Events, Verisoph

1942 14 Physics and Desert Country Robert Oppenheimer was thirty-eight years old in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 14 Physics and Desert Country Robert Oppenheimer was thirty-eight years old in 1942. ●●

1942 In the spring of 1942 the Navy committed itself to developing nuclear power for candidate ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In the spring of 1942 the Navy committed itself to developing nuclear power for propulsion: The study of nuclear physics is a national project.1780 Research in this field is continuing on a broad scale in the United States, which has recently obtained the services of a number of Jewish scientists, and considerable progress has been made. ●●

1942 Allied landing in North Africa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Roosevelt supported the landing in North Africa in November 1942 and, after the conquest of the northern shore of the Mediterranean, a landing in Italy in the spring of 1943, which knocked Italy out of the war. ●●

1942 Molotov sent to London for postwar talks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Stalin tried to bring matters to a head by sending Molotov to London in May 1942, where Soviet postwar territorial demands would be negotiated with the British government. ●●

1942 electromagnetic separation still looked so much more promising to James Bryant Conant than either th rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story electromagnetic separation still looked so much more promising to James Bryant Conant than either the plutonium approach or gaseous barrier diffusion that he had offered up for debate the possibility of pursuing it exclusively. ●●

1942 Harold Urey could note in a progress report that “three methods for the separation of the uranium is rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Harold Urey could note in a progress report that “three methods for the separation of the uranium isotopes have now reached the engineering stage. ●●

1942 when the Navy committee began to report discouragement, he met privately with a young cosmic-ray phy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when the Navy committee began to report discouragement, he met privately with a young cosmic-ray physicist in his laboratory, Tadashi Takeuchi, told his young colleague he meant to carry forward isotope separation studies and asked him to help. ●●

1942 [Fromm] remarked that our only chance of winning the war lay in developing a weapon with totally new rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story [Fromm] remarked that our only chance of winning the war lay in developing a weapon with totally new effects. ●●

1942 Oppenheimer convenes the Berkeley luminaries ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Oppenheimer gathered together at Berkeley a small group of theoretical physicists he was amused to call the “luminaries. ●●

1942 the Cornell physicist had established himself as a theoretician of the first rank. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the Cornell physicist had established himself as a theoretician of the first rank. ●●

1942 JRO Papers, Box 71: “In connection with these reactions it occurred to me that our Lithium Deuterite rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story JRO Papers, Box 71: “In connection with these reactions it occurred to me that our Lithium Deuterite estimate which we made at Berkeley might be wrong . ●●

1942 Maisky raises Stalin's territorial demands in London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In preparatory discussions for Molotov's visit to London in April 1942, Soviet Ambassador Ivan Maisky raised Stalin's territorial terms. The Soviet Union now demanded pacts of mutual assistance with Romania and Finland for the postwar period. ●●

1942 1942: William von Meister (1942–1995). rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Larry Brilliant (1944– ) and Stewart Brand on Brand’s houseboat in 2010. William von Meister (1942–1995). Steve Case (1958– ). ●●

1942 1942: His style rubbed off on young Bill, born in 1942, who seemed... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story of a chemical company until he was indicted for fraud. His style rubbed off on young Bill, born in 1942, who seemed hell-bent on matching his father’s flameouts in flamboyance if not in severity. Grow ●●

1942 1942: The computer designed by John Vincent Atanasoff, which was complete bu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The computer designed by John Vincent Atanasoff, which was complete but not fully workable by the time Atanasoff abandoned it to serve in the Navy in ●●

1942 1942: ) and Stewart Brand on Brand’s houseboat in 2010. William von Meister rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ) and Stewart Brand on Brand’s houseboat in 2010. William von Meister (1942–1995). Steve Case (1958– ). ●●

1942 1942: chemical company until he was indicted for fraud. His style rubbed off rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story chemical company until he was indicted for fraud. His style rubbed off on young Bill, born in 1942, who seemed hell-bent on matching his father’s flam ●●

1942 I was not fully aware of the dangers of Benzedrine rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I was not fully aware of the dangers of Benzedrine, and I am afraid I used it to the serious detriment of my health.”19 On July 1, 1942, George Stibi ●●

1942 “I remember reading Turing’s paper in the Trinity College li rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I remember reading Turing’s paper in the Trinity College library in 1942,” says Freeman Dyson, “and thinking ‘what a brilliant piece of mathematical ●●

1942 Turing was in the United States between November 1942 and Ma rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Turing was in the United States between November 1942 and March 1943, and von Neumann was in England between February and July 1943 ●●

1942 Boston: MIT Press, 1949 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Norbert Wiener, “Extrapolation, Interpolation, and Smoothing of Stationary Time Series, with Engineering Applications,” classified report to the Natio ●●

1942 mmitted to the Nazi program through much of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story mmitted to the Nazi program through much of the Reich years. After the war, geneticists would claim they had no affinity with their Nazi counterparts. But that was not the case. For example, in April 1942, amid worldwide charges of mass extermination, the American Genetic Association’s Journal of He ●●

1942 Goering announces air programme targeting war by 1942 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By telephone I receive instructions: all preparations now for war against England, target 1942!’° Two weeks later, on 14 October 1938, Goering announced the new programme in a major address in the conference hall of the Air Ministry. ●●

1942 The last reference has to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The last reference has to do with the bacteriological warfare experiments the Japanese had carried out against China between 1940 and 1942 ●●

1942 Huk guerrilla forces organized in the Philippines ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Huk guerrilla forces had been organized in 1942, largely at the initiative of the Communist Party, in response to the Japanese occupation of the islands ●●

1942 Himmler designates Auschwitz for Western European Jews ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On July 18-19, 1942, Himmler visits Auschwitz and designates it as killing center for Jews of Western Europe; issues orders for extermination by year end. ●●

1942 Nazi death camps reach peak killing capacity ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In autumn 1942, as Warsaw ghetto population is shipped to Treblinka during lock-down, major death camps operate at full speed with coordinated food starvation program. ●●

1942 Backe demands 3.5 million Jews removed from food supply ai_extracted 1 cit. no story June 23, 1942: Reich Food Minister demands Jewish elimination from food supply to increase grain exports. ●●

1942 Goering orders occupied territories to starve ai_extracted 1 cit. no story August 6, 1942: Reichsmarschall demands 500,000 tons grain extraction; peoples in occupied territories must starve. ●●

1942 Albert Speer takes control of armaments ai_extracted 1 cit. no story February 1942: Speer takes office with control over civilian economy and armaments production. ●●

1942 Hitler prioritizes ammunition production ai_extracted 1 cit. no story January 1942: Hitler demands massive ammunition production for six months at 1941 consumption rates. ●●

1942 Atanasoff abandons his computer for the Navy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Atanasoff leaves his unfinished electronic computer at Iowa State to serve in the Navy, and the machine is later dismantled and forgotten. ●●

1943 Battle for Vlasenica wikidata 0 cit. no story 1943 second operation People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia in an attempt to capture the town of Vlasenica ●●

22 November 1943 Independence of Lebanon 0 cit. no story Lebanon becomes independent from France after the mandate authorities release the imprisoned national government. politics ●●●

1943 Casablanca demand for unconditional surrender ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the Casablanca conference in January 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill decided to occupy Sicily and to demand the unconditional surrender of the three totalitarian powers. The published demand set off a controversy Quigley says solidified enemy resistance. ●●

1943 German Sixth Army surrenders at Stalingrad ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After being encircled and forbidden to retreat, General Paulus surrendered the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad in early February 1943, two days after Hitler promoted him to field marshal. Of 270,000 Germans surrounded, over 100,000 were dead and 93,000 surrendered. ●●

1943 Doenitz replaces Raeder as head of the German navy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Grand Admiral Raeder protested Hitler's decision to decommission most surface warships for lack of fuel, he was removed and replaced by the U-boat specialist Karl Doenitz in January 1943. It marked a shift toward submarine warfare. ●●

1943 Allied invasion of Sicily ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Allied landings in Sicily on July 10, 1943, were the greatest landing-assault of the war, with eight divisions coming ashore side by side. The campaign was carried on ineptly, letting the Germans evacuate their forces to Italy. ●●

1943 Fall of Mussolini ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 25, 1943, after more than twenty years in power, Mussolini was forced to resign by the king and arrested, following a no-confidence vote by the Fascist Grand Council. His fall did not improve Italy's position or end the war. ●●

1943 Italy signs armistice with the Allies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After days of discussion, the Badoglio government signed an armistice accepting the Allied terms on September 3, 1943, to be kept secret until Allied troops could land in force. Its premature publication let the Germans seize much of Italy. ●●

1943 Italy declares war on Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After signing a longer armistice that bound it to the Allied command, the king's government declared war on Germany on October 13, 1943. Italy became a co-belligerent while German forces still fought on Italian soil. ●●

1943 Katyn mass graves announced ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 13, 1943, German radio announced the discovery at Katyn near Smolensk of mass graves holding thousands of Polish officers. Quigley concludes the mass of evidence shows they were shot by Soviet authorities in the spring of 1940, and the affair broke Soviet-Polish relations. ●●

1943 Trident Conference sets Overlord for May 1944 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the Trident Conference in Washington in May 1943, Churchill and Roosevelt set the cross-Channel attack, Overlord, for May 1944 and ordered an intensified aerial bombardment of Germany as a preliminary. Postwar issues were left unresolved. ●●

1943 UNRRA founded at Atlantic City ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At its first meeting in Atlantic City in November 1943, forty-four nations agreed to fund the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration by contributing one percent of their national incomes. Former New York governor Herbert Lehman was elected director-general. ●●

1943 Connally Resolution passes the Senate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November 1943 the Connally Resolution favoring a postwar international organization passed the U.S. Senate by 85 to 5. With the earlier Fulbright Resolution in the House, it signaled a decisive turn away from isolationism. ●●

1943 Teheran decision to back Tito over Mihajlovic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Teheran in late 1943, Churchill made the fateful suggestion to shift Allied supplies in Yugoslavia from the royalist Chetniks under Mihajlovic to the Communist Partisans under Tito. Quigley argues the change, made without a clear grasp of its meaning, ensured Communist control of postwar Yugoslavia. ●●

1943 Firestorm raids on Hamburg ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Beginning July 24, 1943, British raids on Hamburg with high-explosive and incendiary bombs created unprecedented 'fire storms' with hurricane-force winds. German authorities later set the toll at about 40,000 dead and half the city destroyed. ●●

1943 American daylight raid on Schweinfurt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On October 14, 1943, the first great American effort against Schweinfurt, which made 80 percent of German ball bearings, showed the cost of precision daylight bombing: 62 of 228 heavy bombers failed to return. Short-range escorts had to turn back at the German border. ●●

1943 Conquest of the Solomon Islands ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By February 8, 1943, after six months of jungle fighting often without air or sea support, the Solomons were conquered. Six naval battles weakened Japanese surface forces and left at least 135,000 enemy ground troops isolated. ●●

1943 Proximity VT fuse first used in combat ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The radar proximity fuse, one of the war's greatest scientific achievements, was first used in action on 5 January 1943 by the U.S.S. Helena against a Japanese plane. ●●

1943 Sicily invasion deception of 1943 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites the 1943 invasion of Sicily as a model of counterespionage: the Germans were fed false information through Spain about an invasion of the Balkans. ●●

1943 Peron comes to power in Argentina ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Juan D. Peron, an army officer, came to power by a coup d'etat in 1943 and based his control on an alliance of the military with the workers. His unprincipled rule and lack of a plan led to his overthrow by the military in 1955. ●●

1943 Government absorbs Chatham House's research arm (April 1943) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of 1942 Eden wrote to Lord Astor that the government wished to take over the Foreign Research and Press Service completely; this was done in April 1943, becoming the ministry's Research Department. ●●

1943 Philby had defected to the USSR. “I knew about the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Philby had defected to the USSR. “I knew about the Gehlen unit from the summer of 1943 onwards …” he commented in 1977. “It seemed to be no better than the other sections of the Ab... ●●

1943 FDR appoints Aldrich to lead National War Fund ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In April 1943, FDR summoned Winthrop Aldrich to the White House to offer him the position of chairman of the National War Fund. This centralized banker control over domestic war relief fundraising and elevated their power. ●●

1943 FDR freezes prices and wages by executive order ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On April 8, 1943, FDR issued an executive order freezing prices, wages, and salaries across the economy. This effort aimed to control inflation during the intensive war production and full-employment phase. ●●

1943 White Releases Updated Stabilization Fund Design rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In August 1943, Harry Dexter White released an updated design for his postwar monetary stabilization plans. That fall, John Maynard Keynes visited Washington to discuss the competing British and American proposals. ●●

1943 FDR Publicly Endorses National War Fund in Radio Address rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On May 21, 1943, FDR publicly endorsed the National War Fund and its chairman in a statement. The president linked patriotic duty directly to financial contributions made through the war fund mechanism. ●●

1943 Current Tax Payment Act takes effect ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Current Tax Payment Act took effect on June 9, 1943, allowing the federal government to collect income taxes in the current year rather than the following year. This accelerated revenue for war financing. ●●

1943 Revenue Act of 1943 raises excess profits tax to 95% ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Revenue Act of 1943 raised the excess profits tax from 90 to 95 percent while broadening the overall tax base. Though FDR vetoed the legislation, Congress overrode the veto in 1944. ●●

1943 White Revises Postwar Monetary Stabilization Design rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In August 1943, Treasury official Harry Dexter White released an updated design for his postwar monetary proposals. That fall, John Maynard Keynes traveled to Washington to negotiate the competing American and British monetary visions. ●●

1943 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act renewed in 1943 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Morgan banker Thomas Lamont convinced Republican opposition in Congress to support the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1943. This expanded FDR's power to negotiate trade deals and reduce tariffs, advancing banker internationalism. ●●

1943 Jack Morgan dies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 13, 1943, Jack Morgan died at age seventy-five, ending the era of direct Morgan family leadership of the bank. ●●

1943 The hardheaded banker flirted with fanciful schemes for worl... (1943) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gisela still worked for Hadassah, touring the country, frequently discussing Palestine with Frieda. In 1943, she married a young federal court judge, ... ●●

1943 When the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor (1943) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Eisenhower.) To inform the family of his whereabouts and bypass censors, Eric referred to a Kokoschka painting of the region owned by the Warburgs. Th... ●●

1943 By his first night there (1943) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even this rump operation was disbanded when the Warburg librarian, Hans Meier, was killed by a bomb. When financial guarantees for the Warburg library... ●●

1943 Eric had the rank and mobility to get a bird’s-eye view of a... (1943) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story August 1922. His teenage son, Eddie, took this high-spirited picture that was dubbed “Greeting the Dawn.” (American Jewish Archives) ——A somber Max W... ●●

1943 In addition (1943) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the war, Eric periodically stopped in London and noted the awesome strides being made by Siegmund. After one dinner in December 1943, Siegmund ... ●●

1943 Eric and his family moved into Noah’s Ark (1943) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Eric’s childhood friend, Wolfgang Rittmeister, lived next door and they sailed again on the Baltic in the Kong Bele. (Wolfgang’s brother, John, a cour... ●●

1943 1943 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Japan was stripped of its overseas acquisitions (as was Italy in 1943), Germany of its European gains and of its older territories in the east (Silesia, East Prussia, etc.). ●●

1943 1943 Economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Although Italy had switched sides in 1943, its economic fate was almost as grim. For two years, Allied forces had fought and bombed their way up the peninsula, severely adding to t... ●●

1943 55. MMW. EV, letter from Eric to Max rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 55. MMW. EV, letter from Eric to Max Warburg, January 27, 1943. ●●

1943 In a memorandum Bush wrote to Conant the same day he makes it clear that the MAU candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In a memorandum Bush wrote to Conant the same day he makes it clear that the MAUD Report was the basis for the discussion: “I told the conference of the British conclusions.”1479 He told the President and the Vice President that the explosive core of an atomic bomb might weigh twenty-five pounds, that it might explode with a force equivalent to some eighteen hundred tons of TNT, that a vast industrial plant costing many times as much as a major oil refinery would be necessary to separate the U235, that the raw material might come from Canada and the Belgian Congo, that the British estimated the first bombs might be ready by the end of 1943. ●●

1943 (S-l for Section One of the Office of Scientific Research and Development: Conan rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (S-l for Section One of the Office of Scientific Research and Development: Conant would administer S-l, but the National Defense Research Committee was no longer directly involved; the bomb program had advanced from research into development.) On December 18, Conant notes in the secret history of the project he wrote in 1943, “the atmosphere was charged with excitement—the country had been at war nine days, an expansion of the S-l program was now an accomplished matter. ●●

1943 He asked Rabi only to participate in an inaugural physics conference at Los Alam candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He asked Rabi only to participate in an inaugural physics conference at Los Alamos in April 1943 and to help convince others, particularly Hans Bethe, to sign on. ●●

1943 The necessity of “scientific autonomy” was one crucial reason they cited for res rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The necessity of “scientific autonomy” was one crucial reason they cited for resisting militarization, Oppenheimer wrote Conant at the beginning of February 1943, and they insisted as a corollary that although “the execution of the security and secrecy measures should be in the hands of the military . ●●

1943 Norwegian commandos parachute for Vemork sabotage ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This time six men, Norwegians native to the region and trained as Special Forces, parachuted onto a frozen lake thirty miles northwest of Vemork on February 16, 1943, the night of a full moon.1769 “Here lay the Hardanger Vidda,” one of them, Knut Haukelid, writes of the high plateau that surrounded the lake, “the largest, loneliest and wildest mountain area in northern Europe.” The men wore white jumpsuits over British Army uniforms and parachuted with skis, supplies, a shortwave radio and eighteen sets of plastic explosives, one for each of the eighteen stainless-steel electrolysis cells of the High Concentration Plant—which happened to have been designed by a refugee physical chemist, Lief Tronstad, who was now responsible to the Norwegian High Command in London for intelligence and sabotage. ●●

1943 Japanese colloquium deems atomic bomb impractical ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Japanese physics colloquium in Tokyo had decided in March 1943 that an atomic bomb was possible but not practically attainable by any of the belligerents in time to be of use in the present war. ●●

1943 Modification of the first B-29 officially began November 29, 1943 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Modification of the first B-29 officially began November 29, 1943.” * * * A captain of the Danish Army who was also a member of the Danish underground visited Niels Bohr at the House of Honor in Copenhagen early in 1943. ●●

1943 And to deny it to others, even to the British until Winston Churchill turned Fra candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story And to deny it to others, even to the British until Winston Churchill turned Franklin Roosevelt’s head at the conference in Quebec in August 1943, where Operation Overlord, the 1944 invasion of Europe across the beaches of Normandy, was planned. ●●

1943 Perhaps influenced by the enthusiasm he found at Los Alamos for weapons-making, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Perhaps influenced by the enthusiasm he found at Los Alamos for weapons-making, he proposed at the time of the April 1943 conference—privately to Robert Oppenheimer, it appears—that radioactive fission products bred in a chain-reacting pile might be used to poison the German food supply.1941 The possibility of using radioactive material bred in a nuclear reactor as a weapon of war had been mentioned by Arthur Compton’s National Academy of Sciences committee in 1941. ●●

1943 Sir John Anderson, Chancellor of the Exchequer, a scientist and the member of Ch rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sir John Anderson, Chancellor of the Exchequer, a scientist and the member of Churchill’s cabinet responsible for the Tube Alloys program, discussed the question with Conant at lunch at the Cosmos Club in Washington in August 1943.1948 He was concerned particularly about German heavy-water production because British scientists believed they had found a way to separate light from heavy water at five times the efficiency of existing processes and feared their German counterparts might have made the same discovery. ●●

1943 Bohr escapes to Scotland with Heisenberg's reactor drawing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Niels Bohr escaped from Stockholm to Scotland on October 6, 1943, he carried with him Werner Heisenberg’s drawing of an experimental heavy-water reactor. ●●

1943 “When Los Alamos was established in the spring of 1943,” he writes and the techn rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “When Los Alamos was established in the spring of 1943,” he writes and the technical history of the laboratory confirms, “the exploration of the Super was among its objectives.”2052, 2053 He accepted the postponement of that exploration through the summer of 1943, helping Bethe with the more immediate problem of developing means to calculate the critical mass and nuclear efficiency of various bomb designs. ●●

1943 After the Imperial Navy had bowed out of atomic energy research Yoshio Nishina h rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Imperial Navy had bowed out of atomic energy research Yoshio Nishina had continued patriotically to pursue it even though he privately believed that Japan in challenging the United States had invited certain disaster.2171 On July 2, 1943, Nishina had met with his Army liaison, a Major General Nobuuji, to report that he had “great expectations” for success.2172 He noted that the Air Force had asked him to study uranium as a possible aircraft fuel, as an explosive and as a source of power, and he had recently received a request for assistance from another Army laboratory, which had contributed 2,000 yen to his expenses. ●●

1943 In England in 1943 and 1944 he worked night and day to improve precision bombing rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In England in 1943 and 1944 he worked night and day to improve precision bombing. ●●

1943 They flew toward a city that an Associated Press correspondent who knew it well rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They flew toward a city that an Associated Press correspondent who knew it well had described in 1943 in a best-selling book as “grim, drab and grubby.”2224 Freed from Japanese detention in Manila and then in Shanghai, Russell Brines had brought home a message about the people he had lived among before the war and whose language he spoke: “We will fight,” the Japanese say, “until we eat stones!” The phrase is old; now revived and ground deeply into Japanese consciousness by propagandists skilled in marshaling their sheeplike people. ●●

1943 Casablanca Conference declares unconditional surrender ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Roosevelt and Churchill announced the policy of unconditional surrender at Casablanca in January 1943. Roosevelt proposed the policy to focus all Allied energy on winning the war and to reassure Stalin that there would be no separate peace. ●●

1943 Allied landing in Italy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the conquest of the northern shore of the Mediterranean, there was a landing in Italy in the spring of 1943, which knocked Italy out of the war. This was part of Roosevelt's strategy to defeat Germany first while also engaging in Mediterranean operations. ●●

1943 that an atomic bomb was possible but not practically attainable by any of the belligerents in time t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story that an atomic bomb was possible but not practically attainable by any of the belligerents in time to be of use in the present war. ●●

1943 report, submitted jointly with his NRL colleague Ross Gunn, indicated that uranium could be enriched candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story report, submitted jointly with his NRL colleague Ross Gunn, indicated that uranium could be enriched within a single thermal-diffusion column from its natural U235 content of 0. ●●

1943 when the element in useful concentrations was thought to be rare, the general, acting on behalf of t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when the element in useful concentrations was thought to be rare, the general, acting on behalf of the nation to which he gave unquestioning devotion, exercised himself to hoard for his country’s exclusive use every last pound. ●●

1943 to see if they could find any new reason to believe a pile might serve as a weapon. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story to see if they could find any new reason to believe a pile might serve as a weapon. ●●

1943 and then pressure was put on me by Oppenheimer and General Groves and particularly Conant, which rea rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and then pressure was put on me by Oppenheimer and General Groves and particularly Conant, which really mattered, to go there on full time. ●●

1943 drawing on several fine collections of classical records, including Oppenheimer’s; the few New Mexic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story drawing on several fine collections of classical records, including Oppenheimer’s; the few New Mexicans beyond the Hill who could receive the station’s signals were puzzled that announcers never introduced live performers by their last names. ●●

1943 Oppenheimer traveled via Key Railway from Berkeley to San Francisco on the evening of June 14, 1943, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oppenheimer traveled via Key Railway from Berkeley to San Francisco on the evening of June 14, 1943, where he was met by Jean Tatlock who kissed him. ●●

1943 1943: erely thirty additions or subtractions per second. BLETCHLEY PARK Alth rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story erely thirty additions or subtractions per second. BLETCHLEY PARK Although few outsiders knew it at the time—and would not know for more than three de ●●

1943 1943: and it disappeared into a basement at Iowa State. Bletchley Park’s Col rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and it disappeared into a basement at Iowa State. Bletchley Park’s Colossus I, completed in December 1943 by Max Newman and Tommy Flowers (with input ●●

1943 1943: ecessary for the tasks they originally envisioned. “No attempt has bee rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ecessary for the tasks they originally envisioned. “No attempt has been made to make provision for setting up a problem automatically,” they wrote in ●●

1943 1943: ays to mathematically model explosive shock waves. This led him to bec rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ays to mathematically model explosive shock waves. This led him to become, in 1943, a member of the Manhattan Project, making frequent trips to the se ●●