Events, Verisoph

1941 Zhukov counterattacks German army outside Moscow ai_extracted 2 cit. no story December 6, 1941, the day of the bomb program expansion, marked another tidal event: Soviet forces under General Georgi Zhukov counterattacked across a two-hundred-mile front against the German Army congealed in snow and –35°F cold only thirty miles outside Moscow. ●●

1941 * * * In Japan both the Army Air Force and the Imperial Navy had moved separate rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story * * * In Japan both the Army Air Force and the Imperial Navy had moved separately since 1941 to promote atomic bomb research.1779 The Riken, Yoshio Nishina’s prestigious Tokyo laboratory, primarily served the Army, exploring the theoretical possibilities of U235 separation by way of the gaseous barrier diffusion, gaseous thermal diffusion, electromagnetic and centrifuge processes. ●●

1941 * * * Gaseous-diffusion research had progressed at Columbia University since Jo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story * * * Gaseous-diffusion research had progressed at Columbia University since John Dunning and Eugene Booth had first demonstrated measurable U235 separation in November 1941. ●●

1941 Otto Frisch had tried gaseous thermal diffusion (differing from Philip Abelson’s candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Otto Frisch had tried gaseous thermal diffusion (differing from Philip Abelson’s liquid thermal diffusion) at Birmingham early in 1941 and proved it inadequate for separating uranium isotopes, but Nishina had no knowledge of that secret work. ●●

1941 The bill for this came due after 1941, in a murder... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The bill for this came due after 1941, in a murderous civil war which started all over again in 1991. Romania acquired millions of Hunga ●●

1941 There were still occasional flashes of intuition, ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There were still occasional flashes of intuition, as in his design of the campaign against France in 1940 and in his refusal to permit a retreat in fr ●●

1941 that “the targets chosen were in congested industrial areas and were carefully picked so that bombs rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story that “the targets chosen were in congested industrial areas and were carefully picked so that bombs which overshot or undershot the actual railway centers under attack [in this instance] should fall on these areas, thereby affecting morale. ●●

1941 it met again in Cambridge to hear from other Uranium Committee members and from Bainbridge. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story it met again in Cambridge to hear from other Uranium Committee members and from Bainbridge. ●●

1941 was inventing a relatively cheap way to make uranium hexafluoride. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story was inventing a relatively cheap way to make uranium hexafluoride. ●●

1941 following a conference with his colleagues, he stressed their consensus that isotope separation woul rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story following a conference with his colleagues, he stressed their consensus that isotope separation would be feasible “only for special applications in which cheapness is but a secondary consideration. ●●

1941 Imperial Army authorizes Japanese atomic bomb research ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the official order came through: the Imperial Army Air Force authorized research toward the development of an atomic bomb. ●●

1941 he heard from George Flerov, one of the two young physicists in his Moscow laboratory who had discov candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story he heard from George Flerov, one of the two young physicists in his Moscow laboratory who had discovered the spontaneous fission of uranium in 1940 and reported their discovery in a cable to the Physical Review. ●●

1941 “this was the first I had heard about even the remote possibility of a bomb. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “this was the first I had heard about even the remote possibility of a bomb. ●●

1941 to determine the man-made element’s various cross sections. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story to determine the man-made element’s various cross sections. ●●

1941 to promote atomic bomb research. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story to promote atomic bomb research. ●●

1941 and proved it inadequate for separating uranium isotopes, but Nishina had no knowledge of that secre rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and proved it inadequate for separating uranium isotopes, but Nishina had no knowledge of that secret work. ●●

1941 Stalin discusses postwar borders with Eden in Moscow ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the occasion of Eden's visit to Moscow in December 1941, Stalin discussed postwar territorial arrangements and made clear his preference for practical arithmetic over declarations of principle, seeking recognition of the 1941 Soviet borders. ●●

1941 1941: Ed Roberts (1941–2010). rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ed Roberts (1941–2010). Altair on the cover, January 1975. ●●

1941 1941: evailed and authorized Aiken to build his machine. 20 In April 1941, a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story evailed and authorized Aiken to build his machine. 20 In April 1941, as IBM was constructing the Mark I to Aiken’s specifications at its lab in Endico ●●

1941 1941: nasoff or the lawyer to make a filing for patents. Mauchly proceeded t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nasoff or the lawyer to make a filing for patents. Mauchly proceeded to forge ahead during that fall of 1941 with his own design for a computer, which ●●

1941 1941: ar, and the Internet—were spawned by the military. America’s entry int rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ar, and the Internet—were spawned by the military. America’s entry into World War II in December 1941 provided the impetus to fund the machine that Ma ●●

1941 1941: hor for the balls-in-the-air ferment in the halls. In November 1941 Br rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story hor for the balls-in-the-air ferment in the halls. In November 1941 Brattain had made his last journal entry, into his notebook #18194, before leaving ●●

1941 1941: Ed Roberts (1941–2010). Altair on the cover, January 1975. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ed Roberts (1941–2010). Altair on the cover, January 1975. ●●

1941 Information history in 1941 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story en theory and practice—the clashing cultures. “For the mathematician, an argument is either perfect in every detail or else it is wrong,” he wrote in 1941. ●●

1941 re going out all over Europe and when such illumination as w rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “In these grim days when the lights are going out all over Europe and when such illumination as we have in the blackout is likely to come, figurativel ●●

1941 ntinue to be a little troubled about the idea of our so-call rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I continue to be a little troubled about the idea of our so-called enemy aliens traveling too far afield,” wrote Aydelotte in December 1941, who had ●●

1941 Gödel file their petitions for citizenship rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gödel file their petitions for citizenship, this status will be changed in accordance with the modified rule regarding Austrians.”25 Despite these ob ●●

1941 Did you hear about this?” von Neumann wrote to Stan Ulam in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Did you hear about this?” von Neumann wrote to Stan Ulam in May of 1941 ●●

1941 Event of 1941 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” In 1941 Sweden greatly broadened grounds for sterilization, and by the end of the decade authorities had cited eugenic indications in sterilizing mo ●●

1941 5, in small ways helping others survive. For rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 5, in small ways helping others survive. For example, Austrian journalist Eugen Kogon worked as a clerk in Buchenwald’s hospital under the notorious Dr. Erwin Ding-Schuler. It was Ding-Schuler who in 1941 wrote in his diary, “Since tests on animals are not of sufficient value, tests on human beings ●●

1941 This system was brought back in 1941 to Japan itself and became the core of the wartime resource all rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This system was brought back in 1941 to Japan itself and became the core of the wartime resource allocation system. ●●

1941 I provide a new account of the dynamic that launched Germany into war and explain both how this sust rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I provide a new account of the dynamic that launched Germany into war and explain both how this sustained a successful war effort up to 1941 and how it reached its inevitable limit in the Russian snow. ●●

1941 In the spring of 1941, before the United States began to intervene decisively in the naval war, it d rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the spring of 1941, before the United States began to intervene decisively in the naval war, it did briefly seem as though British supply lines might be severed. ●●

1941 Preemptiveness is essentially the rationale rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Preemptiveness is essentially the rationale imperial Japan, without being overly para- noid, used to justify its attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, and which Nazi Germany, as a sham pretext, used to justify its invasion of Poland in 1939, To one observe ●●

1941 1912-41 - China: The disorders rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1912-41 - China: The disorders which began with the Kuomintang rebellion in 1912, which were redirected by the invasion of China by Japan and finally ended by war between Japan and the United States in 1941, led to demonstrations and landing parties ●●

1941 Woodhouse, The Struggle for Greece, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Woodhouse, The Struggle for Greece, 1941-1949 (London, 1976) pp ●●

1941 New York Times, 24 June rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story New York Times, 24 June 1941; for an interesting account of how US officials laid the groundwork for the Cold War during and immediately after World War 2, see the first chapter of Blanche Wiesen Cook, The Declassified Eisenhower (New York, 1981), a ●●

1941 1941 - Greenland: Taken under rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1941 - Greenland: Taken under protection of the United States in April ●●

1941 Greek Communists found ELAS and EAM ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Founded during the course of 1941-42 on the initiative of the Greek Communist Party, ELAS and its political wing EAM cut across the entire left side of the political spectrum, numbering many priests and even a few bishops amongst its follow- ers ●●

1941 Luftwaffe secures aircraft deal with Vichy France ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On February 12, 1941, the Luftwaffe finally obtains agreement from France to produce 3,000 aircraft and 13,500 aero-engines under license. ●●

1941 Italy threatens to halt Mediterranean naval operations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By February 1941, the Italian navy threatens to halt its Mediterranean operations unless Germany supplies at least 250,000 tons of fuel. ●●

1941 German army plans 40,000 tanks for post-Soviet war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1941, German army internal planning document calls for production of almost 40,000 tanks and 130,000 half-tracks over three years for post-Soviet operations. ●●

1941 Nazis begin gas van experiments for mass killing ai_extracted 2 cit. no story By end of 1941, learning process from hand executions leads to first experiments with gas vans, eventually abandoned as too slow compared to shooting methods. ●●

1941 France agrees to aircraft production for Wehrmacht rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story February 12, 1941: Luftwaffe secures agreement for 3,000 aircraft and 13,500 engines from France. ●●

1941 US Congress passes the Lend-Lease Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story March 11, 1941: Congress appropriates $8.3 billion for British war supplies including 11,800 aircraft. ●●

1941 Italy demands 250,000 tons fuel from Germany monthly rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story February 1941: Italian navy threatens to halt Mediterranean operations without massive fuel deliveries. ●●

1941 Wehrmacht exhausts available male population for warfare rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Summer 1941: 85% of German men aged 20-30 already in Wehrmacht; manpower fully committed. ●●

1941 Hitler predicts inevitable global war with America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story January 9, 1941: Hitler addresses commanders at Berchtesgaden about inevitable global war with America. ●●

1941 German army plans post-Soviet campaign with 36 Panzer divisions rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story May 1941: Army planning document calls for 40,000 tanks and 130,000 half-tracks for invasion of Middle East. ●●

1941 Hitler declares Jewish destruction the war's consequence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story December 12, 1941: Hitler tells Nazi leadership that Jewish destruction must follow world war. ●●

1941 Einsatzgruppe A destroys Baltic Jewish communities ai_extracted 1 cit. no story June 25-26, 1941: Horrific pogrom at Kaunas begins systematic destruction of 270,000 Jews by spring 1942. ●●

1941 Leningrad encircled by German and Finnish forces ai_extracted 1 cit. no story October 1941: 2.5 million trapped as city enters famine with 4,000 daily deaths by December. ●●

1941 Wehrmacht starves Soviet POWs to death ai_extracted 1 cit. no story December 1941: Of 3.35 million captured Red Army soldiers, only 1.1 million alive; 600,000 starved by February 1942. ●●

1941 Einsatzgruppe A executes German Jews at Kaunas ai_extracted 1 cit. no story November 25-29, 1941: Mass execution of German Jews deported from Berlin, Breslau, Munich, Frankfurt. ●●

1941 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Marriner Eccles was the Governor of the Federal Reserve Sys- tem in 1941 ●●

1941 Modern business enterprise since 1941 In many sectors of the American economy,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Modern business enterprise since 1941 In many sectors of the American economy, but above all in the central sectors of production and distribution, World War II put the capstone on the institutional developments of the interwar years and set the stage for the impressive growth of the modern business enterprise and of the economy itself in the postwar years ●●

1941 Bombing of Pearl Harbor rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cooper describes arriving at the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard and finding a pier still marked by damage from the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor decades earlier. ●●

1941 Zuse completes the Z3 programmable computer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Zuse's Z3 becomes the first fully working, programmable, automatic digital computer, using electromechanical relays. ●●

1941 Mauchly visits Atanasoff in Iowa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Mauchly travels to Iowa State to see Atanasoff's partly built computer, a visit that later spawns a bitter patent dispute. ●●

25 August 1942 to 7 September 1942 Battle of Milne Bay wikidata 0 cit. no story 1942 battle ●●

1942 Battle for Vlasenica wikidata 0 cit. no story 1942 operation of the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia to the assault of Vlasenica ●●

1942 Germany conquers core of Western Civilization by 1942 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In Quigley's framework, Nazi Germany as a semi-peripheral power had overrun much of the European core of Western Civilization by 1942 before being defeated by the United States and the Soviet Union. ●●

1942 Fritz Todt killed in air crash ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fritz Todt, the engineer set to run Germany's economic mobilization, died in an airplane crash on February 12, 1942. Albert Speer succeeded him but had to share authority with several rival offices. ●●

1942 Thousand-bomber raid on Cologne ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Using new intersecting radio-beam navigation, Britain launched a thousand-bomber raid on Cologne in May 1942. Bomb damage, however great, had no decisive effect on Germany's ability to wage war. ●●

1942 Battle of Midway ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first turning point in the war between the United States and Japan came at Midway on June 4, 1942. American carriers, alerted to the Japanese plan, sprang a counter-ambush that destroyed four Japanese carriers. ●●

1942 Montgomery attacks at El Alamein ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On October 23, 1942, with Rommel absent in Germany, Montgomery attacked the Axis forces at El Alamein at their strongest point along the coast road. After twelve days he broke through, and the German position in Egypt collapsed. ●●

1942 Operation Torch: American invasion of North Africa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The American invasion of French North Africa on November 8, 1942 (Operation Torch) came as a compromise among the differing strategic ideas of Moscow, London, and Washington. It landed at three points in Morocco and Algeria. ●●

1942 Hitler orders the capture of Stalingrad ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 18, 1942, after seven weeks of advance toward the Caucasus, Hitler suddenly ordered the capture of Stalingrad. Because the armored forces were committed elsewhere, the assault could not begin until September 12th. ●●

1942 Anglo-Soviet Treaty of alliance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To avoid committing to disputed territorial claims, Eden persuaded Stalin to accept a twenty-year Anglo-Soviet treaty of alliance on May 26, 1942. It had no territorial provisions and pledged non-interference in other states' affairs. ●●

1942 Dieppe raid ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On August 19, 1942, a force of 5,000 men, mostly Canadians, landed at Dieppe and suffered 3,350 casualties in a few hours. The disaster underscored the difficulty of a cross-Channel assault. ●●

1942 Anglo-Soviet-Iranian alliance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 29, 1942, Britain, the Soviet Union, and Iran signed an alliance in which the two powers promised to protect Iran's sovereignty while gaining military control of the trans-Iranian supply route. Over that route 5.5 million tons of supplies later reached the Soviet Union. ●●

1942 Invasion of Guadalcanal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The eastern drive up the Pacific 'ladder' began on August 7, 1942, when naval and marine forces from Wellington invaded Guadalcanal in the Solomons. Six months of horrible jungle combat followed. ●●

1942 First sustained nuclear chain reaction ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 2 December 1942 at the University of Chicago, Fermi's team withdrew the cadmium rods and achieved the first sustained nuclear chain reaction. ●●

1942 Smuts's Life article urging Commonwealth reorganization (28 Dec 1942) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites Smuts's article in Life for 28 December 1942 and a 1943 London speech proposing regional blocs to bind the Dominions closer to Britain. He treats it as a Milner Group trial balloon. ●●

1942 The Group founds the reconstruction journal Agenda ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the war went on the Milner Group turned to postwar planning, founding a quarterly on reconstruction edited from Chatham House. ●●

1942 E. H. Carr's Conditions of Peace ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says that in his 1942 book Conditions of Peace, the Network-linked historian E. H. Carr argued a flawed economic system had caused World War II and urged the West to adopt socialism. It presents Carr as a practitioner of Realpolitik. ●●

1942 Year 1942: In September 1942 senior officers of the Secret In rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1942 senior officers of the Secret Intelligence Service summoned the legendary agent Fitzroy MacLean, whose exploits had taken him to clandestine battlegrounds from Tr... ●●

1942 (The Revenue Act of 1942 would raise this tax rate on income above $200,000... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (The Revenue Act of 1942 would raise this tax rate on income above $200,000 to 82 percent and increase the top rate of corporate taxes from 31 percent to 40 percent to help fund... ●●

1942 Vlasov Army formed under Andrei Vlasov ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1942 this effort became known as the Vlasov Army after Andrei Vlasov, a former general in the Red Army whom the Germans had chosen to be the crusade’s leader. ●●

1942 “The bulk of the volunteers rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The bulk of the volunteers … I am convinced, did not enlist to fight for the [anti- Bolshevik] cause,” writes Lieutenant General Ralph von Heygendorff, a commander of the eastern legions (under Kostring’s authority) from 1942 through 1944. ●●

1942 *The Wannsee Institute also provided rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story *The Wannsee Institute also provided the setting for the January 1942 meeting in which SS leader Reinhard Heydrich announced the “Final Solution to the Jewish Question” to representatives of other branches of the German government. ●●

1942 White drafts the postwar stabilization fund plan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In spring 1942, Treasury official Harry Dexter White developed plans for a postwar stabilization fund and international monetary cooperation mechanisms. These concepts would later become core elements of the Bretton Woods system. ●●

1942 Revenue Act of 1942 shifts to current-year tax collection ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Revenue Act of 1942 introduced current-year income tax collection, requiring taxes to be paid in the year earned rather than the following year. This accelerated federal revenue collection for war production spending. ●●

1942 Bernardino Nogara Calls Vatican Banking Debt candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1942, Bernardino Nogara called in his favor from the House of Morgan for assistance in securing the release of Leonard Rist from German captivity. ●●

1942 The hardheaded banker flirted with fanciful schemes for worl... (1942) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Max never overcame his sense that Weizmann betrayed the Warburgs and he resented that the Jewish Agency presumed to speak for Jews worldwide. In 1942,... ●●

1942 When the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor (1942) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Army Air Force Intelligence. The American military urgently needed people steeped in the German language, politics, and geography and so in the early ... ●●

1942 After the New Haven speech (1942) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Malvina may have been either lesbian or bisexual—according to which Warburg you talk to—and that, in turn, may have encouraged Bettina to think she co... ●●

1942 1942 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story All the rest was merely the proper application of overwhelming force.”1 Yet such confidence must have seemed wildly misplaced to more cautious minds on the Allied side during 1942 ... ●●

1942 20. MMW. Fritz M. Warburg Akten. Paket 3 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 20. MMW. Fritz M. Warburg Akten. Paket 3, letter from Fritz Warburg to Hermann Brück, August 24, 1942. ●●

1942 Only twenty-seven Londoners lost their lives to bombs in 1942 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only twenty-seven Londoners lost their lives to bombs in 1942. ●●

1942 Not until 1942 would they officially propose a name for the new element that fis rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Not until 1942 would they officially propose a name for the new element that fissioned like U235 but could be chemically separated from uranium. ●●

1942 “The first time large funds were available in Germany,” Heisenberg recalled at t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The first time large funds were available in Germany,” Heisenberg recalled at the end of the war, “was in the spring of 1942, after that meeting with Rust, when we convinced him that we had absolutely definite proof that it could be done.”1569 Heisenberg’s “large” is relative to the modest funds that had been available before, however. ●●

1942 “In the course of one of these meetings, at the end of April 1942, [Fromm] remar rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “In the course of one of these meetings, at the end of April 1942, [Fromm] remarked that our only chance of winning the war lay in developing a weapon with totally new effects. ●●

1942 “On May 6, 1942, I discussed this situation with Hitler and proposed that Göring rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “On May 6, 1942, I discussed this situation with Hitler and proposed that Göring be placed at the head of the Reich Research Council—thus emphasizing its importance.”1570 That shift to the obese Reichsmarshal who commanded the Luftwaffe and whom Hitler had designated to be his successor carried only symbolic promotion. ●●

1942 Assuming they know about [plutonium], they could run a heavy water pile for two rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Assuming they know about [plutonium], they could run a heavy water pile for two months at 100,000 kw and produce six kilograms of it; thus it would be possible for them to have six bombs by the end of this year [1942]. ●●

1942 * * * In the summer of 1942 Robert Oppenheimer gathered together at Berkeley a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story * * * In the summer of 1942 Robert Oppenheimer gathered together at Berkeley a small group of theoretical physicists he was amused to call the “luminaries.”1608 Their job was to throw light on the actual design of an atomic bomb. ●●

1942 He thought such an operation might find a home in Cincinnati or with the plutoni rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He thought such an operation might find a home in Cincinnati or with the plutonium production piles in Tennessee.1634 * * * James Bryant Conant heard the results of the Berkeley summer study at a meeting of the S-l Executive Committee in late August 1942 and jotted down a page of notes under the heading “Status of the Bomb.”1635, 1636 The fission bomb, he wrote, would explode according to the luminaries with “150 times energy of previous calculation” but, bad news, would require a critical mass “6 times the previous [estimated] size[:] 30 kg U235.” Twelve kilograms of U235 were enough to explode, Conant noted, but inefficiently with “only 2% of energy.” News of the Super then startled the NDRC chairman to a slip of the pencil: To denotate [sic: detonate] 5–10 kg of heavy hydrogen liquid would require 30 kg U235 If you use 2 or 3 Tons of liquid deuterium and 30 kg U235 this would be equivalent 108 [i.e., 100,000,000] tons of TNT. ●●

1942 The ultimate potential possibilities are now considered to be very much greater candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The ultimate potential possibilities are now considered to be very much greater than at the time of the [last] report.”1637 The hydrogen bomb was thus under development in the United States onward from July 1942. ●●

1942 “On the day I learned that I was to direct the project which ultimately produced rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “On the day I learned that I was to direct the project which ultimately produced the atomic bomb,” Albany-born Leslie Richard Groves wrote later, “I was probably the angriest officer in the United States Army.”1650 The West Point graduate, forty-six years old in 1942, goes on to explain why: It was on September 17, 1942, at 10:30 a.m., that I got the news. ●●

1942 * * * Enrico Fermi began planning a full-scale chain-reacting pile in May 1942 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story * * * Enrico Fermi began planning a full-scale chain-reacting pile in May 1942 when one of the exponential piles his team built in the west stands of Stagg Field indicated its k at infinity would muster 0.995.1662 The Met Lab was searching out higher-quality graphite and sponsoring production of pure uranium metal, denser than oxide; those and other improvements should push k above 1.0. ●●