Events, Verisoph

1938 CHAPTER 33––Orphans of the Storm The bond between Max and E... (1938) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He passed through the Third Reich with his own cheerful resilience. “I do not envy him his life,” Eddie Warburg said of him in 1938, “but I do envy hi... ●●

1938 They found it miraculous to be back in their Stockholm flat (1938) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Max warned people, “The first time that you meet my daughter, she will behave like a lady, the next time she will get on your nerves with her noble so... ●●

1938 Moving in and out of Germany on business (1938) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “She felt protected and she also provided work to a lot of people.”29 But after Kristallnacht she no longer felt safe. In December 1938, Siegmund and ... ●●

1938 CHAPTER 34––Surreal Saviors During his new life in New York (1938) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The financial world would always seem too small to encompass these two striving Warburgs. In 1938, Eric started E. M. ●●

1938 Ingrid’s apartment overlooked the garden of the Museum of Mo... (1938) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But she never recaptured the high sense of beauty and purpose that had animated her time with Adam and the Emergency Rescue Committee. ——Mittelweg 17,... ●●

1938 CHAPTER 35––Deathwatch Even as the Warburgs sounded the ala... (1938) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Ley’s German Labor Front.2 In fairness to Brinckmann, it is hard to imagine any employer who could have flouted such demands. After May 1938, t... ●●

1938 CHAPTER 37––Charnel House In the autumn of 1944 (1938) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER 37––Charnel House In the autumn of 1944, Eric set foot on German territory for the first time since 1938, as the Allies carried the ground wa... ●●

1938 Eric had the rank and mobility to get a bird’s-eye view of a... (1938) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He flew down to Bavaria, swept over a shattered Nuremberg, then glided by Hitler’s Berghof, tucked away in solemn Alpine splendor on the Obersalzberg.... ●●

1938 In his talks with Siegmund (1938) rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In his talks with Siegmund, Brinckmann elaborated his own revisionist history and brazenly denied that the 1938 transfer had constituted a true Aryani... ●●

1938 1938 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The awakening of this giant after 1938, and especially after 1940, provides a final confirmation the crucial issue of timing in the arms races and strategical calculations of this ... ●●

1938 1938 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story According to the rough approximations which we have already seen,28 the Greater Germany of 1938 had a share of the world’s manufacturing output and a “relative war potential” which... ●●

1938 1938 Military Technology rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yet all this could not obviate the fact that the Allies possessed twice the manufacturing strength (using the distorted 1938 figures, which downplay the U.S.’ share), three times t... ●●

1938 23. LBI-HS. Box 5, letter from Siegmund Warburg rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 23. LBI-HS. Box 5, letter from Siegmund Warburg, January 27, 1938. ●●

1938 1. MMW Ma VI, letter from Edward M.M rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1. MMW Ma VI, letter from Edward M.M. Warburg to Max Warburg, June 21, 1938. ●●

1938 6. Der Stürmer, September 1938 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 6. Der Stürmer, September 1938. ●●

1938 22. LBI-JS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence 1938–1949.... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 22. LBI-JS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence 1938–1949. Letter from Siegmund G. Warburg, November 18, 1939. ●●

1938 15. MMW. Kara Corp. 1938 “Agreement between Kara rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 15. MMW. Kara Corp. 1938 “Agreement between Kara Corp. and the European Warburgs.” ●●

1938 16. MMW. Kara Corp. 1938–1946. Letter from Liebmann rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 16. MMW. Kara Corp. 1938–1946. Letter from Liebmann to Dr. E. Spiegelberg and Hans Meyer, December 6, 1938. ●●

1938 8. MMW. Kara Corp, 1938–1946 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 8. MMW. Kara Corp, 1938–1946. ●●

1938 2. LBI-HS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence, 1938–1949.... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2. LBI-HS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence, 1938–1949. Letter from Siegmund G. Warburg, September 11, 1944. ●●

1938 16. LBI-HS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence, 1938–1949... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 16. LBI-HS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence, 1938–1949. Letter from Siegmund G. Warburg, September 11, 1944. ●●

1938 24. LBI-HS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence, 1938–1949... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 24. LBI-HS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence, 1938–1949, letter from Siegmund G. Warburg, October 1, 1949. ●●

1938 8. LBI-HS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence, 1938–1949.... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 8. LBI-HS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence, 1938–1949. Letter from Siegmund G. Warburg, September 11, 1944. ●●

1938 Japan begins military atomic bomb studies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Japanese studies toward an atomic bomb began first within the military.1285 The director of the Aviation Technology Research Institute of the Imperial Japanese Army, Takeo Yasuda, a lieutenant general and an alert electrical engineer, conscientiously followed the international scientific literature that related to his field; in the course of his reading in 1938 and 1939 he noticed and tracked the discovery of nuclear fission.1286 In April 1940, foreseeing fission’s possible consequences, he ordered an aide who was scientifically trained, Lieutenant Colonel Tatsusaburo Suzuki, to prepare a full report. ●●

1938 This was not done in the past [in the Manhattan Project] and it is not being don rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This was not done in the past [in the Manhattan Project] and it is not being done at present.”1938 He tracked the consequences of the government’s policies of restriction: The attitude taken toward foreign born scientists in the early stages of this work had far reaching consequences affecting the attitude of the American born scientists.1939 Once the general principle that authority and responsibility should be given to those who had the best knowledge and judgment is abandoned by discriminating against the foreign born scientists, it is not possible to uphold this principle with respect to American born scientists either. ●●

1938 German troops march into Austria in the Anschluss ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 12, 1938, German troops marched into Austria with no resistance. The Austrian population, much of it deliriously joyful, seemed to feel that it preferred a future as a German province to being a minor player on the Central European stage. ●●

1938 Halifax reminds France that Locarno guarantee applies only to French border candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 22, 1938, shortly after the annexation of Austria, Halifax reminded the French leaders that the Locarno guarantee applied only to the French border and might lapse if France implemented its treaty commitments in Central Europe. ●●

1938 Roosevelt suggests holding negotiations on neutral ground regarding Czechoslovakia candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1938, President Roosevelt suggested holding a negotiation on some neutral ground regarding the Czechoslovak crisis, though he made clear the United States would assume no obligations in the conduct of the negotiations. ●●

1938 Hitler escalates demands at Bad Godesberg ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Bad Godesberg on September 22, 1938, Hitler raised the ante and made clear he sought the abject humiliation of Czechoslovakia, demanding immediate evacuation of the entire Sudeten territory starting September 26 to be completed within forty-eight hours. ●●

1938 the Austrian physicist had earned wide respect by hard and careful work. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the Austrian physicist had earned wide respect by hard and careful work. ●●

1938 development that physicists throughout the world pursued in all innocence of any intention of findin rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story development that physicists throughout the world pursued in all innocence of any intention of finding the engine of a new weapon of mass destruction—only one of them, the remarkable Hungarian physicist Leo Szilard, took that possibility seriously—the ●●

1938 her article was gathering dust on back shelves, but Bohr had promulgated the liquid-drop model of th rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story her article was gathering dust on back shelves, but Bohr had promulgated the liquid-drop model of the nucleus and the confused chemistry of uranium increasingly preoccupied Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn. ●●

1938 and 1939 he noticed and tracked the discovery of nuclear fission. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and 1939 he noticed and tracked the discovery of nuclear fission. ●●

1938 1938: Ken Kesey (1935–2001) holding a flute on the bus. Stewart Brand (1938– rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ken Kesey (1935–2001) holding a flute on the bus. Stewart Brand (1938– ). The first issue, fall 1968. ●●

1938 Information history in 1938 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story fered depressive breakdowns and bouts of hypochondria that forced him into sanatoria. Princeton beckoned but Gödel vacillated. ●●

1938 ” Klári von Neumann observed upon her arrival in Princeton i rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Everybody was working somewhere else,” Klári von Neumann observed upon her arrival in Princeton in 1938 ●●

1938 Bigelow left Sperry and joined IBM in Endicott rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of 1938, Bigelow left Sperry and joined IBM in Endicott, New York, as their first employee with the job title of electronic engineer ●●

1938 He explained how the United States had to maintain quotas ag rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He explained how the United States had to maintain quotas against immigrants, effectively excluding Jews, in order to placate “the ordinary American” ●●

1938 o talk an hour and a half on ‘the interpretation of quantum rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bohr, of course mostly political—but we even managed to talk an hour and a half on ‘the interpretation of quantum mechanics.’ I’m sure we were showing ●●

1938 Bohr brings news of fission to Princeton ai_extracted 1 cit. no story News of the discovery of fission in late 1938 had arrived in Princeton with Niels Bohr in early 1939, raising for the first time the real possibility, ●●

1938 14.1 Android (operating system) Anschluss (1938) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story digital, 1.1, 1.2, 5.1, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1, 14.1 Android (operating system) Anschluss (1938), 6.1, 10.1 antiaircraft fire control, 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, ●●

1938 (1938) suicide of father (1939) pregnancy and miscarriage rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (1938) suicide of father (1939) pregnancy and miscarriage (1942) death, in La Jolla (1963) and computer programming, 10.1, 10.2 and depression, 1 ●●

1938 Event of 1938 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Birth control was one of the few American industries to prosper, serving a $250 million market by 1938 ●●

1938 h border in 1936, establishing a clinic in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story h border in 1936, establishing a clinic in Marienbad. When anti-Jewish agitation spread into Czechoslovakia, Katzen- Ellenbogen moved again, this time to the democratic stronghold of Prague, where in 1938 he began working with refugee groups.17 After Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia in March of 1939, K ●●

1938 a Mengele.” He would drop by the Verschuer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story a Mengele.” He would drop by the Verschuer home for tea, sometimes bringing his family. Mengele even made an impression on Verschuer’s children, who years later remembered him in friendly terms.30 In 1938, Mengele joined the SS and received his medical degree, yet continued his close association wit ●●

1938 s an article on congenital heart disease, also rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s an article on congenital heart disease, also for Zwillingsund Familienforschungen.59 Verschuer’s preoccupation with twin studies expanded feverishly. He required more and more twins. In a September 1938 application for funds from the German Research Society, Verschuer explained his plans. “Large-s ●●

1938 ing on the subject of eugenics. Since the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ing on the subject of eugenics. Since the terms ‘eugenics’ and ‘human genetics’ are in the minds of many persons synonymous, human genetics has suffered a loss of prestige as a result. “9 In his June 1938 presidential address to the Eugenics Research Association, Snyder boldly laid the framework for ●●

1938 ” The purpose? To bring Nazi-style ethnic cleansing rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” The purpose? To bring Nazi-style ethnic cleansing to Connecticut in an organized, scientific fashion. The plan was to trace the ancestry of all 1.75 million residents of Connecticut. Page 63 of the 1938 final report stated that the eugenic commission would “determine the racial decent of the prese ●●

1938 Japan’s Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy, 1930–1938 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Japan’s Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy, 1930–1938. ●●

1938 By 1938 Junkers, even before it began its most dramatic period of expansion, already ranked alongsid rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1938 Junkers, even before it began its most dramatic period of expansion, already ranked alongside Daimler-Benz as Germany’s twelfth largest private employer. ●●

1938 From the spring of 1938 onwards, Hitler began seri- ously to contemplate the need for a major war in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From the spring of 1938 onwards, Hitler began seri- ously to contemplate the need for a major war in the West, as a prelude to his drive against the Soviet Union. ●●

1938 Britain adopts the Scheme L air programme ai_extracted 1 cit. no story THE WAGES OF DESTRUCTION ‘business as usual’, London adopted an ambitious new air programme (Scheme L), which called for the production of 12,000 modern combat aircraft over the next two years.” Meanwhile, in France the decision was taken both to ste ●●

1938 Goering approves the New Military-Economic Production Plan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To make up the gap, on 12 July 1938 Goering approved a new version of the Four Year Plan known as the New Military-Economic Production Plan (Wehrwirtschaftliche Neuer Erzeugungsplan).*° By the middle of 1941 Krauch aimed to reach monthly production o ●●

1938 In the autumn of 1938 freight trains regularly left stations festooned with red repair slips 258 IN rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the autumn of 1938 freight trains regularly left stations festooned with red repair slips 258 INTO THE DANGER ZONE indicating faulty brakes, and the deterioration in Germany’s once proud railway network had become so severe that it had begun to a ●●

1938 This at least was the conclusion that emerged from a day-long conference on 2 June 1938 attended by candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This at least was the conclusion that emerged from a day-long conference on 2 June 1938 attended by a roster of Germany’s most prestigious economics professors and hosted by the Reichsbank together with the Wehrmacht’s military-economic office.** The ●●

1938 As the Reichsbank concluded, it was increasingly idle to discuss the ‘correct’ devaluation necessary rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the Reichsbank concluded, it was increasingly idle to discuss the ‘correct’ devaluation necessary to bring the German and international price systems into alignment, since ‘the entire price struc- ture of foreign trade both in commodity and countr ●●

1938 Beck did not comment on the Luftwaffe, but internal sources make it clear that it was far from ready rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Beck did not comment on the Luftwaffe, but internal sources make it clear that it was far from ready for war in the autumn of 1938.”° The German army would certainly have defeated the Czechs. ●●

1938 It banned them from selling goods at trade fairs and debarred them from holding any position of auth rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It banned them from selling goods at trade fairs and debarred them from holding any position of authority in any firm.!”° Taken together, the various measures adopted in 1938 amounted to a comprehensive expropriation of the Jewish population. ●●

1938 Roosevelt proposes an international refugee committee ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 25 March 1938, within weeks of the Anschluss, President Roosevelt had proposed the formation of an international committee to address the problem of ‘political refugees’ from Germany and newly annexed Aus- tria.'** On 6 July delegates from thirty- ●●

1938 It was not until after the conference with Goering on 12 November 1938 that Reichsbank president Hja candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was not until after the conference with Goering on 12 November 1938 that Reichsbank president Hjalmar Schacht was authorized to attempt one last act of cynical financial wizardry.’ In collaboration with the Austrian Economic Minister Hans Fisch- b ●●

1938 The draft memorandum of 3 October 1938 concluded with a dramatic warning: The National Socialist sta rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The draft memorandum of 3 October 1938 concluded with a dramatic warning: The National Socialist state leadership has managed, despite the critical situation of recent times, to avoid a war that would have jeopardized its earlier successes. ●●

1938 On 20 October 1938 it announced that it would need to claim no less than 4.5 million tons of steel i rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 20 October 1938 it announced that it would need to claim no less than 4.5 million tons of steel in 1939, almost a quarter of Germany’s total production, a figure not reached until the height of the Stalingrad battle in 1942.° The fivefold expansio ●●

1938 On 11 November 1938, Keitel, the chief of the OKW, noted: ‘After having been put in the picture abou rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 11 November 1938, Keitel, the chief of the OKW, noted: ‘After having been put in the picture about the armaments programmes by the Commanders-in- Chief, the Fuehrer intends to prioritize the entire armaments programme of the Wehrmacht according to ●●

1938 The 1938 Reich budget closed with an excess of spending over tax revenue and safe long-term borrowin rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1938 Reich budget closed with an excess of spending over tax revenue and safe long-term borrowing of 5.7 billion Reichsmarks.*’ The additional shortfall allowed for in the 1939 budget came to 6 billion Reichsmarks. ●●

1938 However, studies done by the Luftwaffe staff in 1938 had concluded that a strategic air war against rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story However, studies done by the Luftwaffe staff in 1938 had concluded that a strategic air war against Britain was out of the question unless Germany could somehow gain control of airbases along the channel coastline.* Given the pessimism of the Wehrmac ●●

1938 What haunted everybody was the experience of World War 1.1” 361 THE WAGES OF DESTRUCTION Faced with rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story What haunted everybody was the experience of World War 1.1” 361 THE WAGES OF DESTRUCTION Faced with this possibility, Backe demanded that every effort should be made to draft additional labour from outside Germany.'’* In 1938 the acute labour shorta ●●

1938 Zuse completes the Z1 calculator ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Konrad Zuse finishes the Z1, a binary mechanical calculator built in his parents' Berlin apartment. ●●

1938 Frank Buchman founds Moral Re-Armament ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American evangelist Frank Buchman founded the Moral Re-Armament movement, which Nkrumah says later spent heavily to advocate collaboration between colonial rulers and the peoples they oppressed. ●●

1939 to 1944 World War II in Albania wikidata 0 cit. no story involvement of Albania in World War II ●●●●

30 November 1939 to 13 March 1940 Winter War wikidata 0 cit. no story 1939-1940 war between the Soviet Union and Finland ●●●●

1939 Federation of British Industries seeks pact with Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1939 the Federation of British Industries sought an agreement with Germany to divide markets and fix prices across most economic activities, an example Quigley cites of Britain's drift into cartelized bilateralism. ●●

1939 Prevention of Violence Act of 1939 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues the erosion of civil liberties reached its most dangerous stage with the Prevention of Violence Act of 1939, which let a secretary of state arrest without warrant and deport without trial. ●●

1939 Britain and France recognize Franco's government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story England and France recognized the Franco government on 27 February 1939; after Madrid's surrender the Axis troops were evacuated from Spain following a triumphal march through the capital in June 1939. ●●

1939 Toll of the Spanish Civil War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the war ended much of Spain was wrecked and at least 450,000 Spaniards had been killed, of which 130,000 were rebels and the rest Loyalists, with an unpopular military dictatorship imposed by non-Spanish forces. ●●

1939 Germany captures Czechoslovakia's arsenal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues Britain did not yield to superior force at Munich: in March 1939 when Germany overran Czechoslovakia it captured 469 superior tanks, 1,500 planes, 43,000 machine guns, and over a million rifles. ●●

1939 Germany seizes Memel and Italy seizes Albania ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Days after occupying the Czech rump, Germany seized Memel from Lithuania on 22 March 1939, and Italy seized Albania on 7 April 1939. ●●

1939 Czech gold reserves handed to Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley reports that in May 1939 six million pounds of Czech gold reserves held in London were turned over to Germany, with the untrue excuse that the British government could not give orders to the Bank of England. ●●

1939 FBI-Reichsgruppe Industrie cartel agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley describes British economic appeasement: a coal agreement was signed at Britain's request in late January 1939, and a general agreement between the Federation of British Industries and the Reichsgruppe Industrie was signed on 16 March 1939. ●●

1939 Hitler's 'export or die' speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his speech of 30 January 1939 Hitler declared that Germany must export or die, reflecting the critical German economic situation caused by the speed of rearmament and shortage of foreign exchange. ●●

1939 British unilateral guarantee to Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When news reached London of Hitler's demands on Poland, Britain suddenly issued a unilateral guarantee of Poland on 31 March 1939, later extended to Romania and Greece after Italy's attack on Albania. ●●

1939 Hitler's secret war conference on living space ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 23 May 1939 Hitler told a secret conference of his generals that Danzig was not the real issue, but rather expanding Germany's living space in the East, and that war with Poland and a life-and-death struggle with England lay ahead. ●●

1939 Wilson's secret offer to abandon Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites Dirksen's report that in July 1939 Sir Horace Wilson, Chamberlain's personal representative, told the German official Wohlthat that a nonaggression pact would enable Britain to rid herself of her commitments to Poland. ●●

1939 Soviet Union replaces Litvinov with Molotov ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To show its displeasure at British delays and quibbling over an alliance, the Soviet Union replaced foreign minister Litvinov, who favored the Western powers, with Molotov on 3 May 1939, a signal the West failed to heed. ●●

1939 Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ribbentrop signed a nonaggression pact with Molotov in Moscow; its published portion barred aggressive action between the signers, while a secret protocol delimited spheres of interest in eastern Europe and gave Russia a free hand in Bessarabia. ●●

1939 German invasion of Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German invasion of Poland at 4:45 a.m. on 1 September 1939 began the Second World War; Polish resistance collapsed by 16-17 September, and Britain and France declared war two days after the invasion. ●●

1939 German invasion of Poland begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Germany opened World War II in Europe with a dawn air assault on Poland on September 1, 1939, wiping out the Polish air force largely on the ground. Armored spearheads and dive-bombers broke Polish resistance into isolated fragments. ●●

1939 German submarine sinks the liner Athenia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In open disobedience to Hitler's orders, a German submarine torpedoed the passenger liner Athenia in the Atlantic on September 3, 1939, killing 112 people. It came the same day Britain and France declared war. ●●

1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop agreement divides Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 28, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed a new agreement partitioning Poland. Lithuania shifted into the Soviet sphere and the German-Soviet boundary was drawn along the Bug River near the old Curzon Line. ●●

1939 Nazi-Soviet Trade Agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On August 19, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed a trade agreement under which Germany extended 200 million marks in credit for machinery in exchange for Russian raw materials. It set up an economic partnership that lasted until the German invasion. ●●

1939 Japan defeated at Nomonhan; truce signed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A major Japanese defeat by Soviet forces at Nomonhan on the Manchurian-Mongolian frontier ended with a truce on September 16, 1939, one day before Soviet forces entered Poland. The defeat helped turn Japanese expansion southward rather than against Siberia. ●●

1939 The Venlo incident ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Venlo on the Dutch frontier on November 8, 1939, S.S. Security Police posing as anti-Hitler negotiators shot a Dutch officer and abducted two British intelligence agents into Germany. The episode suggested Britain was seeking a way out of the war. ●●

1939 Anglo-French mutual-assistance pact with Turkey ai_extracted 1 cit. no story France and Britain signed a mutual-assistance pact with Turkey on October 19, 1939. A secret clause excused Turkey from taking up arms against Russia, which left the Soviet Union unreassured. ●●

1939 Soviet Union attacks Finland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Finland rejected Soviet territorial demands, the Soviet Union attacked at several points on November 28, 1939, launching the Winter War. The Finns, though outnumbered, used terrain and winter weather to devastate early Soviet assaults. ●●

1939 Soviet Union expelled from the League of Nations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In its most efficient act, the League condemned the Soviet Union in eleven days in December 1939 and expelled it as an aggressor over Finland. Quigley notes the contrast with the fifteen months it had spent on Japanese aggression, which brought no punishment. ●●

1939 British radar chain begins continuous operation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A chain of British radar stations, laid out in 1937, began continuous operation in April 1939 and could detect aircraft up to 100 miles away. Superior British scientific inventions, especially radar, were decisive in the Battle of Britain. ●●

1939 Neutrality Acts revised for cash-and-carry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November 1939 Congress revised the Neutrality Acts to let the Entente powers buy supplies, repealing the munitions embargo and putting all belligerent purchases on a cash-and-carry basis. Loans were still forbidden and Americans barred from belligerent ships. ●●

1939 U.S. cancels its 1911 commercial treaty with Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1939 Washington gave the required six-month notice to cancel its 1911 commercial treaty with Japan. This opened the door to a range of economic pressures, and the 'moral embargo' was extended to raw materials vital to Japan's war machine. ●●

1939 Frisch and Meitner name nuclear 'fission' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1939 Frisch and Meitner reported quantitative results of uranium fission in Nature, introducing the word 'fission' and the Atomic Age. ●●

1939 Roosevelt reads Einstein's atomic warning ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Szilard, Wigner, and Teller prompted Einstein to warn Roosevelt about a possible atomic bomb; the President read the memorandum on 11 October 1939. ●●

1939 Colonial subjects at the start of World War II, 1939 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that when World War II began in 1939, roughly six hundred million people, a quarter of humanity and mostly nonwhite, were colonial subjects of European states. ●●