Events, Verisoph

1941 Hitler was, however, willing to candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hitler was, however, willing to go along with the pretense of a supposedly independent “Russian Liberation Movement” as a propaganda ploy, so a psychological warfare operation built around those themes was undertaken by Gehlen and Strik-Strikfeldt as early as 1941 and continued throughout the war. ●●

1941 His son Aage, a Nobel laureate in his turn and his father’s successor as directo candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His son Aage, a Nobel laureate in his turn and his father’s successor as director of the Copenhagen institute, summarizes it in a memoir: The impression that in Germany great military importance was given to [atomic energy research] was strengthened by the visit to Copenhagen in the autumn of 1941 of Werner Heisenberg and C. ●●

1941 Otto Frisch had tried gaseous thermal diffusion (differing from Philip Abelson’s candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Otto Frisch had tried gaseous thermal diffusion (differing from Philip Abelson’s liquid thermal diffusion) at Birmingham early in 1941 and proved it inadequate for separating uranium isotopes, but Nishina had no knowledge of that secret work. ●●

1941 he heard from George Flerov, one of the two young physicists in his Moscow laboratory who had discov candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story he heard from George Flerov, one of the two young physicists in his Moscow laboratory who had discovered the spontaneous fission of uranium in 1940 and reported their discovery in a cable to the Physical Review. ●●

1942 Bernardino Nogara Calls Vatican Banking Debt candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1942, Bernardino Nogara called in his favor from the House of Morgan for assistance in securing the release of Leonard Rist from German captivity. ●●

1942 The ultimate potential possibilities are now considered to be very much greater candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The ultimate potential possibilities are now considered to be very much greater than at the time of the [last] report.”1637 The hydrogen bomb was thus under development in the United States onward from July 1942. ●●

1942 In the spring of 1942 the Navy committed itself to developing nuclear power for candidate ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In the spring of 1942 the Navy committed itself to developing nuclear power for propulsion: The study of nuclear physics is a national project.1780 Research in this field is continuing on a broad scale in the United States, which has recently obtained the services of a number of Jewish scientists, and considerable progress has been made. ●●

1943 In a memorandum Bush wrote to Conant the same day he makes it clear that the MAU candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In a memorandum Bush wrote to Conant the same day he makes it clear that the MAUD Report was the basis for the discussion: “I told the conference of the British conclusions.”1479 He told the President and the Vice President that the explosive core of an atomic bomb might weigh twenty-five pounds, that it might explode with a force equivalent to some eighteen hundred tons of TNT, that a vast industrial plant costing many times as much as a major oil refinery would be necessary to separate the U235, that the raw material might come from Canada and the Belgian Congo, that the British estimated the first bombs might be ready by the end of 1943. ●●

1943 He asked Rabi only to participate in an inaugural physics conference at Los Alam candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He asked Rabi only to participate in an inaugural physics conference at Los Alamos in April 1943 and to help convince others, particularly Hans Bethe, to sign on. ●●

1943 And to deny it to others, even to the British until Winston Churchill turned Fra candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story And to deny it to others, even to the British until Winston Churchill turned Franklin Roosevelt’s head at the conference in Quebec in August 1943, where Operation Overlord, the 1944 invasion of Europe across the beaches of Normandy, was planned. ●●

1943 report, submitted jointly with his NRL colleague Ross Gunn, indicated that uranium could be enriched candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story report, submitted jointly with his NRL colleague Ross Gunn, indicated that uranium could be enriched within a single thermal-diffusion column from its natural U235 content of 0. ●●

1943 all-digital “Electronic Computing Device” that would perform candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On October 30, 1943, he filed a patent for an all-digital “Electronic Computing Device” that would perform binary arithmetic at electronic speeds, usi ●●

1943 McCulloch’s 1943 results on the powers—including Turing univ candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Pitts-McCulloch!” refers to Walter Pitts and Warren McCulloch’s 1943 results on the powers—including Turing universality—of what we now call neural n ●●

1943 Demands were made that the candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Demands were made that the government return to the strict neutrality provided for in the National Pact of 1943 at the time of Lebanon’s declaration of independence from France ●●

1944 cover organization for the Radio candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story cover organization for the Radio Liberation operation, the American Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia, took its name directly from Vlasov’s Komitet Osvobozhdeniia Narodov Rossii (KONR), which had been created under joint SS and Nazi Foreign Office sponsorship in Prague in 1944. ●●

1944 At the end of March 1944, Bohr seemingly had a mandate from the President of the candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of March 1944, Bohr seemingly had a mandate from the President of the United States to talk to the Prime Minister of Great Britain. ●●

1944 Robert Oppenheimer also committed himself at that time to exploring the thermonu candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Oppenheimer also committed himself at that time to exploring the thermonuclear—after the war was won—in a letter to Richard Tolman on September 20, 1944. ●●

1945 Given that situation, President Harry candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Given that situation, President Harry Truman ordered a program of psychological warfare, covert operations, and intelligence gathering aimed at the USSR and its satellites that began as early as 1945 and significantly accelerated in the years that followed. ●●

1945 Before the summer of 1945 candidate ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Before the summer of 1945 was out, the United States and the USSR were publicly accusing each other of looting German scientific and industrial wealth in violation of their wartime agreements. ●●

1945 Between 1945 and 1955, 765 candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1945 and 1955, 765 scientists, engineers, and technicians were brought to the United States under Overcast, Paperclip, and two other similar programs. ●●

1945 Modern historians in Yugoslavia concede candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Modern historians in Yugoslavia concede that “tens of thousands” of Nazi collaborators were killed, often without trial, in that small country alone during 1945. ●●

1945 Roosevelt and Truman establish postwar liberal order candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman extended and reinvented the liberal international project after WWII through institutions like UN and Bretton Woods ●●

1945 And added what he took to be a clinching argument: “If we were successful in tim candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story And added what he took to be a clinching argument: “If we were successful in time, we would shorten the war and thus save tens of thousands of American casualties.”1677 The second week in November Du Pont admitted the possibility of regular production by 1945 and accepted the assignment (limiting itself to a profit of one dollar to avoid arms-merchant stigma), but made its skepticism and reluctance clear. ●●

1945 In February 1945 Kistiakowsky chose an explosive called Composition B to serve a candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1945 Kistiakowsky chose an explosive called Composition B to serve as the fast-burning component of Fat Man’s lenses and a mixture he had commissioned from a Navy research laboratory, Baratol, for the slow-burning component.2163 Composition B was poured as a hot slurry of wax, molten TNT and a non-melting crystalline powder, RDX, that was 40 percent more powerful than TNT alone. ●●

1945 Oak Ridge had produced enough U235 to allow a nearcritical assembly of pure metal without hydride di candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oak Ridge had produced enough U235 to allow a nearcritical assembly of pure metal without hydride dilution. ●●

1945 Hanford plutonium yields reach 90 percent candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Chemical separation yields at Hanford reach 90 percent efficiency ●●

1945 After the first successful atomic test in July 1945 in the deserts of New Mexico, J candidate ai_extracted 2 cit. no story major powers labored to achieve mastery of the atom and with it the ability to release its energy. The American effort, known as the Manhattan Project and drawing on the best minds from the United States, Britain, and the European diaspora, prevailed ●●

1946 By 1946 these groups had candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1946 these groups had been convicted as organizational perpetrators of war crimes and crimes against humanity by the Nuremberg tribunal, and the earlier assertion of criminality had taken on the force of international law. But Gehlen’s reassurances on the SS issue proved to be false. ●●

1946 On January 29 (1946) candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 29, 1946, The Times of London ran a minute three-line notice on the bottom of page seven. It said in its entirety: “The name of the New Tra... ●●

1946 mental in Nazi genocide. These additional trials would candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story mental in Nazi genocide. These additional trials would prosecute doctors, scientists and industrialists. Many of these tribunals would be conducted exclusively by the United States.66 On December 11, 1946, as the United States was readying its own prosecutions, the United Nations approved Resolution ●●

1946 When 1946 arrived, about 100,000 candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When 1946 arrived, about 100,000 American military personnel were still in China, still supporting Chiang ●●

1946 For the 1948 election, scheduled candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For the 1948 election, scheduled for 18 April, the PCI and PSI united to form the Popular Democratic Front (FDP) and in February won municipal elections in Pescara with a 10 percent increase in their vote over 1946 ●●

1946 Houphouet-Boigny tells France's Assembly Ivory Coast rejects separatism candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the French National Assembly, the future president of the Ivory Coast argued for continued union with France, a position mass pressure for independence would later force him to abandon. ●●

1947 State Department intelligence report of candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story State Department intelligence report of May 1947, “the Vatican … is the largest single organization involved in the illegal movement of emigrants … [and] the justification … for its participation in this illegal traffic is simply the propagation of the Faith. ●●

1947 progenitor of the RAND Corporation candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Air Force’s Project RAND (progenitor of the RAND Corporation), for whom von Neumann was consulting in Santa Monica, took it upon themselves, in April ●●

1947 By contrast, the Italian government candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By contrast, the Italian government prohibited sever- al of its own ambassadors abroad from returning home to campaign for the FDP, In his historic speech of 12 March 1947, which came to be known as “The TrumanDoctrine”, the president had proclaimed: ●●

1947 Not until early 1947 did candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Not until early 1947 did the United States begin to withdraw some of its military forces, although aid and support to the Chiang government continued in one form or another long afterward ●●

1948 The Italian elections of early candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Italian elections of early 1948 marked another important milestone in the development of U. ●●

1948 government increasingly accepted the exiles’ candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story government increasingly accepted the exiles’ organizations as legitimate and began to pour substantial amounts of money into them—at least $5 million in 1948 alone, and probably considerably more. The spring and summer of 1948 were a period of extraordinary activity in U. ●●

1948 Perhaps worst of all, the candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Perhaps worst of all, the OUN had undergone another factional split during the summer of 1948, and some of his erstwhile comrades, men who knew his habits, hideouts, and contacts, were now after him as well. ●●

1948 Less publicized was the fact candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Less publicized was the fact that Guatemala had to seek arms from Czechoslovakia because the UnitedStates had refused to sell it any since 1948 due to its reformist governments, and had pres- sured other countries to do the same despite Arbenz’s repe ●●

1948 Eastern Europe 1948-1956 When, in candidate ai_extracted 3 cit. no story Eastern Europe 1948-1956 When, in October 1956, the uprising in Hungary occurred, these men, according to the CIA, were not used because they were not yet ready.!4 But the Agency did send its agents in Budapest into action to join the rebels and help ●●

1949 while developing the Manchester Mark I (prototype for the Fe candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1949, while developing the Manchester Mark I (prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the first stored-program electronic digital computer to be commerc ●●

1949 The PRC’s first constitution, which was adopted in 1954, enshrined the Socialist principles from the candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The PRC’s first constitution, which was adopted in 1954, enshrined the Socialist principles from the CCP’s 1949 Common Program and imported many provisions from the Soviet constitution wholesale. ●●

1949 Brazil was the only Latin candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Brazil was the only Latin American country to send ground combat troops to the war, and it allowed the United States to build huge aircraft staging bases on its territory.37 The relationship between US and Brazilian officers was continued and enhance ●●

1950 So reluctant was Rhee to candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story So reluctant was Rhee to allow an honest election, that by early 1950 he had becomeenough of an embarrassment to the United States for Washington officials to threaten to cut off aid if he failed to do so and also improve the state of civil liberties ●●

1950 Another Italian newspaper, the Daily candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Another Italian newspaper, the Daily American of Rome, for decades the country’s leading English-language paper, was for a long period in the 1950s to the ’70s partly owned and/or managed by the CIA ●●

1951 The first meeting to discuss the implications of the new app candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first meeting to discuss the implications of the new approach—which included Oppenheimer, Teller, von Neumann, Bethe, Fermi, and John Wheeler—was ●●

1951 rst epoch in the digital era began with the introduction of candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first epoch in the digital era began with the introduction of the random-access storage matrix in 1951 ●●

1952 Shortly before the presidential election candidate ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Shortly before the presidential election of 1952 the agency sharply expanded its media operations with a multimillion-dollar publicity campaign inside the United States designed to legitimize expanded U. ●●

1952 The plot unraveled in late candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The plot unraveled in late 1952, however, when a chance arrest by local police led to discovery of the hit list of Social Democratic officials. The CIC’s behavior following this accidental exposure was so compromising that it raised serious questions in the German parliament whether the U. ●●

1952 In November 1952, the Churchill candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November 1952, the Churchill government approached Roosevelt, the de facto head of the CIA’s Middle East division, who told the British that he felt that there was “no chance to win approval from the outgoing administration of Truman and Acheson ●●

1953 British Intelligence Chief Arrives in Washington candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The newly appointed head of the British Secret Intelligence Service arrived in Washington to coordinate plans regarding Iran. ●●

1953 CIA Guatemala Coup Planning candidate ai_extracted 2 cit. no story From mid-1953 to mid-1954, Allen Dulles focused intensely on planning a covert operation to overthrow Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz. ●●

1954 A18, “whooping cough cases recorded candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A18, “whooping cough cases recorded in Florida jumped from 339 and one death in 1954 to 1,080 and 12 deaths in 1955.” The CIA received the bacteria from the Army’s biological research center at Fort Detrick, Md ●●

1954 By 1954, the authorized aid candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1954, the authorized aid had reached the sum of $1.4 billion and constituted 78 percent of the French budget for the war.3 The extensive written history of the American role in Indochina produced by the Defense Department, later to be known as “Th ●●

1955 In 1955, Eastern Europeans could candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1955, Eastern Europeans could be found at Fort Bragg, North Carolina training with the Green Berets, learning guerrilla warfare tactics, hopefully to be used in their native lands.!3 By the following year, hundreds of Hungarians, Rumanians, Poles ●●

1955 In 1975, the Senate committee candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1975, the Senate committee which was investigating the CIA heard testimony that Agency officers stationed in an East Asian country had suggested that an East Asian leader be assassinated “to disrupt an impending Communist [sic] Conference in 1955 ●●

1955 Perhaps the most extraordinary reaction candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Perhaps the most extraordinary reaction was the angry resignations of four 138 Cambodia 1955-1973 men from Henry Kissinger’s National Security Council staff, including Roger Morris ●●

1956 Andropov rises to prominence through 1956 Hungarian crackdown candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yuri Andropov rose to prominence as Soviet ambassador to Budapest when Soviet troops crushed the 1956 Hungarian uprising. ●●

1956 Suez Crisis Tensions Rise candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tensions over Egyptian Colonel Nasser's growing power in the Middle East reached critical levels in 1956 as the Suez Crisis developed. ●●

1957 On the evening of July 27, 1957, as he walked candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the evening of July 27, 1957, as he walked down a corridor toward dinner at his official residence, he was shot dead (1957) ●●

1957 When the merger took place candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the merger took place in May 1957, S. G. ●●

1957 The idea was abandoned “for candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The idea was abandoned “for pragmatic considerations rather than moral scruples.”32 After Magsaysay died in a plane crash in 1957, various other Filipino politicians and parties were sought out by the CIA as clients, or offered themselves as such ●●

1957 Middle East 1957-1958 the CIA candidate ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Middle East 1957-1958 the CIA (see Iran chapter), later disclosed some of the background: The US Embassy in Syria connived at false reports issued in Washington and London through diplomatic and press channels to the effect that Russian arms were pou ●●

1960 In 1960, groups of soldiers and young officers seized two candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1960, groups of soldiers and young officers seized two mid-size barracks in a coordinated uprising (1960) ●●

1960 Devlin warns of Communist takeover threat in Congo candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CIA station chief Larry Devlin cables an urgent warning to Director Allen Dulles about classic Communist efforts to take over the Congolese government. ●●

1960 Allen Dulles briefs Senator Kennedy on CIA operations candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CIA Director Allen Dulles travels to Hyannis Port to brief Democratic presidential nominee Senator John F. Kennedy on CIA operations worldwide. The two spend two hours together. ●●

1960 Allen Dulles meets with American business executives about Cuba candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Allen Dulles briefs the Special Group on a meeting with American business executives from Standard Oil, Cuban-American Sugar, Domino Refining, ITT, and other companies. They discuss the need for US action against Castro. ●●

1961 After the New Haven speech (1961) candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the end, Jimmy won the fight. Afraid of losing its tax-exempt status, the UJA began to segregate political from charitable contributions in 1961. T... ●●

1961 Kennedy declared confidently in 1961 that America ... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kennedy declared confidently in 1961 that America was strong enough to “pay any price, bear any burden” to ensure the success of liberty. ●●

1961 it will be seen that it was the elimination of German heavy-water production in candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story it will be seen that it was the elimination of German heavy-water production in Norway that was the main factor in our failure to achieve a self-sustaining atomic reactor before the war ended.1961 The race to the bomb, such as it was, ended for Germany on a mountain lake in Norway on a cold Sunday morning in February 1944. ●●

1961 In his first defense review, on March 28, 1961, Kennedy restated his central theme: that, no matter candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his first defense review, on March 28, 1961, Kennedy restated his central theme: that, no matter how powerful America’s strategic weapons were, it could nevertheless be nibbled away slowly at the peripheries “by forces of subversion, infiltration, ●●

1961 Information history in 1961 candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story tablet or a hole in a punched card or a particle with spin up or down, he insisted that it could not exist without some embodiment. Landauer tried in 1961 to prove von Neumann’s formula for the cost o ●●

1962 Treasury Bill Auction and Leach's Large Bid candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In August 1962, banker Leach placed an unexpectedly large bid of $650 million on a Treasury auction of $1.3 billion in three-month bills, prompting SEC intervention. ●●

1963 On December 21, 1963, McNamara reported to the new President that the security situation within Sout candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 21, 1963, McNamara reported to the new President that the security situation within South Vietnam had become very disturbing. ●●

1963 using the Atlas computer at Manchester University candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1963, using the Atlas computer at Manchester University, at that time the most powerful computer in the world, this objective was achieved for a sh ●●

1965 Over the next four years the CIA spent $2 million candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Over the next four years the CIA spent $2 million on covert projects aimed at supporting Frei, along with $175,000 in covert aid to twenty-two candida (1965) ●●

1965 eld by the enemy.” He describes “the motionless ruins and deserted houses” of the capital of Sam Neu candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story eld by the enemy.” He describes “the motionless ruins and deserted houses” of the capital of Sam Neua district, first bombed by the U.S. Air Force in February 1965. Much of this “population center” had been “razed to the ground” by bombing, and as he ●●

1965 Tshombe travels to Brussels to negotiate over Union Miniere candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Congolese prime minister Tshombe arrived in Brussels for talks with the Belgian foreign minister over the terms governing Union Miniere's stake in Katanga's mineral wealth. ●●

1966 In January 1966 Pincus acquired candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In January 1966 Pincus acquired a 50 percent stake in E. M. ●●

1966 The same point had already been made in 1966, when Senator Fulbright had criticized the United State candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The same point had already been made in 1966, when Senator Fulbright had criticized the United States for succumbing to the “arrogance of power” by confusing its “power with virtue and major responsibilities with a universal mission. ●●

1966 Information history in 1966 candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story heard rumors of similar work coming from the Soviet Union. Sure enough, the first issue of a new journal arrived (after a journey of months) in early 1966: , Problems of Information Transmission. ●●

1967 refugee programs deliberately aimed at depriving the VC of a recruiting base,” in accordance with th candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story refugee programs deliberately aimed at depriving the VC of a recruiting base,” in accordance with the advice of pacification director Robert Komer in April 1967.136 The Phoenix program was established to destroy the “infrastructure” of the NLF by ter ●●

1967 Balance is also preserved in an “account from both sides” of what happened in the village of Thuy Bo candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Balance is also preserved in an “account from both sides” of what happened in the village of Thuy Bo, in January 1967, where British producer Martin Smith had been shown the site of what villagers claimed to be a My Lai–style massacre, one of many th ●●

1968 In 1968, only 400 Jews had been permitted to emigrate from the Soviet Union, and no democratic count candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1968, only 400 Jews had been permitted to emigrate from the Soviet Union, and no democratic country had raised the issue. ●●

1968 y be attributed to “the vicious invasion of the North Vietnamese”—which did, however, include such a candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story y be attributed to “the vicious invasion of the North Vietnamese”—which did, however, include such atrocities as killing twelve U.S. Air Force men in March 1968 at a U.S. radar base near the North Vietnamese border used to direct the bombing of North ●●

1970 The victory of Popular Unity and President Allende in 1970 candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The victory of Popular Unity and President Allende in 1970 was regarded as the triumph of one of the contending superpowers, the USSR, and as a defeat (1970) ●●

1970 Four such annual reports on American foreign policy were issued starting in 1970 candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Four such annual reports on American foreign policy were issued starting in 1970. ●●

1970 Viet Cong. The results of B-52 saturation bombing were a “tragedy of war.” But when a North Vietnam candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Viet Cong. The results of B-52 saturation bombing were a “tragedy of war.” But when a North Vietnamese artillery shell hit an orphanage in An Hoa in October 1970, ABC’s George Watson commented with horror: “No one was prepared for the massacre, the ●●

1970 Financial crisis or panic candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1970, as Lockheed faced bankruptcy, Congress heard essentially the same story ●●

1971 Thus, in 1971 the Nixon Administration decided to add the European Security Conference to its list o candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, in 1971 the Nixon Administration decided to add the European Security Conference to its list of incentives for encouraging Soviet moderation. ●●

1971 At a 1971 National Conference on the Status of Health in the Black Community, male participants “... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At a 1971 National Conference on the Status of Health in the Black Community, male participants “had to come to grips with the fact that many Black women want and accept family planning services.” ... ●●

1972 Nixon had laid out the American terms for a settlement in two major speeches, on January 25, 1972, a candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nixon had laid out the American terms for a settlement in two major speeches, on January 25, 1972, and on May 8, 1972. ●●

1972 use they were regarded as inconsistent with the essential goal: preservation of an “independent” Sou candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story use they were regarded as inconsistent with the essential goal: preservation of an “independent” South Vietnam that would be a U.S. client state. By October 1972, the negotiators in Paris had reached the essential terms of an agreement: the 9-Point ●●

1972 In 1978 a missile scientist named Jian Song went to a conference in Helsinki and learned about th... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1978 a missile scientist named Jian Song went to a conference in Helsinki and learned about the Club of Rome, a group of European scientists, industrialists, and officials who met regularly to g... ●●

1972 In May 1972, Michanek asked Berelson and the Population Council to host a two-day meeting of the ... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1972, Michanek asked Berelson and the Population Council to host a two-day meeting of the top administrators. ●●

1973 Ravenholt ordered 10,000 more for distribution at a Menstrual Regulation Conference in Hawaii in ... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ravenholt ordered 10,000 more for distribution at a Menstrual Regulation Conference in Hawaii in December 1973. ●●

1974 In May 1974, Franklin’s foreign-exchange losses led to the first ma... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER THIRTY SHEIKS FOR Morgan Guaranty, too, the recession of 1973–74 disclosed a turbulent new world. The Arab oil embargo and consequent jump in world oil prices produced inflation and skidding financial markets. With an end to fixed exchang... ●●

1974 In June 1974, Senator Henry Jackson circulated to his Subcommittee on Arms Control a critique of det candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 1974, Senator Henry Jackson circulated to his Subcommittee on Arms Control a critique of detente prepared by a group of eminent scholars that maintained: ●●