Events, Verisoph

1968 BBN selected to build the ARPANET's routers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Larry Roberts picks Bolt, Beranek and Newman over Raytheon to build the Interface Message Processors that will route ARPANET traffic. ●●

1969 EPA established under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Congress created the Environmental Protection Agency under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. The Act required federal agencies to weigh the environmental impacts of their proposed actions. ●●

1969 Caleb Gattegno demonstrates his reading system ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that in 1969 the reading-system promoter Caleb Gattegno was brought to his middle school to demonstrate a color-cue method, a demonstration that ended when a student clawed his face. ●●

1969 Helms erases a passage from a Soviet nuclear estimate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Under White House pressure, Helms deleted a key finding from the CIA's most important estimate on Soviet nuclear forces. Analysts said he had compromised the agency's core duty. ●●

1969 CIA stages the appearance of democracy in Thailand ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Covert action code-named Lotus manufactured an election for Thailand's ruling junta. The generals soon suspended the constitution again. ●●

1969 CIA abandons the Tibetan resistance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kissinger questioned the value of supporting Tibet's insurgents as Nixon planned rapprochement with China. The armed resistance was abandoned though the Dalai Lama's subsidy continued. ●●

1969 Allen Dulles dies at Walter Reed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Allen Dulles dies from influenza complicated by pneumonia at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. His room is located near the one where his brother Foster died ten years earlier. ●●

1969 Soviet-Chinese clash at Damansky Island ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A serious military clash occurred between Soviet and Chinese forces at Damansky Island, causing the Soviet Union to dramatically increase troop deployments along the Chinese border. ●●

1969 Nixon becomes US President ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Richard Nixon became president in January 1969 and immediately began reassessing American Cold War strategy toward pragmatic diplomacy with rival superpowers. ●●

1969 US troops in Vietnam peak at 542,000 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American military presence in Vietnam reached its maximum of 542,000 troops, yet generals demanded even more soldiers to defeat North Vietnamese forces. ●●

1969 Sesame Street begins broadcasting ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sesame Street, an innovative educational television program combining entertainment with instruction, began broadcasting. The show was embraced by children, parents, and educators as a solution to teaching American children to read while entertaining them. ●●

1969 Montreal students destroy university computer in protest ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In an act of protest against the system, rioting students in Montreal destroy a one-million-dollar university computer with fireaxes, exemplifying radical rejection of technology. ●●

1969 Willy Brandt elected West German Chancellor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Until Willy Brandt was elected Chancellor in September 1969, successive West German governments had insisted that the sole legitimate German government resided in Bonn. ●●

1969 Secretary Rogers presents Middle East peace plan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1969, Secretary Rogers presented a plan, subsequently named after him, which endorsed Israel’s 1967 borders with “minor” rectifications in return for a comprehensive peace agreement. ●●

1969 My Lai massacre exposed in the press ai_extracted 1 cit. no story f the exposures that have since become the standard version of the Hué massacre, a few days after the belated exposure of the My Lai massacre in late November 1969, when ●●

1969 Draper publishes population report for the UNA-USA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Together with Rockefeller, Hannah, Woods, and other heavy hitters, Draper published a tough report in May 1969 for the United Nations Association of the United States. ●●

1969 Qaddafi overthrows the Libyan monarchy in coup ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 1 September 1969, Captain Muammar el-Qaddafi had led a group of fellow offi- cers in a bloodless overthrow of the mon ●●

1969 Anthony Gibbons imprisoned at Brayton ranch ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda asserts that six-year-old Anthony Gibbons was imprisoned in a packing crate at the Brayton 'ranch' starting May 23, 1969, allegedly for allegedly burning down a building. ●●

1969 Nixon orders bombing of Cambodia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda states that in March, less than two months after his inauguration, President Nixon ordered the bombing of Cambodia. ●●

1969 Disneyland's Haunted Mansion opens ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda notes that on August 9, 1969 (the day of the Tate murders), Disneyland opened their Haunted House ride, which he presents as a meaningful coincidence. ●●

1969 Spahn Ranch raided, Manson arrested ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda notes that when the Spahn Ranch was raided on August 16, 1969 (seven days after the Tate murders), Manson was arrested on auto-theft charges with 102 law enforcement personnel involved. ●●

1969 PDP-10 installed at Harvard's Aiken Lab ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A DARPA-funded PDP-10 destined for Vietnam was quietly installed at Harvard to avoid antiwar protest. ●●

1969 Steve Crocker issues the first Request for Comments ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Graduate student Steve Crocker mails out RFC 1, launching the open, collegial process by which the ARPANET's protocols are developed. ●●

10 October 1970 Independence of Fiji 0 cit. no story Fiji becomes independent from Britain, ninety-six years to the day after it was ceded to the Crown. politics ●●

4 June 1970 Independence of Tonga 0 cit. no story Tonga's British protectorate ends and the kingdom resumes full sovereignty; it was never formally colonized. politics ●●

1970 The Late, Great Planet Earth published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hal Lindsey and Carole Carlson published The Late, Great Planet Earth in 1970, which linked Bible prophecy to current events and became a bestseller. Wood uses it to discuss the rise and later decline of interest in prophecy. ●●

1970 Brzezinski publishes 'Between Two Ages' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Zbigniew Brzezinski's 1970 book Between Two Ages, which he reads as full of Fabian ideas: distrust of popular power, elite administration of the world, and predictions of pervasive surveillance and information control. ●●

1970 Nixon orders the CIA to hit the Soviets hard ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In an Oval Office meeting Nixon urged Helms to strike at the Soviets anywhere in the world. He was as emphatic as Helms had ever seen him. ●●

1970 CIA pours millions into Italian politics ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With Nixon's approval, Ambassador Graham Martin oversaw distributing $25 million to Christian Democrats and neofascists. The money helped fuel a failed neofascist coup. ●●

1970 Secret US bombing of Cambodia begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American B-52s dropped over a hundred thousand tons of bombs on suspected communist camps in neutral Cambodia. The targets were wrongly identified as a hidden command center. ●●

1970 Salvador Allende wins the Chilean presidency ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Allende won a narrow three-way election with under 37 percent of the vote. Chilean law required Congress to ratify the result. ●●

1970 Nixon secretly orders a coup to stop Allende ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nixon directed Helms to mount a military coup against Allende without telling his own cabinet. Helms was given millions and just weeks to act. ●●

1970 Chilean army chief General Schneider ambushed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Armed men attacked and mortally wounded General Rene Schneider, who had defended the constitution. He died as Congress confirmed Allende. ●●

1970 Congress confirms Allende as president of Chile ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Despite CIA efforts, the Chilean Congress affirmed Allende's election by a wide vote. The plot to prevent his inauguration had failed. ●●

1970 CIA covert operations against Allende in Chile ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1970 and 1973, the CIA carried out a wide-ranging series of covert operations in Chile (1970) ●●

1970 Corn blight epidemic strikes the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A devastating corn blight epidemic struck the United States in 1970, demonstrating the vulnerabilities created by genetic uniformity in monoculture agriculture. ●●

1970 Mao seats Edgar Snow at National Day parade ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mao’s gesture of placing Snow next to him on the reviewing stand at the Chinese Independence Day parade in October 1970 was lost on us. ●●

1970 Coup overthrows Prince Sihanouk in Cambodia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ccords afforded no recognition to the anti-French resistance in Cambodia, a source of much bitterness. The country was ruled by Prince Sihanouk until March 1970, when he was overthrown in a coup supported by the United States.41 Throughout this perio ●●

1970 Twenty-seven countries commit to cutting birth rates ai_extracted 1 cit. no story tal interest of both the nation and the family.” By 1970, twenty-seven countries had committed to cutting birth rates.2 The population control movement was trying to control the population of the w... ●●

1970 IMF creates the Special Drawing Right ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1970, the IMF created a new monetary unit called the SDR, or Special Drawing Right ●●

1970 Jimi Hendrix found dead in London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 18, 1970, Jimi Hendrix is found dead of a drug overdose in the London apartment of his German girlfriend, with Scotland Yard investigation documents sealed ●●

1970 McCarthy outlines his time-sharing vision ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John McCarthy delivered a paper describing a future of dumb terminals connected to time-shared mainframes. ●●

1970 Xerox founds the Palo Alto Research Center ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Xerox founded a dedicated research lab, Xerox PARC, away from corporate headquarters. ●●

15 August 1971 Independence of Bahrain 0 cit. no story Bahrain declares independence as Britain withdraws from the Persian Gulf, ending the protectorate relationship. politics ●●

3 September 1971 Independence of Qatar 0 cit. no story Qatar becomes independent as Britain withdraws from the Persian Gulf, ending the protectorate treaty. politics ●●

2 December 1971 Formation of the United Arab Emirates 0 cit. no story Six Gulf emirates unite as the United Arab Emirates upon British withdrawal; Ras Al Khaimah joined in 1972. politics ●●●

26 March 1971 to 16 December 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War 0 cit. no story Pakistan's army launches a brutal crackdown in East Pakistan, killing hundreds of thousands and driving millions of refugees into India. Indian intervention in December forces Pakistan's surrender and Bangladesh becomes independent. politics / war ●●●●

1971 Nixon decouples the US dollar from gold ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1971 President Richard Nixon ended the dollar's convertibility to gold, ushering in the era of fiat currency. Wood frames this as setting the stage for a future energy-based Carbon Currency. ●●

1971 U.S. Office of Education funds RAND change-agent studies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that by 1971 the U.S. Office of Education granted contracts to the RAND Corporation for seven volumes of change-agent studies aimed at accessing the private lives of children. ●●

1971 New York Times publishes the Pentagon Papers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Times began printing the secret Vietnam history leaked by Daniel Ellsberg. The disclosures enraged Nixon and Kissinger and spawned the Plumbers. ●●

1971 Chile authorizes nationalization of its copper industry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 11, 1971, the Chilean Congress, meeting in joint session, unanimously approved a constitutional amendment authorizing the nationalization of K (1971) ●●

1971 Sino-American rapprochement begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Diplomatic relations between the United States and China began normalizing after secret Kissinger visits, fundamentally reshaping Cold War geopolitics. ●●

1971 Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pakistan and India clashed militarily with the United States and China supporting Pakistan while the Soviet Union backed India, demonstrating multipolar Cold War dynamics. ●●

1971 Nixon names five centers of world economic power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Nixon declared that five clusters of economic power now existed in the world: the United States, USSR, Western Europe, Japan, and China. ●●

1971 Skinner publishes Beyond Freedom and Dignity ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Zuboff analyzes Skinner's 1971 essay arguing that freedom and dignity are psychological escapes masking ignorance, and that human progress demands abandoning these notions as obstacles to scientific control. ●●

1971 Alan Kay joins Xerox PARC ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kay left the time-sharing evangelists at SAIL to join Xerox's new personal-computing research group. ●●

1971 Ed Roberts publishes a calculator kit in Popular Electronics ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ed Roberts's do-it-yourself calculator article appeared on the magazine's cover. ●●

1971 Ray Tomlinson invents networked email ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tomlinson devised a way to send messages between users on different ARPANET mainframes. ●●

1971 Intel unveils the 4004 microprocessor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Intel publicly announces the 4004, a general-purpose computer processor on a single chip, originally designed for a Japanese calculator maker. ●●

1971 Don Hoefler coins the term Silicon Valley ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Trade columnist Don Hoefler begins writing a series called Silicon Valley USA, giving the region its lasting name. ●●

1972 Trilateral Commission idea floated at Bilderberg ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The idea for the Trilateral Commission was first presented informally at the Bilderberg meeting in Europe in 1972 by David Rockefeller and Zbigniew Brzezinski. ●●

1972 Decline in top SAT scorers between 1972 and 1994 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites a drop in the number of students scoring above 750 on the SAT, from 2,817 in 1972 to 1,438 in 1994, on what he calls an easier test. ●●

1972 Watergate break-in at Democratic headquarters ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Five men, including former CIA officers, were arrested breaking into the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate. Helms learned the burglars had White House ties. ●●

1972 Nixon fires Richard Helms ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After his landslide re-election, Nixon dismissed Helms at Camp David and offered him an ambassadorship. Helms chose Iran. ●●

1972 Nixon gives the CIA to James Schlesinger ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nixon offered the agency to James Schlesinger, his loyal appointee, to turn it inside out. Schlesinger accepted with pleasure. ●●

1972 Le Duc Tho accepts Nixon's peace proposals ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On October 8, 1972, Le Due Tho accepted Nixon’s key proposals, and Hanoi finally gave up its demand that America collude with it in the installation of a communist government in Saigon. ●●

1972 The Godfather released ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather, based on Mario Puzzo's novel, garnered numerous awards including Best Picture and Best Actor for Marlon Brando as Don Corleone. ●●

1972 Tuskegee syphilis experiment revealed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1972 the revelation of a government experiment on syphilitic black men in Tuskegee—who were studied for forty years but never treated for their condition—provided startling new evidence tha... ●●

1972 Mamdani publishes The Myth of Population Control legendary ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was not just more fine-grained re- search that led Mahmood Mamdani to go on the attack in The Myth of Population Control, which became an instant classic when published in 1972. ●●

1972 Blueprint for Survival published in The Ecologist ai_extracted 1 cit. no story First published in The Ecologist in January 1972, “Blueprint” is available at www.theecologist.info/page32.html. ●●

1972 First UN conference on the environment in Stockholm ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the first UN conference on the environ- ment in June 1972, an unprecedented gathering of activists and other nongovernmental representatives challenged the official program for focus- ing on ove... ●●

1972 Arthur Bremer shoots George Wallace ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On May 15, 1972, Arthur Bremer attempts to assassinate presidential candidate George Wallace using a Charter Arms .38 revolver, with fingerprint anomalies suggesting conspiracy ●●

1972 Jim Jones buys Geary Street synagogue ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda notes that Jim Jones bought an old synagogue on Geary Street in late 1972, establishing his operational headquarters in San Francisco. ●●

1972 Alan Kay proposes the interim Dynabook ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kay asked Xerox PARC managers to build thirty interim Dynabook machines for classroom testing. ●●

1972 Gates and Allen found Traf-O-Data ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The pair built a special-purpose computer to process traffic-counter tapes, naming their venture Traf-O-Data. ●●

1972 Alcorn completes the Pong prototype ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Al Alcorn finishes a working prototype of Pong for Atari, adding sound and a scoreboard that turn a training exercise into a hit game. ●●

1972 Nolan Bushnell incorporates Atari ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nolan Bushnell incorporates Atari and hires his first engineer, Al Alcorn, launching what becomes the video game industry. ●●

10 July 1973 Independence of the Bahamas 0 cit. no story The Bahamas becomes an independent nation within the Commonwealth after nearly three centuries of British rule. politics ●●

24 September 1973 Independence of Guinea-Bissau 0 cit. no story Guinea-Bissau unilaterally declares independence during its liberation war against Portugal, which recognized it in 1974. politics / war ●●

1973 Trilateral Commission founded (1973) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Trilateral Commission was founded in 1973. Wood argues it quietly adopted a modified version of historic Technocracy to build a New International Economic Order. ●●

1973 Wood argues Technocracy reemerged at Columbia in 1973 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wood asserts that some 40 years after the 1930s Columbia movement, Technocracy reemerged there in 1973 under a new name and sponsorship with a global rather than continental aim. ●●

1973 Trilateral Commission formed (1973) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Trilateral Commission was formed in 1973 by private citizens of Western Europe, Japan and North America to foster cooperation among the three regions. ●●

1973 NEA president Catherine Barrett on changing child-rearing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes NEA president Catherine Barrett, who said in 1973 that dramatic changes in the way children are raised were indicated and that teachers would be agents of change. ●●

1973 Pinochet's coup topples Allende ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A swift military coup overthrew Allende, who killed himself in the presidential palace. General Augusto Pinochet took power and the CIA forged a liaison with his junta. ●●

1973 Helms destroys his secret tapes on leaving the CIA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before his departure, Helms had hundreds of recorded conversations and the LSD mind-control records destroyed. By his official last day, every tape was gone. ●●

1973 Schlesinger orders the CIA to report illegal activities ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Director Schlesinger directed every employee to report any past acts outside the agency's charter. The order produced the compilation later known as the 'family jewels.' ●●

1973 CIA fails to foresee the Yom Kippur War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Yom Kippur and Ramadan coincided, Egypt attacked Israel and the CIA had predicted no war. The agency admitted it did not cover itself with glory. ●●

1973 Military coup overthrows the Afghan monarchy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Young military officers in Afghanistan staged a coup in 1973, overthrowing the monarchy and establishing a government that accepted aid from both the Soviet Union and the United States. ●●

1973 Arab-Israeli War and Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy ai_extracted 2 cit. no story War erupted between Arab states and Israel, following which Kissinger conducted shuttle diplomacy to achieve ceasefire and freeze the Soviet Union out of peace efforts. ●●

1973 OPEC oil embargo triggers global recession ai_extracted 1 cit. no story OPEC nations imposed an oil embargo in response to American support for Israel, causing steep fuel price increases and triggering a global economic recession. ●●

1973 OPEC launches oil boycott and price increases ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1973, when OPEC, led by Saudi Arabia,used substantial price increases and an oil boycott in an attempt to force Washi ●●

1973 SLA murders Marcus Foster ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda asserts that the SLA claimed responsibility for the murder of Dr. Marcus Foster, Superintendent of the Oakland school system, in 1973 by two white men who used makeup to look black. ●●

1973 Xerox Alto is completed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Alto, Kay's 'interim Dynabook,' was finished with a bitmapped display and mouse-driven interface. ●●

1973 Community Memory terminal opens in Berkeley ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A public-access computer terminal linked to a shared mainframe opened at a Berkeley record store. ●●

1973 Gates and Allen program the Bonneville Power grid ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The two spent Gates's final semester of high school programming the agency's electrical grid management system. ●●

1973 Federal judge invalidates the ENIAC patent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Judge Earl Larson rules that Eckert and Mauchly derived their computer patent from Atanasoff's earlier work, invalidating the ENIAC patent. ●●

1973 Kahn sets out to interconnect packet networks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Kahn, having moved from BBN to ARPA, begins work on a way to connect the ARPANET with other incompatible packet networks. ●●

1973 Cerf sketches the internetworking gateway design ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Vint Cerf sketches the gateway architecture, connecting separate packet networks, that becomes the basis for the Internet Protocol. ●●

7 February 1974 Independence of Grenada 0 cit. no story Grenada becomes independent from Britain under Prime Minister Eric Gairy. politics ●●

12 September 1974 to 28 May 1991 Ethiopian Civil War 0 cit. no story The Derg military regime fights insurgencies across Ethiopia amid the Red Terror and catastrophic famine. Rebel armies take Addis Ababa in 1991 after a war that kills over a million people. politics / war ●●●