Events, Verisoph

15 March 1906 Founding of Rolls-Royce 0 cit. Charles Rolls and Henry Royce formally found Rolls-Royce to build luxury cars. The company later becomes one of the world's leading aero engine makers, powering Allied aircraft in both world wars. economy / technology ●●

1906 Founding of Xerox 0 cit. The Haloid Company is founded in Rochester to make photographic paper. It later commercializes xerography as Xerox, and its PARC lab invents the graphical user interface, Ethernet, and laser printing. economy / technology ●●

9 April 1906 Azusa Street Revival 0 cit. A revival led by William J. Seymour breaks out and soon moves to a mission at 312 Azusa Street, marked by speaking in tongues and interracial worship. The meetings launch Pentecostalism, now one of Christianity's largest movements. religion ●●●●

30 June 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, Origin of the FDA 0 cit. Spurred by exposes of filthy meatpacking plants and quack medicines, Congress bans misbranded and adulterated food and drugs. Enforcement by the Bureau of Chemistry evolves into the Food and Drug Administration, named in 1930. science / society ●●●

26 December 1906 The first feature-length film 0 cit. The Australian film The Story of the Kelly Gang ran over an hour, far longer than the shorts of its day. It is widely regarded as the first feature-length narrative film. culture ●●●

8 September 1906 Ota Benga displayed in the Bronx Zoo 1 cit. Ota Benga, a Congolese man, was put on display in the monkey house of the Bronx Zoo as a living example of a "lower" race. The exhibit drew protest from Black clergy and stands as a cruel case of scientific racism in practice. science / society ●●

1906 Gustav von Bohlen takes the Krupp name 0 cit. When Bertha Krupp inherited the firm in 1906 she married Gustav von Bohlen und Halbach, who was granted the right to add the Krupp name. Gustav ran the company for the next three decades. economy / society ●●

1906 Algeciras Conference resolves First Moroccan Crisis (1906) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the conference over Morocco met at Algeciras in 1906, Germany found itself supported only by Austria, and the crisis eased as belligerent leaders were removed on both sides. ●●

1906 Liberal landslide of 1906 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1906 election was a Liberal triumph, giving that party a plurality of 220 over the Conservatives and a majority of 84 over all other parties. Labour representation jumped from three to forty-three seats. ●●

1906 Curtis organizes 'Closer Union Groups' in South Africa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1906 Curtis resigned his official posts to organize 'Closer Union Groups' pushing for a federation of South Africa. Quigley presents this as the model later scaled up to the whole Empire. ●●

1906 Milner declares himself an imperialist at Wolverhampton ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Campaigning for Amery in 1906, Milner spoke at Wolverhampton with unorthodox views. He declared himself a deep-dyed imperialist and tariff reformer who believed in universal military training. ●●

1906 Viscount Halifax defends Milner over Chinese labor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Milner was attacked in 1906 for importing Chinese laborers into South Africa, the second Viscount Halifax rallied to him. He carried a resolution of appreciation for Milner's work in the House of Lords. ●●

1906 Quigley: the Milner Group out of power (1906-1915) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the Milner Group was out of power from 1906 to 1915 but was content, since a Liberal government under Asquith and Grey pursued the foreign policy the Group wanted. ●●

1906 Rockefeller's General Education Board issues Occasional Letter Number One ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes the 1906 Occasional Letter Number One, the first mission statement of Rockefeller's General Education Board, which spoke of molding a docile, responsive rural folk rather than educating scholars. ●●

1906 Manhattan schools perform tonsillectomies without parental consent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that in 1906 immigrant public schools in Manhattan began performing tonsillectomies and adenoidectomies on children without notifying parents. He cites a New York Times report that parents stormed the schools in protest. ●●

1906 Harris publishes 'The Philosophy of Education' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes Harris's 1906 book The Philosophy of Education, in which Harris wrote that 99 of 100 students are automata who follow prescribed custom. Gatto reads this as an endorsement of producing compliant citizens. ●●

1906 Iran's first Majlis convenes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Iran's new constitutional parliament assembles for its historic first session, representing a landmark moment in the nation's attempt at democracy. ●●

1906 Iran adopts its first constitution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Iran officially adopts its first constitution, modeled on Belgium's progressive constitution, establishing the framework for democratic governance. ●●

1906 Russian emperor convenes the first Duma ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1906, the Russian emperor convened a parliament-the Duma-of representatives elected unevenly from all regions and peoples of the empire. ●●

1906 Standard Oil of Ohio hires its first Black employee ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It is interesting to note in this context that Standard Oil of Ohio did not hire its first permanent black employee until 1906. At the beginning, the well-heeled GEB grafted its work onto that of the Southern Education Board, the shoestring operation started by Robert Ogden. ●●

1906 Roosevelt signs the Pure Food and Drug Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1906, Roosevelt signed a stack of bills to curb industrial abuses. Profiting from the outcry prompted by Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle, he signed the meat-inspection bill and the Pure Food and Drug Act. ●●

1906 Algeciras Conference opens ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ch Germany had isolated itself became evident at the opening of the Algeciras Conference in January 1906. ●●

1906 G.R.S. Mead publishes Thrice Greatest Hermes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story G.R.S. Mead, a classical scholar and former secretary to Madame H.P. Blavatsky, published the three-volume Thrice Greatest Hermes, a comprehensive translation of Hermetic literature including the Corpus Hermeticum, two years before The Kybalion appeared. ●●

1906 Lee De Forest invents the triode vacuum tube ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Numerical codes would be granted full control—including the power to modify themselves.1 The age of electronics began in 1906 with Lee De Forest’s in ●●

1906 Lagos Colony merges with Niger Delta Protectorate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was based on a merger of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria and the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria, the latter itself the product of a merger that had taken place between Lagos Colony and the Niger Delta Protectorate in 1906. ●●

1906 First modern law school opens in Beijing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Two Japanese scholars, Okada Asataro and Matsuoka Yoshitada, established the first modern law school in Beijing in 1906. ●●

10 February 1906 HMS Dreadnought launched 0 cit. The Royal Navy launched HMS Dreadnought, the first battleship with an all-big-gun armament and steam turbine propulsion, which made every existing battleship in the world obsolete overnight. The ship gave its name to a new class of warship and triggered an intense Anglo-German naval arms race in the years before the First World War. Naval planners around the world scrapped or redesigned building programs in response. technology / war ●●●

c. 1906 Sir Frederick Jackson joins Lodge of Harmony 0 cit. Frederick Jackson, a senior colonial administrator who later served as Governor of Uganda from 1911 to 1917, joined Lodge of Harmony in Nairobi. His membership is cited by Masonic historians as an example of how closely Freemasonry in this period was interwoven with the colonial administrative class. Jackson is remembered in East African Masonic histories as one of the order's most influential early members in the region. politics / society ●●

1906 Leopold II founds precursor of the Bakwanga diamond company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Leopold II formed the mining company at the root of what became Societe Miniere de Bakwanga with the help of two American businessmen, laying the groundwork for one of the Congo's richest diamond concessions. ●●

c. 1906 Death rates peak in the concentration camp system 0 cit. Mortality in the camp system, above all at Shark Island, reaches its worst point during the southern hemisphere winter of 1906, with missionary and medical reports recording death rates among interned Herero and Nama estimated at 30 to 50 percent annually. German military and colonial reports of the period record the camp populations as women, children, and elderly people far outnumbering able-bodied male prisoners. society / war ●●●

c. 1906 German researchers begin shipping skulls and remains to Berlin 1 cit. German physicians and colonial officials, including camp doctors, order Herero and Nama prisoners, some still alive, to prepare skulls and other body parts of the dead for shipment to anatomical and anthropological institutes in Germany. Some accounts describe prisoners forced to boil and scrape flesh from skulls of their own dead using shards of glass, sending the remains for study under theories of racial hierarchy. science / war ●●●

1906 Union Minière du Haut-Katanga is founded 0 cit. The mining company Union Minière du Haut-Katanga was created to exploit the vast copper deposits of the Katanga region, with Belgian and British capital. It became one of the most powerful companies in Africa and a pillar of the colonial economy. Its control of Katanga's mineral wealth would later shape the politics of independence and secession. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1906 World opinion turns against Leopold 0 cit. By the mid-1900s the mass of missionary testimony, official reports, photographs, and celebrity pamphlets had shattered Leopold's humanitarian reputation across the West. Newspapers that once praised him now denounced the Congo as a byword for colonial cruelty. The reversal shows how quickly a carefully built public image can collapse once documented evidence reaches a mass audience. politics / society ●●

c. 1906 Bambatha rebellion 0 cit. Chief Bambatha led a Zulu revolt against a new poll tax imposed by the British colony of Natal. The rising was put down with heavy loss of life, and thousands of Zulu were killed. It was one of the last armed challenges to colonial rule in southern Africa before the era of mass political movements. economy / politics / war ●

1906 Union Miniere du Haut-Katanga is founded 0 cit. The mining giant Union Miniere du Haut-Katanga was created to work the copper of southern Congo, owned jointly by Belgium's Societe Generale and the British-backed Tanganyika Concessions of Robert Williams. It became one of the most powerful companies in Africa, running an enclave with its own mines, railways, and towns. Its profits flowed to shareholders in Brussels and London while Congolese workers labored under a strict color bar for low pay. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1906 The White Highlands Reserved for Europeans 1 cit. From around 1906 the fertile central highlands were set aside for exclusive white settlement, a policy sealed by the Elgin pledge that reserved the best farmland for Europeans. Africans were barred from owning or leasing land in what became known as the White Highlands, even where their families had lived. This carve-up of the most productive land is the central land injustice that the independence settlement would later have to answer, and that it largely did not. economy / politics / society ●●●

c. 1906 The Elgin Pledge Reserves the Highlands for Whites 2 cit. Around 1906 the Colonial Secretary Lord Elgin gave settlers what became known as the Elgin Pledge, an assurance that in the highlands land grants would in practice go to Europeans and not to Indians. It was never a formal law, but it hardened into policy and gave the settlers the racial land monopoly they wanted. From this the fertile central highlands took shape as the exclusive White Highlands. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1906 The Conquest of Embu and Meru 1 cit. After subduing the Kikuyu, the British turned on their neighbours the Embu and Meru, who had refused to submit. A large expedition, again involving Meinertzhagen and drawing on Mbeere and Kikuyu auxiliaries, overwhelmed Embu resistance around 1906, and administrative posts soon followed in Meru. Local resistance continued in quieter forms, but the old councils of elders lost their power to appointed agents of the government. politics / war ●●

1906 The Nandi Removed and Their Land Taken 8 cit. Koitalel arap Samoei was killed on 19 October 1905 after British officer Richard Meinertzhagen lured him to a supposed peace meeting under truce and shot him at close range. With Koitalel dead, a punitive field force drove the Nandi from much of their land, seized cattle, and confined them to a reserve. Their high, fertile country was handed to white settlers and to the railway, and the Uasin Gishu plateau nearby became prime settler farmland. economy / war ●●

c. 1906 Lord Delamere anchors the settler economy 0 cit. Hugh Cholmondeley, the third Baron Delamere, poured his fortune into large highland estates and pushed wheat, dairy and livestock farming into shape for export. He became the leading voice of the settler community and its drive for political control. His example drew other aristocrats and ex-officers to take up land in Kenya. economy / politics ●●

10 February 1906 HMS Dreadnought 0 cit. Launched at Portsmouth in 1906, HMS Dreadnought carried an all-big-gun main battery and steam turbines that made her faster and more powerful than any battleship afloat. She was so far ahead that she made all existing battleships obsolete, including Britain's own. The design reset the naval race and gave her name to a whole class of warship. technology / war ●●●●

1906 Conquest of Embu 0 cit. In 1906 a strong colonial expedition overwhelmed Embu resistance, aided by Mbeere fighters and Kikuyu of Ndia acting as levies. Homesteads were burned and stock seized in the standard punitive pattern. Administrative stations followed at once, ending Embu self-rule and pulling the area into the protectorate, though passive resistance continued for years. politics / war ●●

c. 1906 The disputed scale of the killing contested 0 cit. How many people died in the pacification of central Kenya is genuinely unclear. The most cited figures, running into the thousands, come from Meinertzhagen's diaries and other participant accounts that had reason to exaggerate or to understate. No reliable census of the dead exists, so historians treat the totals as estimates rather than settled facts. society / war ●●

c. 1906 Colonial game reserves clear people from the land 0 cit. The protectorate set aside large game reserves such as the Southern Reserve, following the Yellowstone idea that true wilderness holds no people. Africans who had lived, grazed and hunted in these areas were pushed to the edges or moved out. The model treated human presence as a threat to nature rather than part of it, an ideology later called fortress conservation. environment / politics / society ●●

c. 1906 Nairobi is zoned as a racial railway capital 6 cit. Colonial Nairobi developed as a railway town with European, Asian and African space separated through planning, sanitation law, policing and labour control. The capital was not neutral urban growth; it was a racial city built around the railway and administration. politics / society ●●●●

1906 Police Ordinance puts Kenya policing on military lines 2 cit. The Kenya Police was legally constituted by the 1906 Police Ordinance. Official DCI history states that up to 1907 the force was organised along military lines and trained in a military manner. Kenya did not begin with a community-policing ideal. It began with a disciplined colonial force built for order, labour control and settler security. politics / society / war ●●●●

31 August 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention 0 cit. Agreement dividing Persia into spheres of influence and settling disputes over Afghanistan and Tibet. It completed the Triple Entente of Britain, France, and Russia. diplomacy / politics ●●●

9 December 1907 Founding of the Office International d'Hygiène Publique 0 cit. Twelve states sign an agreement in Rome creating a Paris-based international health office to track epidemic diseases and administer sanitary conventions, a forerunner of the World Health Organization. diplomacy / science / society ●●

17 December 1907 Founding of the Kingdom of Bhutan 0 cit. no story Ugyen Wangchuck is crowned as the first hereditary king of Bhutan, unifying the country under the Wangchuck monarchy. politics ●●

26 September 1907 Dominion of New Zealand 0 cit. no story New Zealand becomes a self-governing dominion within the British Empire, a key step toward full independence. politics ●●●

22 October 1907 Collapse of the Knickerbocker Trust Company 0 cit. A run forces New York's third largest trust company to suspend payments, igniting the Panic of 1907. J.P. Morgan personally organizes a private rescue of the banking system, and the crisis leads directly to the creation of the Federal Reserve. economy ●●●●

20 June 1907 Founding of the Swiss National Bank 0 cit. Switzerland's central bank opens for business, taking over note issue from dozens of cantonal and private banks. It becomes guardian of the Swiss franc, one of the world's key reserve currencies. economy ●●●

1907 Formation of Royal Dutch Shell 0 cit. Royal Dutch Petroleum and Britain's Shell Transport and Trading merge to challenge Standard Oil. The combined group becomes one of the world's largest oil companies. economy ●●●●

15 June 1907 Second Hague Peace Conference 0 cit. A larger follow-up conference of 44 states expanded the rules of warfare and arbitration. It reinforced the idea of a codified body of international law governing relations between states. politics / war ●●

9 April 1907 Indiana passes the world's first sterilization law 1 cit. Indiana enacted the first law allowing the state to forcibly sterilize people it labeled unfit, including prisoners and people with disabilities. It opened the door to tens of thousands of coerced sterilizations across the United States. politics / science ●●●

October 1907 Morgan halts the Panic of 1907 0 cit. During the Panic of 1907 J.P. Morgan organised bankers to pool funds and stop a wave of bank failures. His personal leadership steadied the system and spurred later creation of the Federal Reserve. economy / politics ●●●●

1907 Aleister Crowley Founds the A∴A∴ 0 cit. After leaving the Golden Dawn, Aleister Crowley founded his own magical order, the A∴A∴, to teach his system of spiritual attainment. It became a vehicle for his religious philosophy of Thelema. culture / religion ●●

1907 British Eugenics Education Society founded 0 cit. The Eugenics Education Society was founded in London in 1907 to promote the study and application of eugenics in policy. It became a leading voice arguing that the state should influence which people had children. science / society ●●●

1907 Indiana passes the first compulsory sterilization law 0 cit. Indiana enacted the world's first compulsory sterilization law in 1907, authorizing the forced sterilization of people held in state institutions. It opened the way for similar laws in more than thirty US states. politics / science ●●●●

1907 Anglo-Russian Entente divides Persia (1907) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story German naval rivalry and Russia's defeat by Japan made possible the 1907 Anglo-Russian agreement, which divided Persia into Russian, British, and neutral zones of influence. ●●

1907 Quigley: international banking fraternity strengthened the Triple Entente ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that the international banking fraternity, largely excluded from German development but linked to France and Russia, helped create and strengthen the Triple Entente. ●●

1907 The Selborne Federation Dispatch issued ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Curtis's memorandum on closer union, with additions by Kerr and Selborne, was issued as the Selborne Federation Dispatch of 7 January 1907. It was published as an Imperial Blue Book. ●●

1907 Committee of Imperial Defence created (1907) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the 1907 Conference, on Haldane's suggestion, a Committee of Imperial Defence was created and Dominion defense forces were reorganized on common patterns. Quigley says its secretariat became a Milner Group branch. ●●

1907 Quigley: RIIA rooted in the 1907 Closer Union movement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the Royal Institute of International Affairs is the Milner Group writ large, a child of the Round Table, which itself grew from the Closer Union movement organized in South Africa in 1907. ●●

1907 Kenneth Freeman's The Schools of Hellas ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Kenneth Freeman's 1907 study The Schools of Hellas, which concluded there were no schools in ancient Greece in the modern institutional sense. ●●

1907 Bagley's 'Classroom Management' becomes a standard training text ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites William C. Bagley's 1907 book Classroom Management, reprinted thirty times over the next two decades. He argues its big-business metaphors, stressing unquestioned obedience, shaped the pedagogical imagination for the century. ●●

1907 J. P. Morgan and the Panic of 1907 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book asserts, drawing on Quigley, that J. P. Morgan precipitated the Panic of 1907. It argues the panic was used to build public demand for the central bank the Network wanted. ●●

1907 The Panic of 1907 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1907 a failed stock corner set off runs on New York banks and trust companies. With no central bank, the country turned to J. P. Morgan, who marshaled the rescue. ●●

1907 Anglo-Russian Convention signed over Asian routes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I n 1907, Russia signed a treaty with the British, who were set on controlling the routes to India. ●●

1907 Britain and Russia divide Iran into spheres ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain and Russia sign a treaty dividing Iran into spheres of influence, with Britain controlling southern provinces and Russia the north. ●●

1907 Theodore Roosevelt launches the Great White Fleet ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Theodore Roosevelt deployed the Great White Fleet, consisting of sixteen battleships carrying 14,000 troops. The massive naval display on December 16, 1907, demonstrated U.S. military power across the Caribbean and South America. ●●

1907 Maxine Elliott builds first woman-owned Broadway theater ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Maxine Elliott was the first woman to build a Broadway theater, purchasing the needed lot two months after the 1907 panic. Scandalmongers attributed the financing to Morgan. ●●

1907 Morgan rescues Trust Company of America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1907 panic, Pierpont proved that American finance could aspire to high drama. In an elaborate finale on Saturday night, November 2, he devised a rescue for the still-shaky Trust Company of ... ●●

1907 U.S. Steel acquires Tennessee Coal and Iron ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Steel’s acquisition of Tennessee Coal and Iron during the 1907 panic. This was the deal that Judge Gary and Henry Frick had gotten TR to approve during his breakfast. ●●

1907 Judge Landis rules in the Standard Oil case ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the morning of August 3, 1907, as more than a thousand people sought entrance to his courtroom, Landis read aloud his decision in the Standard Oil case. ●●

1907 Max Warburg's Bank Day speech on war readiness ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1907, he created a sensation by delivering a Bank Day speech about Germany’s lack of financial preparedness for war. ●●

1907 Einstein publishes the equivalence principle ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November 1907, Einstein published a fifth section in the Yearbook of Radioactivity and Electronics outlining his new equivalence principle and sketch of ideas for extending relativity to accelerated reference systems. ●●

1907 US states enact compulsory sterilization laws ai_extracted 1 cit. Beginning in 1907, more than thirty US states enact compulsory sterilization laws based on eugenic ideology ●●

26 September 1907 Dominion of New Zealand established 0 cit. New Zealand's status changed from colony to dominion within the British Empire, granting it greater self-governance while remaining under the Crown. New Zealand had already granted women the vote in 1893, ahead of Britain itself. The dominion retained the British monarch as head of state. politics ●

1907 Native ordinances entrench land and labor controls 0 cit. German colonial authorities issued ordinances stripping surviving Herero and Nama communities of remaining land rights and requiring Africans over the age of seven to carry identification passes. The measures barred African land and cattle ownership on the scale that had existed before the war and pushed survivors into wage labor on settler farms and mines. These laws formed the legal basis for decades of racial land dispossession in the territory. politics ●●

c. April 1907 Shark Island camp closed 0 cit. German authorities close the camp at Shark Island after its death toll, documented at several thousand Herero and Nama prisoners, draws criticism even from within the colonial administration. Estimates of deaths at the camp between 1905 and its closure range from roughly 1,000 to 3,000, out of an interned population never much larger than that. war ●●

c. 31 March 1907 Colonial administration declares the uprisings over 0 cit. The German colonial government formally declares the Herero and Nama wars ended, after roughly 80 percent of the pre-war Herero population and roughly half of the Nama population have died from combat, exposure in the Omaheke, and camp conditions, according to the scholarly consensus drawn from German census and mission records. Survivors are stripped of land and cattle by decree and required to carry identification passes, restricted from owning livestock or land, and bound into a colonial labor system. politics / war ●●●

25 January 1907 German Reichstag election fought over colonial policy 0 cit. Chancellor Bülow dissolves the Reichstag after the Center Party and Social Democrats criticize colonial military spending and the conduct of the war in South-West Africa, and calls a snap election. The vote, remembered as the "Hottentot election," becomes a referendum on German colonial policy and returns a nationalist majority supportive of continued colonial rule. politics ●

9 March 1907 Indiana Passes First Sterilization Law 0 cit. Indiana enacted the first eugenic sterilization law in the world, authorizing forced sterilization of people in state institutions judged "confirmed criminals, idiots, imbeciles and rapists." The law was signed by Governor J. Frank Hanly and applied to inmates of state prisons, reformatories, and homes for the "feeble-minded." It became the model that other states copied over the following decades. politics / science / society ●●●

c. 1 January 1907 Estimated 60,000 Americans Sterilized Under Eugenics Programs 0 cit. Historians including Paul Lombardo and Alexandra Minna Stern have estimated that more than 60,000 Americans were sterilized under state eugenics laws between 1907 and the programs' effective end in the 1970s, with some researchers placing the number closer to 70,000 once undercounted institutional and welfare-linked sterilizations are included. California, North Carolina, and Virginia accounted for a large share of the total. science / society ●●●

c. 1907 Policing the colour bar 0 cit. Colonial Kenya ran on a racial hierarchy that reserved land, jobs, and town spaces for Europeans, and the police enforced it through pass laws, vagrancy rules, and segregation of urban areas. Africans in towns needed passes and could be detained for being in the wrong place. Everyday policing kept the colour bar in place. politics / society ●●

18 August 1907 The Stuttgart Congress and the war question 0 cit. The Second International's Stuttgart congress adopts a resolution committing socialist parties to work against militarism and war. An amendment pressed by Lenin, Rosa Luxemburg and Julius Martov added that, should war break out, socialists should use the resulting crisis to hasten the fall of capitalism. How far parties would actually resist a war was left unresolved. diplomacy / politics / war ●●

c. 1907 The whole nine yards: origin unknown, Masonic claim unproven unproven 0 cit. The whole nine yards, meaning the entire amount, has one of the most argued origins in American English, with theories ranging from ammunition belts to concrete trucks to cloth for a suit; a Masonic explanation circulates among these. The earliest known print uses are American from the early twentieth century, and no source, Masonic or otherwise, has been proven. It belongs firmly in the disputed column. culture / society ●●

1907 The Abolition of Slavery on the Coast 0 cit. Britain abolished the legal status of slavery in the coastal protectorate in 1907, ending the labour system on which the Arab and Swahili plantations of cloves, grain, and coconuts had run. Freed slaves and Mijikenda migrants stayed on as squatters and low-paid workers, and former owners were compensated while the freed were not. The change reshaped coastal society and left a tangle of land and labour disputes that outlived colonial rule. economy / society ●●

1907 Abolition of the legal status of slavery on the coast 0 cit. Britain abolished the legal status of slavery in the coastal strip, freeing the enslaved labour force that had worked the Arab-Swahili grain and clove plantations. Emancipation came with compensation for slaveholders but little land or support for the freed, many of whom drifted into squatting and casual labour. The end of coerced labour broke the plantation economy without building anything to replace it. economy / society ●●

1907 A Tumbuka "kingdom" invented under colonial rule ai_extracted 1 cit. Under colonialism, mission-educated Africans and appointed chiefs created a Tumbuka paramountcy that had not existed before. Chilongozi Gondwe was appointed chief in 1907 and began promoting his royal status, supported by an elite that manufactured a myth-history of an ancient Tumbuka empire. ●●

1907 The Kenya coast abolishes the legal status of slavery 5 cit. In 1907 the British East Africa Protectorate abolished the legal status of slavery in the coastal strip that the sultan of Zanzibar still nominally ruled. As in Zanzibar, the end was gradual and compensated, and courts and officials moved cautiously to avoid upsetting the coastal landowners. Slavery lost its legal backing, but many people remained tied to their former owners by debt, land, and lack of options. economy / politics ●●●●

1907 Nairobi becomes Kenya's colonial capital 6 cit. The colonial administration moved its capital from the coast to Nairobi, turning a railway depot into the command centre of the Kenya Protectorate. The move pulled power inland toward settler agriculture, railway logistics and highland administration. economy / politics ●●●●

c. 1907 Colonial policing imports the Irish and Indian model 3 cit. The force was not simply copied from the unarmed London beat constable. British colonial policing in Kenya mixed the Royal Irish Constabulary model of barracked, semi-military political control with Indian colonial police law and some Metropolitan Police practices in towns and detective work. The result was a force closer to gendarmerie than public service. politics / society ●●●●

1908 Havenstein becomes Reichsbank president ai_extracted 1 cit. Rudolf von Havenstein became president of the German Reichsbank in 1908 and was a strong defender of central bank independence. ●●

16 September 1908 Founding of General Motors 0 cit. William Durant founds General Motors as a holding company for Buick, soon adding Oldsmobile, Cadillac, and Chevrolet. Under Alfred Sloan it becomes the world's largest automaker and a model of the modern corporation. economy / technology ●●●●

26 July 1908 Founding of the FBI 0 cit. Attorney General Charles Bonaparte creates a small force of special agents in the Justice Department; it grows into the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the national police and counterintelligence service. politics ●●●

1908 The Ford Model T 0 cit. Henry Ford launched the Model T, a sturdy car simple enough to be affordable for ordinary families. It put millions on the road and made the automobile a mass product. technology ●●●●

1 October 1908 Ford introduces the Model T 0 cit. Henry Ford launched the Model T, a sturdy, affordable car meant for ordinary buyers. Strong demand pushed Ford to find faster ways to build it. economy / technology ●●●●

c. 1908 Women's Freemasonry in Britain 0 cit. Co-Masonry reached Britain around 1902, and a women-only order that became the Honourable Fraternity of Ancient Freemasons emerged from it by 1908. These bodies work Masonic ritual for women but are not recognized by the male-only United Grand Lodge of England. culture / society ●●