Events, Verisoph

1964 Three civil rights workers vanish in Mississippi ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Three civil rights workers disappear in Mississippi during the summer voter registration campaign. President Johnson asks Allen Dulles to serve as a special envoy to investigate and mediate the crisis. ●●

1964 Freire jailed after Brazil's military coup ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paulo Freire was jailed immediately after the military coup in Brazil in 1964. His literacy methodology had become considered such a threat to the old order that he was targeted by the new military regime. ●●

1964 Khrushchev removed from power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nikita Khrushchev is removed from power in late 1964, and his successors immediately undo his party reform, rejecting his attempts to redefine the party's role in Soviet society. ●●

1964 Marshall McLuhan publishes Understanding Media ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Marshall McLuhan publishes Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man, analyzing how media reshape human perception and social structures ●●

1964 CIA-backed coup overthrows Brazil's Goulart ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 31, 1964, a CIA-backed military coup overthrew Brazilian President João Goulart. ●●

1964 OPLAN-34A operations against North Vietnam begin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ed that “the basic elements of Communist strength in South Vietnam remain indigenous.”94 U.S.-run military operations against North Vietnam began on February 1, 1964 (OPLAN-34A), using South Vietnamese and “third-country” mercenaries, “presumably mo ●●

1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passed by Congress ai_extracted 1 cit. no story war, efforts to obtain congressional support succeeded with the August 7, 1964 resolution, after the Tonkin Gulf incident, authorizing the president “to take all necessary measures to repel any armed ●●

1964 Nigerian democracy collapses after contested 1964 election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But democracy did not last long: after a violent and contested election in 1964 that led to a breakdown of order throughout the country, the civilian government was overthrown by the military in 1966. ●●

1964 Free Speech Movement protests erupt at Berkeley ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Felsenstein arrived back on campus just as the Free Speech Movement protests began. ●●

1964 Baran completes his packet-switching network study ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paul Baran finishes an eleven-volume RAND study, On Distributed Communications, describing a distributed, packet-switched network resistant to attack. ●●

1964 Kesey and the Merry Pranksters bus trip ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kesey and his Merry Pranksters drive a Day-Glo painted school bus across the country on an LSD-fueled odyssey that helps seed the counterculture. ●●

1964 Jeanneney Report urges France to redeploy African aid ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An official French government report concluded that the protective franc-zone system no longer served France's interests and recommended reshaping French aid to former African colonies. ●●

1964 Alcan takes full control of British Aluminium ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Aluminium Ltd. of Canada, through its Alcan Industries arm, paid 54 million pounds to seize full control of British Aluminium, a deal a British newspaper headlined as wrapping up 'the last of the foil'. ●●

1964 France intervenes in Gabon amid February 1964 unrest ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mass discontent that led to disorders in February 1964 gave France the occasion to warn the United States it would brook no interference in its African sphere of influence. ●●

1964 Tshombe proposes renegotiating Union Miniere's concession ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Moise Tshombe, having returned from exile to become Congolese prime minister, published proposals to renegotiate the terms of Union Miniere du Haut Katanga's mining concession ahead of its 1990 expiry. ●●

1964 African Development Bank founded in Abidjan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A significant step in continental economic cooperation came with the founding of the African Development Bank, headquartered in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. ●●

1964 Non-Aligned Nations conference in Cairo ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A conference of Non-Aligned Nations held in Cairo showed itself, in Nkrumah's view, clearly aligned with the rising forces of liberation against imperialism. ●●

18 February 1965 Independence of the Gambia 0 cit. no story The Gambia becomes independent from Britain, one of the smallest sovereign states in Africa. politics ●●

26 July 1965 Independence of the Maldives 0 cit. no story The Maldives becomes fully independent as Britain ends its protectorate over the island sultanate; it became a republic in 1968. politics ●●

9 August 1965 Independence of Singapore 0 cit. no story Singapore is separated from Malaysia and becomes an independent republic under Lee Kuan Yew. politics ●●●

5 August 1965 to 23 September 1965 Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 0 cit. no story Pakistan's infiltration into Kashmir escalates into a full war with large tank battles. The fighting ends in stalemate and a Soviet-brokered return to prewar lines. war ●●●

1965 Council of the Americas founded by David Rockefeller ai_extracted 1 cit. no story David Rockefeller founded the Council of the Americas in 1965. Wood says it later lobbied for the 1974 Fast Track trade legislation. ●●

1965 Gordon Moore describes Moore's Law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Intel co-founder Gordon E. Moore described the doubling trend of transistors on integrated circuits in his 1965 paper. Wood notes it is used to extrapolate toward the predicted Singularity. ●●

1965 Gatto marks 1965 as the turning point in schooling ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto argues that in 1965 American schooling changed suddenly and nationwide, a coordinated restructuring he says arrived in all big cities at once without public debate. ●●

1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act passed, 1965 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto calls the 1965 passage of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act the watershed that funded psychological and psychiatric programs in schools. ●●

1965 Vietcong attack the American base at Pleiku ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Vietcong raid on the base at Pleiku killed eight Americans. The attackers carried a precise map of the base. ●●

1965 US Marines land at Da Nang ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American marines came ashore at Da Nang in full battle dress, greeted by garlands. It marked the start of large-scale US ground involvement. ●●

1965 McCone resigns warning Vietnam cannot be won ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On his final resignation, McCone warned Johnson that the war would mire the US in a fight it could not win. He predicted mounting pressure to stop the bombing. ●●

1965 Johnson appoints Admiral Red Raborn to run the CIA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Johnson chose retired admiral Red Raborn, a political ally, as director of central intelligence. Raborn proved ill-suited to the job. ●●

1965 US troops land in the Dominican Republic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Johnson sent thousands of troops into the Dominican Republic amid a rebellion, claiming a Castro-led threat. It was the largest US force in Latin America since 1928. ●●

1965 Press coins Johnson's 'credibility gap' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Raborn's unsupported claims about Cuban control of the Dominican revolt helped spawn the phrase 'credibility gap.' It stuck to Johnson's presidency. ●●

1965 Coup and killings convulse Indonesia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An overnight upheaval left at least five generals dead and a revolutionary council claiming power. The state radio blamed the CIA. ●●

1965 US troop strength in Vietnam reaches 184,000 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the end of the year the American deployment in Vietnam had swelled dramatically. The war was now in full swing. ●●

1965 Mass killings of suspected communists in Indonesia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With CIA backing, General Suharto's forces and allied militias slaughtered hundreds of thousands. American officials estimated 300,000 to 500,000 killed. ●●

1965 US embassy hands Indonesian army a list of PKI leaders ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An embassy officer gave a list of sixty-seven Communist Party leaders to Suharto's movement. It was compiled from press clippings during the anti-communist purge. ●●

1965 Frank Wisner takes his own life ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CIA founding officer Frank Wisner, long tormented by mental illness, killed himself with a shotgun at his Maryland estate. He was buried at Arlington. ●●

1965 Indonesian political crisis of 1965 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A political crisis in Indonesia in 1965 involved Sukarno, the army, and communist PKI all claiming victory. ●●

1965 Rockefeller Institute renamed Rockefeller University ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The name was officially changed to Rockefeller University in 1965. Its faculty roster became heavily laden with Nobel Prize winners, and by the 1970s it had housed sixteen of them. For the son of an itinerant vendor of dubious nostrums, this was a most implausible feat. ●●

1965 US military intervention in the Dominican Republic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The United States intervened militarily in the Dominican Republic, replacing Kennedy's failed Alliance for Progress with military support for counterrevolutionary forces. ●●

1965 Cosmic microwave background radiation discovered ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Scientists discover universal background radiation, providing crucial evidence for the big bang cosmology. This discovery marks the end of competing steady state theory and establishes the big bang model as the dominant paradigm in cosmology. ●●

1965 ITT's bid to acquire ABC fails ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It may be recalled that from 1965 to 1967, an attempt by International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT) to acquire ABC was frustrated following a huge outcry that focused on the dangers of allowing a gre ●●

1965 Lyndon Johnson backs family planning at home and abroad ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When, in 1965, Lyndon Johnson began backing family planning both at home and abroad, he presented it as part of a global war on poverty, explaining that his vision of a great society “did not stop ... ●●

1965 Moore publishes the paper behind Moore's Law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gordon Moore's article forecasts that the number of components on a chip will double roughly every year, a prediction later dubbed Moore's Law. ●●

30 November 1966 Independence of Barbados 0 cit. no story Barbados becomes independent from Britain after more than three centuries as a colony; it became a republic in 2021. politics ●●

30 September 1966 Independence of Botswana 0 cit. no story The Bechuanaland Protectorate becomes the independent Republic of Botswana. politics ●●●

26 May 1966 Independence of Guyana 0 cit. no story British Guiana becomes the independent state of Guyana. politics ●●

4 October 1966 Independence of Lesotho 0 cit. no story The British protectorate of Basutoland becomes the independent Kingdom of Lesotho. politics ●●

1966 Tragedy and Hope published and pulled from the market ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book recounts Quigley's Tragedy and Hope, published by Macmillan in 1966. It says the book sold about 8,800 copies before the publisher let it go out of print. ●●

1966 McNamara commissions the Pentagon Papers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After a candid CIA briefing, McNamara ordered a secret history of the war and questioned his own strategy. That study became the Pentagon Papers. ●●

1966 CIA-backed Barrientos wins the Bolivian presidency ai_extracted 1 cit. no story General Rene Barrientos, funded by more than a million CIA dollars, won election as president of Bolivia. The agency reported the operation a success. ●●

1966 Black Americans in professional roles double ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1960 and 1966, the number of Black Americans in professional, technical, and managerial positions doubles, marking significant economic advancement though with continued disparities. ●●

1966 Stewart Brand stages the Trips Festival ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Stewart Brand and Ken Kesey stage a three-day multimedia happening in San Francisco blending psychedelic culture with technology. ●●

6 July 1967 to 15 January 1970 Nigerian Civil War 0 cit. no story The southeastern region secedes as Biafra and is blockaded and reconquered by Nigeria. Famine under the blockade kills one to three million civilians. politics / war ●●●●

1967 to 17 April 1975 Cambodian Civil War 0 cit. no story The Khmer Rouge fight the US-backed Khmer Republic amid heavy American bombing. Their victory in 1975 begins a genocidal regime that kills roughly a quarter of Cambodia's population. politics / war ●●●

1 July 1967 to 7 August 1970 War of Attrition 0 cit. no story Egypt and Israel fight a static war of artillery duels, air raids, and commando strikes along the Suez Canal. A ceasefire in 1970 restores the status quo ante. war ●●

1967 Arthur Koestler coins the word 'holon' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Arthur Koestler coined the term holon in his 1967 book The Ghost in the Machine. Wood links the concept to holistic global governance. ●●

1967 CIA accepts a falsified count of enemy forces in Vietnam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Under military pressure, Helms let the CIA endorse a lowered estimate of Vietcong strength. The move suppressed evidence that the war could not be won. ●●

1967 Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty exposed as CIA creations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The unraveling of the agency's private fronts revealed that its famous radios were CIA operations. Their legitimacy was undercut by the disclosure. ●●

1967 Drew Pearson prints the 'political H-bomb' story ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Columnist Drew Pearson reported a rumor that Robert Kennedy may have approved an anti-Castro plot that backfired. The item frightened Kennedy and Helms. ●●

1967 CIA correctly predicts the Six-Day War ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Israel struck Egypt, Syria and Jordan, and the CIA had forecast the attack and a swift Israeli victory. The accurate call, sourced through Angleton, made Helms's reputation. ●●

1967 Desmond FitzGerald dies of a heart attack ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Amid pressure to shut down risky covert operations, clandestine-service chief Desmond FitzGerald collapsed and died playing tennis. He was fifty-six. ●●

1967 Che Guevara captured in Bolivia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Che Guevara was seized by CIA-trained Bolivian Rangers after a clash. He was wounded but otherwise in fair condition. ●●

1967 Che Guevara executed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On orders from the Bolivian high command, Che Guevara was shot dead the day after his capture. His executioners cut off his hands to prove his identity. ●●

1967 CIA launches domestic spying Operation Chaos ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On Johnson's orders, the CIA began spying on the American antiwar movement in violation of its charter. Operation Chaos ran for nearly seven years. ●●

1967 Urban riots sweep American cities ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Seventy-five separate riots erupted across the United States, leaving dozens dead and thousands arrested. Officials wrongly suspected foreign backing. ●●

1967 Greek colonels seize power in a CIA-linked coup ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A junta led by CIA agent George Papadopoulos took over Greece. The colonels caught the agency by surprise. ●●

1967 Texas Gulf Sulphur announces copper discovery ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 12, 1967, Texas Gulf Sulphur issued a statement about a major copper discovery after being prodded by the SEC. ●●

1967 Freire publishes his first book in Brazil ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Freire's first book, Educação como Prática da Liberdade (Education as the Practice of Freedom), was published in Brazil in 1967, before Pedagogy of the Oppressed was published in English. ●●

1967 Hans Bethe explains energy production in stars ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His most outstanding contribution, for which he would receive the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics, was to elucidate the production of energy in stars, identifying a cycle of thermonuclear reactions involving hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen that is catalyzed by carbon and culminates in the creation of helium. ●●

1967 Johnson announces the San Antonio Formula ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The upshot was the so-called San Antonio Formula, devised after I had left the room, which Johnson presented in a speech in that city on September 29, 1967: ●●

1967 Anti-war march on the Pentagon ai_extracted 1 cit. no story peaceful demonstrators being confronted by troops in battle gear” during “the massive anti-war demonstration” and “massive march on the Pentagon” in October 1967 was particularly disturbing, the Pentagon Papers analyst observed.156 The gradual withd ●●

1967 Roberts presents the ARPANET plan at Michigan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bob Taylor convenes ARPA-funded researchers at the University of Michigan, where Larry Roberts presents the plan for a shared computer network. ●●

1967 Packet switching introduced at the Gatlinburg conference ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At a follow-up ARPA conference in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, an English engineer describes packet switching, a concept that reshapes the network design. ●●

1967 NASA's ATS-3 satellite photographs the whole Earth ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prompted by Stewart Brand's button campaign, NASA's ATS-3 satellite captures a photo of the whole Earth, which becomes the Whole Earth Catalog's cover image. ●●

13 July 1968 to 1970 Hong Kong flu wikidata 0 cit. no story 1968-1970 flu pandemic ●●●

12 October 1968 Independence of Equatorial Guinea 0 cit. no story Spanish Guinea becomes the independent Republic of Equatorial Guinea. politics ●●

6 September 1968 Independence of Eswatini 0 cit. no story Swaziland, renamed Eswatini in 2018, becomes independent from Britain under King Sobhuza II. politics ●●

12 March 1968 Independence of Mauritius 0 cit. no story Mauritius becomes independent from Britain; it became a republic in 1992. politics ●●

31 January 1968 Independence of Nauru 0 cit. no story Nauru becomes independent from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship, one of the world's smallest republics. politics ●●

1968 Brzezinski publishes Between Two Ages ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wood dates Brzezinski's book Between Two Ages: America's Role in the Technetronic Era to 1968, written while he was a Columbia professor. Wood argues the book endeared Brzezinski to David Rockefeller. ●●

1968 James Koerner publishes Who Controls American Education? ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites James Koerner's 1968 book Who Controls American Education?, a guide to the players and processes of the school system. He faults it for avoiding the question of schooling's ultimate purpose. ●●

1968 Tet Offensive stuns the United States ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On the lunar new year, 400,000 communist troops attacked cities and bases across South Vietnam. The surprise assault was a devastating psychological defeat. ●●

1968 Robert Kennedy assassinated on the campaign trail ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Senator Robert Kennedy was murdered during his presidential campaign. Helms was shocked but not saddened, given their bitter history. ●●

1968 Nixon wins the presidency and keeps Helms ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After winning the election, Nixon asked Johnson whether he should retain Richard Helms. Johnson praised Helms as loyal and competent. ●●

1968 Panamanian military seizes power in bloodless coup ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1968, Panamanian military officers seized power in a bloodless coup (1968) ●●

1968 Israel Corporation founded at Jerusalem summit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At a 1968 economic summit in Jerusalem, Siegmund emerged as the guiding spirit behind the Israel Corporation, which was to funnel foreign capital... ●●

1968 Soviet party resolution criticizes state research ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party passes a resolution in October criticizing Soviet research and development and initiating reforms to improve scientific productivity and accelerate technological innovation. ●●

1968 Student protests erupt in Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Student protests and political unrest erupt in Poland in March, inspired partly by a theoretical critique of Polish communism written by Warsaw sociologists Kuron and Modzelewski. ●●

1968 Soviet Union invades Czechoslovakia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Soviet Union intervenes militarily in Czechoslovakia to suppress democratic reforms and liberalization. Brzezinski views this as a crucial turning point, believing that a democratic Czechoslovakia would have significantly affected the trajectory of European communism. ●●

1968 Tet Offensive begins in Vietnam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story function of such “flak machines” as Freedom House is to ensure that the press stays within the bounds of this patriotic agenda. The Tet offensive of January 1968 began on January 21 with a siege by North Vietnamese (NVA) regulars of a U.S. military ●●

1968 Heavy US bombing of Laos's Plain of Jars ai_extracted 1 cit. no story LAOS Laos’s Plain of Jars was subjected to some of the heaviest bombings of civilian targets in history, especially after 1968, when Washington was compelled under domestic pressure to enter negotiat ●●

1968 UN conference affirms family planning as a human right ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This consensus was codified at a 1968 UN conference, which proclaimed that “parents have a basic human right to determine freely and responsibly the number and the spacing of their children.” Point... ●●

1968 Manson sends Bruce Davis to London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda states that Bruce Davis was sent to London by Charles Manson in November 1968, shortly after the murders of Clida Delaney and Nancy Warren. ●●

1968 Tet Offensive launched in Vietnam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda asserts that in January 1968, the Tet Offensive showed America that the war in Vietnam was far from over, with Walter Cronkite expressing shock. ●●

1968 Richard Nixon elected President ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda notes that in November 1968, Richard M. Nixon was elected President of the United States, ending what he calls a period of Democratic dominance. ●●

1968 Beatles release the White Album ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda asserts that the Beatles released the White Album in 1968 on November 22, the fifth anniversary of President Kennedy's assassination, which Manson believed contained messages to him about Helter Skelter. ●●

1968 Engelbart stages the Mother of All Demos ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Doug Engelbart and Stewart Brand staged a landmark public demonstration of Engelbart's oNLine System in December 1968. ●●

1968 Intel is founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Intel was founded the same turbulent year that saw the Tet Offensive and the first Whole Earth Catalog. ●●

1968 Gates and Allen form the Lakeside Programming Group ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bill Gates and Paul Allen formed a group of student programmers at Lakeside School. ●●

1968 Noyce and Moore found Intel ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore leave Fairchild to start Integrated Electronics Corporation, soon shortened to Intel. ●●