Events, Verisoph

1990 Manly P. Hall dies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Manly P. Hall, the legendary esoteric philosopher and author of The Secret Teachings of All Ages, died. In his final years, he was concerned that his work would be forgotten and his Los Angeles campus neglected. ●●

1990 Yeltsin declares Russia belongs in the West ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Speaking in Kiev on November 19, 1990, Yeltsin asserted Russia's belonging in the West and its intent to imitate Western development, explicitly repudiating the Russian imperial legacy. ●●

1990 France and Germany commit to a federal Europe ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 6, 1990, the French president and German chancellor committed themselves to the goal of a federal Europe, reflecting their determination to create stronger European unity. ●●

1990 Baltic States secede as the USSR disintegrates ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1990, the Baltic States seceded and the Soviet Union began to disintegrate. ●●

1990 FBI inaugurates the CODIS DNA database ai_extracted 1 cit. no story of criminals, suspects, arrestees and unidentified individuals whose DNA is found at crime scenes. The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Combined National DNA Index System (CODIS) was inaugurated in 1990 and has been steadily databasing DNA from criminal encounters. All fifty states have now passed ●●

1990 Sandinistas defeated in Nicaraguan elections ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 25 February 1990, the Sandinistas were defeated in national elections by a coali- tion of political parties running u ●●

1990 City of Freedom tent camp set up in Sofia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A “City of Freedom” consisting of more than 60 tents was set up in the center of Sofia, occupied by people who said they ●●

1990 Berners-Lee completes the core tools of the Web ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the end of 1990 Berners-Lee had built HTTP, HTML, a browser, and server software. ●●

31 March 1991 to 7 August 1995 Croatian War of Independence wikidata 0 cit. no story war of independence fought from 1991 to 1995 ●●●●

8 December 1991 Belovezh Accords wikidata 0 cit. no story agreement that declared dissolution of the USSR by its founder states (denunciation of 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR) and established the CIS ●●●

7 November 1991 Alpine Convention wikidata 0 cit. no story The Alpine Convention is an international territorial treaty for the sustainable development of the Alps. The objective of the treaty is to protect the natural environment of the Alps while promoting its development. ●●●

21 September 1991 Independence of Armenia 0 cit. no story Armenians vote overwhelmingly for independence from the collapsing Soviet Union in a national referendum. politics ●●●

30 August 1991 Independence of Azerbaijan 0 cit. no story Azerbaijan declares independence from the Soviet Union, restoring the statehood first proclaimed in 1918. politics ●●●

25 August 1991 Independence of Belarus 0 cit. no story Belarus gives its declaration of sovereignty constitutional force, becoming independent as the Soviet Union dissolves. politics ●●●

25 June 1991 Independence of Croatia 0 cit. no story Croatia declares independence from Yugoslavia, leading to the Croatian War of Independence. politics / war ●●●

9 April 1991 Independence of Georgia 0 cit. no story Georgia declares independence from the Soviet Union, restoring the statehood first declared in 1918. politics ●●●

16 December 1991 Independence of Kazakhstan 0 cit. no story Kazakhstan declares independence, the last Soviet republic to do so before the Union formally dissolved. politics ●●●

31 August 1991 Independence of Kyrgyzstan 0 cit. no story Kyrgyzstan declares independence from the Soviet Union in the aftermath of the failed August coup in Moscow. politics ●●●

27 August 1991 Independence of Moldova 0 cit. no story Moldova declares independence from the Soviet Union following the failed August coup in Moscow. politics ●●●

8 September 1991 Independence of North Macedonia 0 cit. no story Macedonia votes for independence from Yugoslavia in a referendum; it was renamed North Macedonia in 2019. politics ●●

26 December 1991 Formation of the Russian Federation 0 cit. no story The Soviet Union is formally dissolved and Russia continues as the independent Russian Federation, its legal successor. politics ●●●●

25 June 1991 Independence of Slovenia 0 cit. no story Slovenia declares independence from Yugoslavia, securing it after the brief Ten-Day War. politics / war ●●●

9 September 1991 Independence of Tajikistan 0 cit. no story Tajikistan declares independence from the Soviet Union; civil war followed from 1992 to 1997. politics ●●●

27 October 1991 Independence of Turkmenistan 0 cit. no story Turkmenistan declares independence from the Soviet Union following a referendum. politics ●●●

24 August 1991 Independence of Ukraine 0 cit. no story Ukraine's parliament declares independence from the Soviet Union, confirmed by over 90 percent of voters in a December referendum. politics ●●●●

31 August 1991 Independence of Uzbekistan 0 cit. no story Uzbekistan declares independence from the Soviet Union following the failed August coup in Moscow. politics ●●●

c. 26 January 1991 Somali Civil War 0 cit. no story The fall of Siad Barre's regime collapses Somalia into clan warfare, famine, and decades without effective central government. The war draws UN, US, African Union, and Ethiopian interventions and spawns the al-Shabaab insurgency. war ●●●

23 March 1991 to 18 January 2002 Sierra Leone Civil War 0 cit. no story The RUF wages a war infamous for amputations, child soldiers, and blood diamonds. British and UN intervention helps end the war in 2002 after some 50,000 deaths. war ●●●

1991 Gatto resigns from teaching ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After thirty years as a New York City teacher, Gatto quit on July 5, 1991. His resignation essay ran in The Wall Street Journal twenty days later. ●●

1991 Gulf War air campaign begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The seven-week air war on Iraq opened after Saddam's invasion of Kuwait. The CIA picked bombing targets until one it selected turned out to be a civilian air-raid shelter, killing hundreds. ●●

1991 Bill Clinton announces his 1992 presidential campaign ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton officially announced his candidacy for the 1992 Democratic presidential nomination, beginning a campaign with substantial Wall Street funding. ●●

1991 Bin Laden expelled from Saudi Arabia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In spring 1991, the Saudi government, concerned about bin Laden's Islamic activism and radical statements, expelled him from the kingdom. According to various accounts, he was either ordered to leave or facilitated departure to attend an Islamic conference in Pakistan. He never returned to Saudi Arabia. ●●

1991 Soviet Union formally dissolves ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On August 19, 1991, hard-line Soviet communists attempted a coup against Mikhail Gorbachev. The coup failed, and within weeks the Communist Party collapsed as an effective political organization. The Soviet Union formally dissolved shortly thereafter. ●●

1991 Coalition begins bombing Iraq in the Gulf War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 16, 1991, a 34-nation coalition led by the United States launched a bombing campaign against Iraqi military targets and forces occupying Kuwait. ●●

1991 Collapse of the Soviet Union ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The power structure became unipolar in the 1990s with the collapse of the Soviet Union and continuing growth of America's material capabilities ●●

1991 Soviet Union dissolved, replaced by the CIS ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In December 1991, the Soviet Union was dissolved by the heads of its Russian, Ukrainian, and Belorussian republics and formally replaced by the Commonwealth of Independent States. ●●

1991 Ukraine declares independence from the USSR ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ukraine's declaration of independence in December 1991 and control over Soviet army units on its soil prevented the CIS from becoming a confederal USSR and set an example for other republics. ●●

1991 Panama signs treaty expanding US legal authority ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Eventually, after many American threats to cut off aid, Panama signed a treaty in April 1991 giving US authorities parti ●●

1991 Aristide takes office as president of Haiti ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The president-priest took office in February 1991 after a coup attempt against him in January failed ●●

1991 Torvalds announces the Linux kernel ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Linus Torvalds posted a message about his new kernel on the MINIX newsgroup. ●●

1991 Berners-Lee announces the Web on alt.hypertext ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Berners-Lee announced his hypertext project on an Internet newsgroup, sparking early interest. ●●

1991 William Cooper publishes Behold a Pale Horse ai_extracted 1 cit. no story William Cooper's conspiracy book "Behold a Pale Horse" was copyrighted and published in 1991, later becoming an influential and widely circulated fringe conspiracy text. ●●

5 November 1992 European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages wikidata 1 cit. no story European treaty adopted in 1992 ●●●

1 March 1992 Independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 cit. no story A referendum backs independence from Yugoslavia; recognition follows in April 1992 as the Bosnian War begins. politics / war ●●●

6 April 1992 to 14 December 1995 Bosnian War 0 cit. no story Bosnia's independence from Yugoslavia triggers a three-sided war marked by ethnic cleansing, the siege of Sarajevo, and the Srebrenica genocide. NATO intervention and the Dayton Accords end the war after about 100,000 deaths. politics / war ●●●●

5 May 1992 to 27 June 1997 Tajikistani Civil War 0 cit. no story Post-Soviet Tajikistan collapses into war between the government and an Islamist-democratic opposition. Tens of thousands die before a 1997 power-sharing peace. politics / war ●●

1992 NAFTA 'initialing' ceremony staged ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An initialing ceremony for NAFTA was staged in October 1992 so President George H.W. Bush could take credit, though Fast Track was not yet in place to actually sign it. ●●

1992 First Rio conference creates Agenda 21 (1992) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The U.N.'s first Rio conference in 1992 produced Agenda 21, the defining document for sustainable development. Wood argues sustainable development is warmed-over Technocracy. ●●

1992 Gates presents post-Cold War threat list ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gates compiled a to-do list for a world without the Soviet Union and gave it to Congress. It named 176 threats, from nuclear weapons to climate change, but none matched the immensity of the old enemy. ●●

1992 U.S. military intervention in Somalia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Bush authorized an American military intervention to relieve mass starvation in Somalia. The mission soon mutated into a hunt for a warlord, with the CIA lacking any real intelligence network on the ground. ●●

1992 Black Wednesday and the pound sterling crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story George Soros executed a massive currency attack on the British pound, forcing the Bank of England to buy sterling frantically and ultimately driving pound out of exchange mechanism. ●●

1992 Bill Clinton elected president ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bill Clinton defeated President George H. W. Bush and independent candidate Ross Perot, winning 370 electoral votes with 43 percent of popular vote. ●●

1992 Najibullah agrees to resign in Afghanistan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Under a United Nations-brokered agreement on April 25, 1992, Afghan President Mohammed Najibullah agreed to resign following the collapse of Soviet support. ●●

1992 Vatican opposes family planning at Rio Earth Summit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the 1992 Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, the Vatican had exploited suspicion of population control once again to weaken all references to family planning. ●●

1992 FRAPH leader Emmanuel Constant joins CIA payroll ai_extracted 1 cit. no story FRAPH’s leader, Emannuel Constant, went onto the CIA payroll in early 1992 and, according to the Agency, this relation e ●●

1992 Taiwan admits army killed thousands of Taiwanese ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1992, the Taiwan government admitted that its army had killed an estimated 18,000 to 28,000 native-born Taiwanese in ●●

1992 Pat Robertson negotiates diamond deal with Mobutu ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1992, Pat Robertson's African Development Corporation enters into negotiations with Zairean President Mobutu for diamond trade development in Tshikapa ●●

1 January 1993 Formation of the Czech Republic 0 cit. no story Czechoslovakia, founded in 1918, peacefully splits in the Velvet Divorce and the Czech Republic becomes a sovereign state. politics ●●●

24 May 1993 Independence of Eritrea 0 cit. no story Eritrea formally becomes independent from Ethiopia after a thirty-year liberation war and a near-unanimous referendum. politics / war ●●●

1 January 1993 Formation of Slovakia 0 cit. no story Slovakia becomes a sovereign state as Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolves in the Velvet Divorce. politics ●●●

1993 Official Agenda 21 book published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The official 300-page, 40-chapter Agenda 21 book was published on April 23, 1993. Wood says it drew little attention in the U.S. ●●

1993 Reinventing Government book published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book Reinventing Government by Osborne and Gaebler was published on February 1, 1993. Wood says its authors were technocrats and it inspired Clinton's National Performance Review. ●●

1993 United Religions Initiative founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The United Religions Initiative was founded in 1993 by Episcopal Bishop William Swing as an interfaith organization. Wood links it to sustainable development and the global elite. ●●

1993 National Adult Literacy Survey ranks American adults ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports the 1993 National Adult Literacy Survey, which sorted American adults into five reading levels and found tens of millions unable to read functionally. ●●

1993 Atlantic Monthly on the psychologization of schooling, 1993 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes an April 1993 Atlantic Monthly article describing how schools were turning to therapeutic remediation and psychological services. ●●

1993 Shooting at CIA headquarters gate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Pakistani gunman opened fire on cars waiting at the entrance to CIA headquarters, killing two officers and wounding three. It was an early sign of terrorism reaching American soil. ●●

1993 First World Trade Center bombing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A bomb exploded in the parking garage beneath the World Trade Center, killing six and injuring more than a thousand. The plot traced back to a blind Egyptian sheik whom the CIA had helped admit to the United States. ●●

1993 Plot to assassinate former President Bush ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During a visit to Kuwait, the secret police arrested seventeen men accused of plotting to kill George H. W. Bush with a car bomb. The CIA concluded Saddam Hussein was behind the attempt. ●●

1993 Wendy Gramm votes to deregulate commodity futures ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CFTC Chair Wendy Gramm voted to exclude commodity contracts from regulatory oversight, enabling derivatives deregulation and company like Enron to avoid disclosures. ●●

1993 Wendy Gramm resigns CFTC and joins Enron board ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CFTC Chair Wendy Gramm resigned after Clinton took office and joined Enron's board within weeks, exemplifying revolving door between regulators and industry. ●●

1993 Robert Rubin appointed to National Economic Council ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Clinton appointed Goldman Sachs co-chairman Robert Rubin as assistant for economic policy and head of newly created National Economic Council. ●●

1993 Congress apologizes for the 1893 Hawaii overthrow ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Congress passed a resolution in 1993 apologizing to Native Hawaiians for the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. The resolution, signed by President Clinton, acknowledged the loss of Hawaiian sovereignty and self-determination rights. ●●

1993 Communists and Nationalists gain in Russian election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the Russian parliamentary election of December 1993, the Communist and Nationalist Parties together achieved nearly 50 percent of the vote. ●●

1993 Clinton proposes a Pacific Community at APEC ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There has been a surge of American interest in Asia as symbolized by the proposal for a Pacific Community made by Clinton at a meeting with the Asian heads of government in 1993. ●●

1993 First World Trade Center bombing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Al-Qaeda’s ambitious campaign began with attacks on American and allied facilities in the Middle East and Africa. A 1993 attack on the World Trade Center displayed the organization’s global ambitions. On September 11, 2001, the offensive reached its ●●

1993 Bennett presents quantum teleportation publicly ai_extracted 1 cit. no story y entangled (“verschränkt,” as Schrödinger said). Bennett put entanglement to work in quantum teleportation, presented publicly for the first time in 1993. ●●

1993 Institutions strip Hubertus Strughold of honors ai_extracted 1 cit. no story State University. When Jewish and Holocaust-survivor groups, led by the Anti-Defamation League, discovered the honors extended to Strughold, they objected. Ohio State University removed its mural in 1993. The U.S. Air Force changed its library’s name in 1995.25 In 2003, the state of New Mexico still ●●

1993 US bombs Iraq over Bush assassination plot ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Government Assassination Plots On June 26, 1993, the United States carried out a bombing attack on Iraq in retal- iation ●●

1993 AOL opens its members to the Internet ai_extracted 1 cit. no story AOL opened a portal in September 1993 giving members access to Internet newsgroups, triggering the 'Eternal September.' ●●

1993 Congress passes the National Information Infrastructure Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After becoming vice president, Gore pushed legislation that opened the Internet to commercial and public use. ●●

1993 Andreessen announces the Mosaic browser ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Marc Andreessen posted the announcement of Mosaic on the www-talk Internet newsgroup. ●●

1 October 1994 Founding of the World Wide Web Consortium 0 cit. no story Tim Berners-Lee founds the W3C at MIT to develop open standards for the World Wide Web, including HTML and CSS. diplomacy / technology ●●

1 October 1994 Independence of Palau 0 cit. no story Palau becomes independent in free association with the United States, the last UN trust territory to do so. politics ●●

1994 Uruguay Round Agreements Act creates the WTO ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Clinton used Fast Track to submit the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, passed by the Senate on December 1, 1994. It provided for creation of the World Trade Organization. ●●

1994 NAFTA becomes law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story NAFTA became law on January 1, 1994 after passing the House 234-200 and the Senate 61-38 under Fast Track procedures. ●●

1994 Strong and Gorbachev create the Earth Charter ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1994 Maurice Strong and Mikhail Gorbachev created the Earth Charter, which Wood says many viewed as a prototype constitution for the New World Order. ●●

1994 Rubin rescues Mexico in the peso crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ahamed compares the 1928 halt in U.S. capital to Europe with the 1994 Mexican peso crisis. Unlike Germany in 1929, Mexico had a savior: Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin arranged a $50 billion emergency credit to forestall default. ●●

1994 White House ignores Rwanda genocide warning ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The White House brushed aside a CIA study warning that half a million people might die in Rwanda. The conflict exploded into one of the great man-made disasters of the century. ●●

1994 Aldrich Ames arrested for spying ai_extracted 1 cit. no story FBI agents arrested CIA counterintelligence officer Aldrich Ames, who had spied for the Soviets for nearly nine years. His betrayal had exposed and killed America's spies inside the Soviet Union. ●●

1994 Germany recognizes the Oder-Neisse border with Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The reunited Germany formally recognized the Oder-Neisse border with Poland in the mid-1990s, removing Poland's main reservation regarding closer relations with Germany. ●●

1994 Clinton offers new NATO vision at 1994 summit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Going back to Wilson’s historical objection to alliances—because they were based on the expectation of confrontation—President Clinton has used the occasion of a NATO summit in January 1994 to offer an alternative vision. ●●

1994 Iron Man cartoon depicts Twin Towers attack ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1994 Iron Man cartoon episode titled The Grim Reaper Wears a Teflon Coat featured a simulated attack on the Twin Towers and Pentagon. ●●

1994 China's 1994 tax reform reshapes local finance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1994 tax reform took away many of those revenues and forced local governments into a different type of fiscal discipline that encouraged them to promote a more market-friendly form of industrial development. ●●

1994 Population control displaced at 1994 UN conference ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A new consensus, the fruit of long struggle, would finally displace population control at the last United Nations popu- lation conference in 1994. ●●

1994 Justin Hall launches an early personal website ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Swarthmore freshman Justin Hall put up an early personal home page, an ancestor of blogging. ●●

1994 Stanford students name their web guide Yahoo! ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Two Stanford graduate students renamed their web guide 'Yahoo!' by the end of 1994. ●●

1995 Global Biodiversity Assessment published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1,140-page Global Biodiversity Assessment was published by the U.N. Environment Programme in 1995, expanding on Agenda 21. ●●

1995 Judith Hanna proposes a single carbon currency ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1995 Judith Hanna published "Toward a Single Carbon Currency" in New Scientist, proposing a global annual fossil-fuel quota shared equally among adults. Wood cites it as an early modern call for a carbon-based currency echoing 1930s Technocracy. ●●

1995 Gatto cites 1995 terrorism death figures ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites U.S. State Department figures that 1995 saw about 300 terrorist murders worldwide, contrasting this with 400,000 U.S. smoking deaths to argue fears of terrorism are exaggerated. ●●

1995 Benson, Vermont rejects its school budget twelve times ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that in 1995 the town of Benson, Vermont voted down its proposed school budget for the twelfth time, setting a record. He reads the revolt as taxpayers rejecting a system they no longer saw as their own. ●●