Events, Verisoph

29 June 1913 to 10 August 1913 Second Balkan War 0 cit. no story Bulgaria attacks its former allies over the division of Macedonia and is quickly defeated by Serbia, Greece, Romania, and the Ottomans. The unstable settlement feeds the tensions that explode in 1914. war ●●●

1913 New York Federal Reserve Bank established, 1913 ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Quigley observes that America's central bank, the New York Federal Reserve Bank, was set up late, in 1913, only becoming powerful after financial capitalism had begun to fade. ●●

1913 South African Land Act, 1913 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1913 Land Act reserved about 7 percent of South Africa's land for native purchase and 93 percent for whites, though the native population outnumbered whites at least fourfold. ●●

1913 Foreign loan makes Yuan Shih-kai independent (1913) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yuan Shih-kai's power rested chiefly on a 25 million pound loan from Britain, France, Russia, and Japan in 1913, which freed him from the assembly and Sun Yat-sen's Kuomintang. ●●

1913 J.M. Rice publishes 'Scientific Management in Education' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that muckraker J.M. Rice published Scientific Management in Education in 1913, part of a national push to apply efficiency methods to schooling. ●●

1913 Congress creates a commission to investigate foundations, 1913 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that in 1913 the 62nd Congress created a commission to investigate the Carnegie, Rockefeller, and other corporate foundations, which concluded they were extending control over education. ●●

1913 John Watson issues the Behaviorist Manifesto, 1913 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that John Watson's 1913 'Behaviorist Manifesto' promoted a utilitarian psychology aimed at the prediction and control of behavior. ●●

1913 Income tax and central bank enacted under Wilson ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says that before the end of 1913 both the income tax and the central bank became reality under Wilson. It frames these as funding and leverage mechanisms for the Network. ●●

1913 Federal income tax and Federal Reserve System of 1913 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book calls the federal income tax and the Federal Reserve System the Network's two crowning achievements of 1913. It argues both gave the Network power to confiscate and create money. ●●

1913 Lusitania secretly converted to an armed cruiser ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says the Lusitania, designed to Admiralty specifications, was armored and entered as an armed auxiliary cruiser in 1913. It argues passengers were unknowingly mixed with munitions. ●●

1913 Carl Jung's misdiagnosis of Montagu Norman ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1913 the young psychiatrist Carl Jung told Montagu Norman he had 'general paralysis of the insane' from tertiary syphilis and would soon die. It was an egregious misdiagnosis of the future Bank of England governor's manic depression. ●●

1913 Federal Reserve Act signed into law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After years of debate, Carter Glass's decentralized plan for regional Federal Reserve Banks won over New York bankers. President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act on 23 December 1913. ●●

1913 Cofounder and leader of the First National Bank, 1863–1931 (though after 19... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cofounder and leader of the First National Bank, 1863–1931 (though after 1913, his son George Baker Jr. was more involved running the bank). Lloyd Blankfein: Chairman and CEO of... ●●

1913 On June 18, 1913, he asked Wilson to allow bank representation on the propo... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 18, 1913, he asked Wilson to allow bank representation on the proposed Federal Reserve Board.64 Glass had been up past one o’clock the night before discussing the matter... ●●

1913 Wilson signs the Federal Reserve Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After six more months of haggling over minor details, Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act into law on December 23, 1913, establishing the twelve-bank Federal Reserve System and... ●●

1913 2 On February 26, 1913, the Pujo Committee issued its final report, a seari... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2 On February 26, 1913, the Pujo Committee issued its final report, a searing indictment of the dangers of high concentration of money and credit in the hands of a few elite... ●●

1913 Islamic university opens in Medina ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Islamic university opened in Medina ●●

1913 Ambassadors draw Balkan borders at London conference ai_extracted 1 cit. no story European ambassadors draw borders for Balkan states in London ●●

1913 85 Secondly, under the pre-1913 system, before the Fed had been created, a crisis of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 85 Secondly, under the pre-1913 system, before the Fed had been created, a crisis of this sort would have triggered a restriction of convertibility of bank deposits into gold. ●●

1913 In the United States, where public housing was never so important, mortgage interest payments were rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the United States, where public housing was never so important, mortgage interest payments were always tax deductible, from the inception of the federal income tax in 1913. ●●

1913 Wilson signs the Federal Reserve Act ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In December 1913, President Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act, providing the government with a central bank and freeing it of reliance on the House of Morgan in emergencies; the new Federal Reserv... ●●

1913 Pierpont was buried in the family mausoleum at Hartford’s Ce candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pierpont was buried in the family mausoleum at Hartford’s Cedar Hill Cemetery, according to his wishes: “opposite the place where my father’s remains are interred.”63 Perhaps no other event of the ye... ●●

1913 New Haven train wreck kills seven at Stamford ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That Pierpont’s sins would be visited on Jack became evident on June 12, 1913, when a New Haven collision at the Stamford station killed seven passengers. Wilson’s new attorney general, James C. ●●

1913 Sixteenth Amendment ratified, income tax established ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment was ratified; the following year, income taxes soared, and the Federal Trade Commission was created. Jack accepted the changes bitterly. ●●

1913 But the post-1913 history of the bank has remained virgin territory... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Although I didn’t realize it at first, this was a propitious time in which to write a history of the House of Morgan, perhaps the first time anyone could do it justice. Secrecy has always been a Morgan fetish, and almost all earli... ●●

1913 Aldrich, April 7, 1913 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 28. Ibid., Edward C. Grenfell File, letter from Edward C. ●●

1913 Oil Industry Development candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When he stepped down from Standard Oil, he was probably worth about $200 million—$3.5 billion today—whereas, thanks to the internal-combustion engine, his fortune soared to $1 billion by 1913—surel... ●●

1913 Cettie's Health Deteriorates at Forest Hill rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During summer 1913, Cettie's condition worsened dramatically with multiple serious illnesses compounding. Doctors warned Rockefeller that she was too frail to safely leave Cleveland. ●●

1913 Edith Sails to Switzerland for Analysis rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1913, Edith Rockefeller McCormick sailed to Switzerland with Carl Jung to continue her psychoanalysis. What began as a temporary visit would extend into years of self-imposed European exile. ●●

1913 Jimmy Rothschild Commissions Bakst Decorative Panels rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jimmy de Rothschild commissioned elaborate decorative panels from renowned Diaghilev set designer Léon Bakst in 1913, with multiple family members serving as artistic subjects. ●●

1913 These passing ships connected them to a larger rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These passing ships connected them to a larger world. As Paul’s son Jimmy wrote, “From our house, high on the hills overlooking the Elbe, I could watch an endless procession of ships of many nations g... ●●

1913 As Paul’s son Jimmy wrote, “From our house, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Paul’s son Jimmy wrote, “From our house, high on the hills overlooking the Elbe, I could watch an endless procession of ships of many nations going to or coming from almost every part of the world.... ●●

1913 By 1913, there were 100,000 arrests for ‘attacks on State po rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1913, there were 100,000 arrests for ‘attacks on State power.’ ”140 Needless to say, all this strained a reluctant army, which was also busy crushing the resentful ethnic minorities—Poles, Finns, G ●●

1913 Separated from other strong nations by thousands of miles of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Separated from other strong nations by thousands of miles of ocean, possessing a negligible army, content to have achieved hemispheric dominance and, at least after Roosevelt’s departure, less eager t ●●

1913 1913 Economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Industrial/Technological Comparisons with the United States but Without Russia U.K./U.S./France Germany/Austria-Hungary Percentages of world manufacturing production (1913) 51.7 ... ●●

1913 1913 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story World Indices of Manufacturing Production, 1913-19259 ●●

1913 24. EH. SI B144a F 4015, letter from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 24. EH. SI B144a F 4015, letter from Paul Warburg, July 22, 1913. ●●

1913 Second publication of The Book of the Law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Crowley arranged for the second publication of The Book of the Law in September 1913. He believed this event, combined with his focused magical will, caused significant world disruption and initiated the conditions that led to World War I. ●●

1913 Wilson's first State of the Union Address ai_extracted 1 cit. no story t than vindication of its principles. In Wilson’s first State of the Union Address, on December 2, 1913, he laid down the outline of what later came t ●●

1913 The Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Sazonov, wrot... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Sazonov, wrote to the Tsar in December 1913: “To abandon the Straits to a powerful state would be synonymous with ●●

1913 1913, already much too late, he had expressed, qui... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1913, already much too late, he had expressed, quite accurately, why German foreign policy proved so uns ●●

1913 meeting of the British Association, the separation of neon into two isotopes by laborious diffusion rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story meeting of the British Association, the separation of neon into two isotopes by laborious diffusion through pipe clay. ●●

1913 when he separated two isotopes of neon by diffusing a mixed sample several thousand times over and o rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when he separated two isotopes of neon by diffusing a mixed sample several thousand times over and over through pipe clay—that is, unglazed bisque of the sort used to make clay pipes. ●●

1913 1913: John von Neumann (1903–57) in 1954. Herman Goldstine (1913–2004) circa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John von Neumann (1903–57) in 1954. Herman Goldstine (1913–2004) circa 1944. Presper Eckert (center ) and CBS’s Walter Cronki ●●

1913 Besso helps Einstein study Mercury's orbit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 1913, Michele Besso visited Einstein in Berlin, and they produced over fifty pages of notes studying how the Entwurf theory accorded with Mercury's orbital anomaly, calculating only 18 seconds of arc per century instead of 43. ●●

1913 Einstein and Grossmann publish the Entwurf theory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1913, Einstein and Grossmann produced the Entwurf ('Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation'), a sketchy alternative theory based on physical strategy rather than mathematical formalism. ●●

1913 Event of 1913 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the German bishops declared in 1913, offering a small but crucial amendment to the 350-year-old Roman catechism, the main point of marriage was pro ●●

1913 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Finally, there is an analysis of the Federal Reserve itself and its dismal record since 1913 ●●

1913 Legislative action candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1913, the year that the Federal Reserve Act became law, a subcommittee of the House Committee on Currency and Banking, under the chairmanship of Ar ●●

1913 Ford develops the moving assembly line ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The moving line was first tried in assembling the flywheel magneto, then other parts of the engine, next the engine itself, and finally, in October 19 ●●

1913 As the Jersey’s legal counsel wrote to a colleague in 1913: “Within a very short... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the Jersey’s legal counsel wrote to a colleague in 1913: “Within a very short time, Harkness and Pratt resign and their places will be filled by people who own very little of the stock ●●

1913 Federal Reserve allows national banks foreign branches ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1913, for example, the Federal Reserve permitted national banks to open branches abroad ●●

1913 Death of J.P. Morgan Sr. ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin notes that when J.P. Morgan Sr. died in 1913, people were shocked to realize the extent of his control over American finance and politics during the previous decades. ●●

1913 Public Opposition to Money Trust Fuels Fed Creation rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin claims that public distaste for concentration of financial power in Wall Street banks helped fuel support for the Federal Reserve Act, though the Act ultimately concentrated power further. ●●

1913 Benjamin Strong Dominates Federal Reserve System rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin documents that Benjamin Strong, head of the New York Reserve Bank, became the dominant force in the Federal Reserve, ruling as an autocrat and often determining policy without consulting Washington. ●●

1913 Britain and Germany draft partition of Portuguese Africa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain and Germany initialled an agreement to divide up Portugal's African colonies between themselves, a scheme only derailed by the outbreak of the First World War, which Nkrumah offers as proof the great powers treated Portuguese Africa as bargaining chips. ●●

1913 Ouenza iron ore mining begins in Algeria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story French company La Société de l'Ouenza began exploiting the Djebel Ouenza iron deposits in southern Algeria, a concession that by 1960 had shipped 46 million tons of ore to Europe and America. ●●

1914 to 1945 Second Thirty Years' War wikidata 0 cit. no story periodization scheme encompassing European wars from 1914 to 1945 ●●●●

1914 Europe's mobilization triggers war, 1914 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley describes how rigid mobilization timetables meant that when the order was given in 1914, the states of Europe were locked into attacking one another, igniting the First World War. ●●

1914 Britain's overseas investment dominance, 1914 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1914 British overseas investment stood at about $20 billion, roughly a quarter of the nation's wealth and larger than the foreign investments of all other countries combined. ●●

1914 Gandhi-Smuts compromise in South Africa (1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gandhi and Smuts negotiated a 1914 agreement that revoked some discriminations against Indians, recognized Indian marriages, and ended a discriminatory tax, just before the war with Germany. ●●

1914 Anglo-German Baghdad Railway agreement (June 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 1914 Britain and Germany initialed an agreement withdrawing British opposition to the Baghdad Railway in return for German promises, but it was lost in the outbreak of war six weeks later. ●●

1914 Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand at Sarajevo (June 28, 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The heir to the Habsburg throne was assassinated by Serb extremists at Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, touching off the crisis that led to the World War. ●●

1914 Austrian ultimatum to Serbia (July 23, 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Backed by a promise of German support, Austria sent Serbia a far-reaching forty-eight-hour ultimatum delivered on July 23, 1914, demanding suppression of anti-Habsburg activity. ●●

1914 Britain declares war on Germany (August 4, 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On August 4, 1914, Britain declared war on Germany over the attack on Belgium, though Quigley argues the real reason was that Britain could not allow Germany to defeat France. ●●

1914 French army shattered in opening 1914 offensive ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The French opened their attack on Lorraine on August 14, 1914; by August 25th, after eleven days of combat, they had suffered 300,000 casualties, the most rapid wastage of the war. ●●

1914 First Battle of the Marne begins (September 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 6, 1914, the French began a general counterattack ordered by Joffre on Gallieni's insistence, beginning the First Battle of the Marne, which halted the German advance. ●●

1914 Britain treats food as contraband, tightening blockade (August 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes British violations of international law began early: as of August 20, 1914, Britain treated food as contraband and interfered with neutral food shipments to Europe. ●●

1914 Turkey attacks Russia, entering the war (October 29, 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Having secretly allied with Germany, Turkey removed its mask of neutrality on October 29, 1914, by attacking Russia and cutting her off from her Western allies by the southern route. ●●

1914 French State of Siege proclaimed (August 2, 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story France proclaimed a State of Siege on August 2, 1914, giving the government the right to rule by decree, establishing censorship, and placing the police under military control. ●●

1914 British censorship established under DORA (August 5, 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British censorship, established August 5, 1914, intercepted cables and private mail, including neutral traffic, becoming an important source of military and economic intelligence. ●●

1914 Quigley: bankers secretly issued Treasury Notes (July 25, 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts British bankers, facing insolvency at the war's outbreak, secretly arranged on July 25, 1914, to meet their liabilities with fiat Treasury Notes while insisting the government fund the war through loans. ●●

1914 Army refuses to enforce Irish Home Rule, 1914 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites 1914, when the largely Conservative army refused to enforce the Irish Home Rule bill despite its passage after two elections and three Commons votes, as evidence of Conservative control over other parts of government. ●●

1914 The New Republic founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The New Republic was founded in 1914 by Willard Straight with Payne Whitney money. Quigley presents it as a vehicle through which Wall Street guided the progressive Left in an Anglophile direction. ●●

1914 Milner Group cannot elect its own Warden when Anson dies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Sir William Anson died in 1914 the Milner Group was not yet strong enough to elect one of its own as Warden of All Souls. His successor Pember belonged to the Cecil Bloc but did not resist the group's penetration. ●●

1914 Rockefeller's Colorado coal-field disaster, 1914 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto refers to the April 1914 Rockefeller disaster in the southern Colorado coal fields, after which a campaign was launched to muzzle critical magazines. ●●

1914 Wilson's July 4, 1914 address on America's global role ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book quotes a July 4, 1914 presidential address in which Wilson called the United States a light to guide mankind to justice, liberty and peace. It uses this to illustrate Wilson's messianic self-image. ●●

1914 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand triggers World War I ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says the Black Hand assassinated Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, setting the 'doomsday mechanism' of alliances into motion. It presents the resulting war as serving the Network's aims. ●●

1914 Fifty-nine countries on the gold standard ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1914 the gold standard had become a near-universal 'badge of honor,' with fifty-nine countries tying their currencies to gold. It signaled a pledge to stable money and orthodox finance. ●●

1914 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 28 June 1914 Serbian nationalists assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo. At first dismissed as another Balkan episode, it set off the chain of events leading to the First World War. ●●

1914 Austria declares war on Serbia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 28 July 1914 Austria declared war on Serbia and began bombarding Belgrade. Within days most of Europe had stumbled into general war and Britain faced the worst banking crisis in its history. ●●

1914 London Stock Exchange closes for the first time since 1773 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 31 July 1914 the London Stock Exchange shut its doors until further notice as the war crisis hit. It was the first closure since the exchange was founded in 1773. ●●

1914 Bank of England raises Bank rate to 10 percent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As gold drained from its vaults in the opening days of the war, the Bank of England's bullion reserves more than halved in days. On 1 August 1914 it raised interest rates to an unprecedented 10 percent to conserve gold. ●●

1914 Germany mobilizes and declares war on Russia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 31 July 1914 Germany answered Russia's mobilization with its own and demanded French neutrality. The next day it declared war on Russia and France mobilized in turn. ●●

1914 Germany declares war on France and invades Belgium ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 3 August 1914 Germany declared war on France and invaded neutral Belgium to reach it. The invasion brought Britain into the war. ●●

1914 Britain enters the war over Belgian neutrality ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain had guaranteed Belgian neutrality since 1839 and demanded Germany withdraw from Belgium. When the ultimatum expired at midnight on 4 August 1914, Britain was at war with Germany. ●●

1914 Reichsbank suspends gold convertibility of the mark ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Having built up large gold reserves after the 1911 Agadir crisis, Germany's Reichsbank acted fast as war loomed. On 31 July 1914 it suspended the gold convertibility of the mark. ●●

1914 New York Stock Exchange closes ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On 31 July 1914, after London's exchange suspended trading, New York's leading bankers met at the House of Morgan and decided to close the New York Stock Exchange. It was an emergency measure to halt the spreading panic. ●●

1914 Wall Street's worst day since the 1907 panic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 30 July 1914 news of Russia's general mobilization hit New York. Stocks fell 7 percent, their single largest down day since the panic of 1907. ●●

1914 Davison: 'the credit of all Europe has broken down' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Days after the war crisis broke, Morgan partner Henry Davison telegraphed his colleague Thomas Lamont describing the collapse of European credit. His message captured how the global financial system had seized up in August 1914. ●●

1914 Benjamin Strong becomes first governor of the New York Fed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pressed by Davison and Warburg that it was his public duty, Benjamin Strong accepted leadership of the new central bank. On 5 October 1914 he was elected the first governor of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. ●●

1914 Banque de France evacuates its gold reserves ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As German armies advanced in August 1914, the Banque de France secretly executed its emergency plan. On 18 August it shipped 1,300 tons of gold, worth $800 million, to safe sites in the south, emptying its Paris vaults. ●●

1914 German army reaches the outskirts of Paris ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In late August 1914 the German army swept through Belgium and northern France in a great flanking movement. By 29 August it was just twenty-five miles from Paris. ●●

1914 Gold standard suspended at outbreak of war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The gold standard was officially suspended in Germany and France in August 1914 as the war began. Britain kept the legal fiction of gold convertibility, though submarine risk made gold exports unfeasible. ●●

1914 —Jack Morgan, personal letter to President Woodrow Wilson, September 4, 191... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —Jack Morgan, personal letter to President Woodrow Wilson, September 4, 1914 BOTH FEDERAL RESERVE AND DOMESTIC ANTITRUST ISSUES WERE SOON overshadowed by more ominous events... ●●

1914 Franz Ferdinand assassinated in Sarajevo ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 28, 1914, a Slavic nationalist in Sarajevo murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne. The battle lines were drawn. Austria positioned itself against... ●●

1914 Was this a sign of tighter ties to the money trust titans? Was Wilson close... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Was this a sign of tighter ties to the money trust titans? Was Wilson closer to the bankers than he had appeared? With whispers of such queries hanging in the hot summer air, at... ●●

1914 But contrary to the conventional read-back from the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But contrary to the conventional read-back from the winners' side ofWorld War I , Russian, Ottoman, German, and Habsburg empires arrived at 1914, like... ●●

1914 Panama Canal opens ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The canal, which opened in 1914, gave the United States sovereignty over the Canal Zone and a unique stake in the new nation (1914) ●●

1914 Arguably a much worse stock market crash had occurred at the end of July 1914, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Arguably a much worse stock market crash had occurred at the end of July 1914, when the outbreak of the First World War precipitated such a total meltdown that the world’s principal stock markets – including New York’s – simply had to close their doors. ●●