949 for meetings with the Shah and his court to secure an OCI contract. ●●

1949 Howard Unruh's shooting rampage in Camden ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Psychotic veteran Howard B. Unruh goes on shooting rampage in Camden, New Jersey, killing thirteen people; stops when newspaper editor calls him ●●

1949 Chinese Communist Party reestablishes central state ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While state authority did break down briefly in the 1920s, ’30s, and ’40s during the period of warlordism, civil war, and Japanese occupation, a strong centralized state was soon reestablished under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party in 1949. ●●

1949 Greek Communist guerrillas declare ceasefire ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But by October 1949, foreseeing nothing but more loss of lives to a vastly superior destruction- machine, the guerrillas announced over their radio a “cease fire” ●●

1949 CIA backs the 1949 coup in Syria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the same book, Copeland asserts that the CIA, with 404 Notes himself personally involved, directed a coup in Syria in 1949 ●●

1949 Iran bans the Tudeh Party ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Tudeh Party had been declared illegal in 1949 and Mossadegh had not lifted that ban although he allowed the party to operate openly, at least to some extent because of his democratic convictions, and had appointed some Tudeh sympathizers to gover ●●

1949 West Germany founded under Allied occupation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The new West German state came into being under a military occupation that controlled its foreign trade, foreign policy and defence, even as its cartels were formally broken up. ●●

23 March 1950 Founding of the World Meteorological Organization 0 cit. no story The WMO Convention enters into force, turning the old International Meteorological Organization into an intergovernmental UN agency for weather, climate and water. The date is marked as World Meteorological Day. diplomacy / science ●●

1950 West German currency reform ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley identifies the West German currency reform as the signal for the postwar German economic revival, encouraging investment and offering large profits through the state's tax policies. ●●

1950 Sino-Soviet mutual-assistance treaty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Mao and Stalin met in Moscow, a Sino-Soviet mutual-assistance treaty was signed on 14 February 1950, granting China aid while Stalin sought to steer its development. ●●

1950 Quigley: Wall Street foundations financed the IPR ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the Institute of Pacific Relations was funded largely by the Carnegie and Rockefeller foundations, which he describes as interlocking groups controlled by Morgan and Rockefeller Wall Street interests. ●●

1950 Truman orders development of the hydrogen bomb ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 31 January 1950 Truman ordered the AEC to proceed with the hydrogen bomb while also continuing varied A-weapons work, a triple order often misrepresented as a single crash H-bomb program. ●●

1950 Fuchs confession and McCarthy's Wheeling speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley links the January-February 1950 chronology: Klaus Fuchs confessed to atomic espionage on 27 January, Truman ordered the H-bomb four days later, and McCarthy made his first accusations at Wheeling nine days after that. ●●

1950 NSC 68 accepted ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1950 the National Security Council accepted NSC 68, drafted by Paul Nitze's State Department staff, calling for a balanced defense buildup, though funded at only $18 billion. ●●

1950 Acheson's defense-perimeter speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 12 January 1950 Acheson accepted MacArthur's Far East defense perimeter, distinguishing areas the U.S. would defend unilaterally from those it would defend collectively. ●●

1950 North Korea invades South Korea ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 25 June 1950, after an artillery bombardment, 60,000 North Koreans led by Soviet tanks crossed the 38th parallel against lightly armed South Korean troops, opening the Korean War. ●●

1950 UN votes collective force in Korea ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 27 June 1950 the Security Council, with the Soviet delegate absent, condemned the aggression and called on members to aid South Korea; Truman ordered forces into action and sent the Seventh Fleet to the Formosa Strait. ●●

1950 Chinese intervention in Korea begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Chinese decision to intervene in North Korea began on 15 October 1950, nine days after American troops crossed the 38th parallel. ●●

1950 Chinese counteroffensive in Korea ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 26 November 1950 a Chinese offensive of 33 divisions counterattacked into the gap between MacArthur's two advancing wings just as they reached the Yalu. ●●

1950 Red Chinese-Soviet treaty of February 1950 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only when the Communists were achieving final victory did Stalin accept a Communist regime in China, seeking to bring it under Soviet influence through the treaty of February 14, 1950. Quigley notes Stalin had earlier urged the Chinese Communists to seek a modus vivendi with Chiang. ●●

1950 Red China recognizes Ho Chi Minh's Vietnam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mao's new Communist government was the first state to recognize Ho Chi Minh's Vietnam in January 1950 and began sending military supplies. Since the United States backed France, the Vietnam struggle became a proxy conflict between America and Red China. ●●

1950 Sino-Soviet Alliance of 1950 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Sino-Soviet Alliance of February 1950 was accompanied by a $300 million economic development loan and the arrival of a 3,000-man Soviet military mission. Quigley stresses that all Soviet military aid to China was sold at high prices. ●●

1950 China's Land Reform Law eliminates landlordism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before the Land Reform Law of June 1950, 10 percent of Chinese families owned 53 percent of farm land. The law eliminated landlords in brutal public trials, with at least three million executed, and redistributed land to poor peasant families. ●●

1950 Schuman proposes a common coal and steel authority, 1950 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1950 French foreign minister Robert Schuman proposed putting all French and German coal and steel production under a common High Authority, the seed of the European Coal and Steel Community. ●●

1950 Schuman proposes European coal and steel authority ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To bind the two countries in amity, the French foreign minister, Robert Schuman, devised a plan in 1950 for a supranational coal and steel authority,... ●●

1950 Cary Grant undergoes LSD therapy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1950 and 1965, Cary Grant received weekly LSD sessions with Dr. Mortimer Hartman at the Psychiatric Institute of Beverly Hills, reportedly introduced by his third wife Betsy Drake. ●●

1950 North Korean army invades South Korea ai_extracted 1 cit. no story il then a Japanese colony, had been liberated by the victorious Allies. The northern half of the Korean Peninsula was occupied by the Soviet Union, the southern half by the United States. Each established its form of government in its zone before it ●●

1950 Fermi poses his paradox at Los Alamos ai_extracted 1 cit. no story According to Edward Teller, Enrico Fermi asked the question “Where is everybody?” at Los Alamos in 1950, when the subject of extraterrestrial beings c ●●

1950 Indonesia's 1950 constitution sidelines Sukarno ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Indonesia’s original constitution upon independence in 1950 provided for multiparty democracy and sidelined President Sukarno as a weak figurehead. ●●

1950 Turing publishes Computing Machinery and Intelligence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Turing's paper proposes what becomes known as the Turing Test, an operational definition of machine intelligence. ●●