Events, Verisoph

1776 Industrial Revolution begins in England ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley dates the start of the Industrial Revolution to England about 1776, from which it spread eastward and southward across Europe, reaching France after 1830, Germany after 1850, and Italy and Russia after 1890. ●●

1776 James Watt's steam engine appears in 1776 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that James Watt's steam engine arrived in 1776, as the Continental Congress met. He says it was efficient and could deliver power anywhere, freeing industry from coal fields. ●●

1776 Adam Smith founds economics with The Wealth of Nations legendary ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1776 Adam Smith, professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow, published The Wealth of Nations. Graeber credits it with bringing the discipline of economics into being through the myth of barter. ●●

1776 American patriots declare independence from Britain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1776, when a gathering of American patriots declared their indepen dence from Great Britain, their grievances concerned oppressive taxation, restri... ●●

1776 American colonies declare independence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American colonies declare independence from British rule in 1776, establishing new nation. ●●

1777 Lavoisier identifies oxygen as a distinct gas ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After further experiments beginning in 1774, Lavoisier concludes by 1777 that the gas obtained from heating red oxide of mercury is a distinct species, one of the two main constituents of the atmosphere. He develops the oxygen theory of combustion. ●●

3 July 1778 to 13 May 1779 War of the Bavarian Succession wikidata 0 cit. no story dispute between the Austrian Habsburg monarchy and an alliance of Saxony and Prussia ●●●●

1778 Joseph Dulles flees Ireland for South Carolina ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Joseph Dulles fled Ireland to escape anti-Protestant repression and settled in South Carolina as a prosperous planter, establishing the American branch of the Dulles family. ●●

1778 War of the Bavarian Succession ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The brief and ultracautious campaigning in the War of Bavarian Succession (1778–1779), when Prussia opposed Austria’s attempt at expansion, merely confirmed this widespread wish to avoid the costs of ●●

16 July 1779 Battle of Stony Point wikidata 0 cit. no story 1779 battle of the American Revolutionary War ●●

1780 Birth of Carl von Clausewitz ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Carl von Clausewitz was born. He later joined the Prussian army at age twelve and participated in the Rhine campaign. ●●

1781 Congress ratifies the Great Seal of the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A committee including Benjamin Franklin designed and introduced the Great Seal of the United States, which Congress ratified in 1781. The reverse side featured the mysterious eye-and-pyramid with the Latin motto 'Annuit coeptis novus ordo seclorum' (God smiles on our new order of the ages). ●●

1781 Bank of North America chartered in Philadelphia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first was the Bank of North America in Philadelphia chartered in 1781 ●●

1784 Boston merchants move to abolish town meetings ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that as early as 1784 the Boston business community, led by merchant Joseph Barrell, tried to replace town meetings with a professionally managed corporation. ●●

1784 Alexander Hamilton founds the Bank of New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If Main Street hoped that Black Monday would throw a cautionary fear into Wall Street, it was dead wrong. It only prodded the Street into more assertive, reckless behavior. Securities firms had already lost many safe, reliable businesses. ●●

1786 Sir William Jones links Sanskrit and English, 1786 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes Sir William Jones's 1786 speech to the Bengal-Oriental Society proposing a common source for Sanskrit, Latin, Greek, and English. ●●

24 August 1787 to 9 January 1792 Seventh Russo-Turkish War wikidata 0 cit. no story Russian-Turkish conflict from 1787-1792 ●●●●

1787 John Jay writes to Jefferson on American enterprise ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes a 1787 letter from John Jay to Jefferson describing the enterprise of the young country as inconceivable to Europeans accustomed to controlling common people. ●●

1787 Church of England men at the 1787 Constitutional Convention ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Russell Kirk's estimate that 29 of the 55 delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention were still communicants of the Church of England. ●●

1787 Oliver Evans builds automated flour mill on Brandywine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Flour mills had used continuous-process machinery since Oliver Evans built his mill on Brandywine Creek near Wilmington, Delaware, in 1787 ●●

1788 Founding of the Societe des Amis des Noirs ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1788, leading Enlightenment figures founded the Societe des Amis des N oirs to plead the cause of slaves in the French empire. ●●

24 October 1789 to 3 December 1790 Brabant Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story armed insurrection that occurred in the Austrian Netherlands ●●●

1789 Russia sets up an official Islamic institution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The govern- Empires across C ontinents 279 ment responded by printing and distributing the Quran to Muslims and setting up in 1789 an institution to... ●●

1789 Wilberforce denounces the slave trade in Parliament ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When William Wilberforce denounced the slave trade before Parliament in 1789, not long after the American revolution and the scandal over the British... ●●

1789 Sultan Selim III launches military reforms ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sultan Selim III (ruled 1789-1 8 07) opened military schools and began French-inspired reforms of weaponry and tactics . ●●

1790 Naturalization Act limits citizenship to free whites ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Naturalization Act of 1790 opened the possibility of becoming a citizen to any "free white person" who had resided in the country for two years, d... ●●

1791 Whiskey Rebellion leaders meet in Monongahela ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that in 1791 leaders of the Whiskey Rebellion met in Monongahela, where Scots-Irish farmers spoke of forming a Trans-Allegheny nation of free men. ●●

1791 Gedike publishes the first look-say primer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that in 1791 the Prussian schoolman Friedrich Gedike published the world's first look-say primer, A Children's Reader Without the ABC's and Spelling, to eliminate drill. ●●

1791 Hamilton founds the First Bank of the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1791 Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton created the country's first central bank, the First Bank of the United States. Its charter was allowed to expire in 1811, beginning America's long ambivalence toward central banking. ●●

1791 Polish nobles adopt a written constitution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1791, Pol ish nobles provided a convenient provocation to greedy outsiders when, inspired by news from France, they gave themselves a written const... ●●

20 April 1792 to March 1802 French Revolutionary Wars 0 cit. no story Revolutionary France fights two coalitions of European monarchies, surviving through mass conscription and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. The wars export revolutionary ideas and redraw the map of Europe. politics / war ●●●●●

1792 French Assembly declares war on Austria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The French legislative assembly declared war on Austria in 1792, opening twenty-three years of conflict between revolutionary and imperial France and the rest of Europe. ●●

1792 First American marine insurance company incorporated ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first American company to insure ships and their cargoes was incorporated in 1792 ●●

1793 Vendee uprising against the revolutionary government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One of the earliest counterrevolutionary movements was the peasant uprising of the Vendée in 1793 that opposed the revolutionary government in Paris. ●●

1793 Execution of King Louis XVI ai_extracted 1 cit. no story King Louis XVI is executed during the French Revolution, which Pike claims was orchestrated by successors of the Templars to avenge Jacques de Molai ●●

1794 Washington marches an army against the Whiskey rebels ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that as president Washington assembled 13,000 troops in 1794 to march into western Pennsylvania and put down the Whiskey Rebellion. ●●

1794 Death of Mahadji Scindia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mahadji Scindia died and was succeeded by the fifteen-year-old Daulat Rao. The boy inherited a strong European-trained army but showed little skill in using it. ●●

1794 Belley takes a Saint-Domingue seat in the Assembly ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1794, one of their number,Jean-Baptiste Beiley, took a seat in the French National Con stituent Assembly as a delegate from Saint Domingue. ●●

1795 Third and final partition of Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the third and final partition did occur, in 1795, it was all too evident that Poland had been a more effective ally to France in its death throes than as a living, functioning state. By that time ●●

1795 Prussians defeat the French, secure the Rhine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prussian forces defeated the French repeatedly in Alsace and the Saar, capturing thousands of prisoners. When fighting ended in 1795, they controlled the line of the Rhine. ●●

1796 Connecticut court introduces judicial discretion in child custody ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto points to 1796 as an early sign of the state intruding into family life. He says the Connecticut Superior Court that year introduced judicial discretion into the common law of child custody. ●●

1796 Revolutionary wars breach the Frankfurt ghetto walls ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The revolutionary wars demolished the walls of the Frankfurt ghetto, enabling the Rothschild family to escape centuries of discriminatory restrictions and begin their unprecedented rise to international financial prominence. ●●

1796 Napoleon crushes Sardinia-Piedmont, Peace of Campo Formio ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This left only Sardinia-Piedmont, which in early 1796 was crushed by Napoleon; the luckless Habsburg Empire, which was driven out of much of Italy and forced into the Peace of Campo Formio (October 17 ●●

1796 Archduke Charles fights Moreau at Neresheim ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 11 August 1796, Archduke Charles fought Moreau in the Rauhe Alp (Neresheim). The Archduke fought primarily to facilitate his own retreat, demonstrating the complexities of tactical decision-making in strategic context. ●●

1797 Andrew Bell publishes account of Hindu monitorial schooling ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that in 1797 Andrew Bell published an account of the Hindu-derived monitorial method he had used in Madras, praising its drill as an impediment to real learning. ●●

1797 Run on the Bank of England forces Britain off gold ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1797, amid the Revolutionary war with France, rumors that a French army had landed in Wales provoked a run on the Bank of England. Its gold reserves shrank from £9 million to £1 million and it abandoned the gold standard. ●●

1797 Bonaparte advances on Austria from Italy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In March 1797, Bonaparte and the Army of Italy advanced from the Tagliamento to meet the Archduke Charles. His objective was to force a decision on the Austrians before reinforcements from the Rhine could arrive, ultimately leading to the peace of Campo Formio. ●●

1797 White Lotus Sect rebellion in western China ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jamieson recounts that in the second year of the Kea King (Jiaqing) emperor's reign, members of the Pai lien Chiao, or 'Sect of the White Lily,' raised what he calls a formidable revolution in China's western provinces; the rebellion was eventually quelled and membership in the society made a capital offence. ●●

1798 Alien and Sedition Acts and early nullification ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book traces state nullification back to resistance to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 and unconstitutional searches of 1807 to 1809. It presents these as precedents for defying federal power. ●●

1798 Wellesley sails from Calcutta to Madras ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lord Wellesley left Calcutta by ship for Madras so he could direct the coming war against Tipu Sultan from a southern base. He arrived on the last day of 1798. ●●

1798 Edward Jenner develops smallpox vaccination ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Edward Jenner developed the vaccination technique using cowpox matter to prevent smallpox, representing a major advance in inoculation with significantly lower mortality rates than earlier variolation techniques. ●●

1799 Harris ordered to invade Mysore ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Governor General ordered General Harris to move his army into Mysore and march on Tipu's capital. Wellesley instructed that there be no negotiations until the army stood before the walls of Srirangapatnam. ●●

1799 Arthur Wellesley's failed night attack at Srirangapatnam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the siege of Tipu's capital opened, Arthur Wellesley led a night attack on the outer defences that failed. A party of thirteen captured Company sepoys was tortured to death. ●●

1799 Death of Tipu Sultan at Srirangapatnam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the final assault on his island capital, Tipu Sultan fought on the ramparts and was shot at point-blank range. He died sword in hand among the dead, ending four wars against the Company. ●●

1799 Pope Pius VI dies in French captivity ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The marginalization of the pope begun by ‘Enlightened Despots’ had seemed to be complete when revolutionary French armies arrested Pius VI and watched him die in French exile in 1799 ●●

1800 Founding of the Bank of France ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley traces French financial capitalism to the founding of the Bank of France in 1800, when financial power lay with about ten to fifteen private banking houses, mostly of Swiss Protestant origin. ●●

1800 Death of Nana Phadnavis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The veteran Maratha Prime Minister Nana Phadnavis died after guiding Maratha diplomacy and administration for twenty-five years. His death removed the last figure able to hold the fractious Maratha Confederacy together. ●●

May 1801 to June 1805 First Barbary War 0 cit. no story The young United States fights Tripoli over tribute demanded by the Barbary states from American shipping. It is the first overseas war fought by the United States. war ●●

1801 Napoleon and Pius VII sign the Concordat ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Accordingly, in 1801, he and Pope Pius VII reached an agreement or Concordat, the model for many similar deals between the papacy and a variety of governments throughout the world during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries ●●

1802 Barings finances the Louisiana Purchase ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Barings Brothers, the oldest merchant bank in London, helped the U.S. government finance the purchase of the Louisiana Territory in 1802 from a cash-strapped Napoleon. Its authority in Europe was legendary. ●●

1802 Battle of Hadaspur ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the feast of Diwali, Jaswant Rao Holkar's army met the combined forces of the Peshwa and Scindia near Pune. Holkar was wounded leading a cavalry charge but won a decisive victory, and Baji Rao fled. ●●

1802 Treaty of Bassein ratified ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The fugitive Peshwa Baji Rao II signed a treaty of alliance accepting the Company as Maratha overlord and a British garrison at Pune. Holkar warned it had destroyed the Maratha state. ●●

18 May 1803 to 20 November 1815 Napoleonic Wars 0 cit. no story Napoleon's France fights successive coalitions of European powers, dominating the continent for a decade before defeat in Russia, at Leipzig, and finally at Waterloo. The wars kill millions and reshape the political map of Europe. politics / war ●●●●●

1803 Napoleon sells Louisiana to the United States, 1803 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in 1803 because his overriding concern had to be France's position on the European continent, not overseas empire. ●●

1803 Wellesley plans to invade Hindustan and seize Delhi ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When it became clear Scindia would not accept the Treaty of Bassein, Wellesley drew up plans to invade Hindustan and take both Delhi and the Mughal emperor. This aimed to make the Company the paramount power of India. ●●

1803 Arthur Wellesley restores Baji Rao to Pune ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Arthur Wellesley marched the Peshwa Baji Rao II back to Pune and restored him to his throne under British control, without firing a shot. Holkar withdrew his army north-east across the Deccan. ●●

1803 Barlow memorandum on British paramountcy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sir George Barlow set out an aggressive doctrine that no Indian state should survive unless upheld by, or under the absolute control of, British power. It foreshadowed the coming British Raj. ●●

1803 Daulat Rao Scindia declares war on the Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rather than back down to Wellesley's ultimatum, Scindia gave Colonel Collins a formal declaration of war and expelled him from his camp. Wellesley put his war plans into action on four fronts. ●●

1803 Arthur Wellesley captures Ahmadnagar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On hearing of Scindia's declaration of war, Arthur Wellesley broke camp with 40,000 troops and marched on the fortress of Ahmadnagar. He took it after a brief bombardment and a bribe to its mercenary garrison. ●●

1803 Battle of Assaye ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Arthur Wellesley, heavily outnumbered, attacked Scindia's confederated army near Assaye. After fierce fighting the Marathas were driven from the field, leaving ninety-eight guns, but Wellesley lost a third of his men. ●●

1803 Lord Lake marches from Kanpur against the Marathas ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A day after learning of the declaration of war, Lord Lake left Kanpur with a fast-moving army despite monsoon mud. He headed west toward General Perron's fortress at Aligarh. ●●

1803 Lake crosses into Maratha territory toward Aligarh ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After weeks of marching through heavy rain and flooded roads, Lake's army crossed into Maratha territory and advanced on the fortress of Aligarh. The fort was considered one of the strongest in Hindustan. ●●

1803 Storming of Aligarh fort ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Unable to conduct a siege, Lake chose a frontal assault on the main gate of Aligarh. After heavy losses the attackers blew open the gate and stormed in, and the garrison of 2,000 was massacred. ●●

1803 Earthquake collapses top of the Qutb Minar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A massive earthquake struck Delhi at midnight, toppling the top storey of the Qutb Minar and many buildings. Shah Alam and others read it as a bad omen of disasters to come. ●●

1803 Lake camps at Sikandra before the Battle of Delhi ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lake camped his army north of Akbar's Tomb at Sikandra as his spies reported Scindia's army had crossed the Yamuna to block his approach to Delhi. The battle for Mughal Delhi would be fought the next day. ●●

1803 Battle of Delhi ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lake defeated the French-officered Maratha army defending Delhi, luring it from its strong position and driving it into the Yamuna. It was the last time British troops faced French officers in South Asia. ●●

1803 Shah Abdul Aziz issues a fatwa of jihad ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Delhi imam Shah Abdul Aziz declared that Christians now controlled India and that it was no longer a land of Islam. Many Muslims saw the Company's conquest as the loss of India for the first time since the twelfth century. ●●

1803 Court of Directors object to Wellesley ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alarmed by Wellesley's wars and spending, the Court of Directors wrote to the Board of Control listing objections to his rule. By the end of the year the decision was taken to recall him. ●●

1803 United States makes the Louisiana Purchase ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This culminated in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, which brought to the young country a huge, undefined territory west of the Mississippi River from ●●

1803 Marquis de Mirville publishes volumes on spiritualism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story French Catholic writer Marquis de Mirville addresses the Academy of France with volumes on archaeology, palæography, and spiritualism, attempting to explain remarkable discoveries through Catholic theology ●●

1804 Global population reaches one billion (1804) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wood cites 1804 as the year global population reached one billion, arguing sustainable-development population targets would push living standards back to that era. ●●

1804 Pius VII attends Napoleon's imperial coronation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Pope’s new position was most effectively symbolized when in 1804 he agreed to be present at the coronation ceremony for Napoleon as Emperor in Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris: a curious reconciliation of the traditional Church with the new people’s ●●

1805 Unitarian takeover of Harvard ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto traces the energy behind American schooling to the collapse of New England Calvinism. He marks the 1805 Unitarian takeover of Harvard as the point where orthodox Calvinism reached the end of its road. ●●

1805 Austerlitz saves the infant Banque de France ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1805, after Trafalgar and amid war with Austria and Russia, a Paris panic caused a run that nearly liquidated the young Banque de France. News of Napoleon's victory at Austerlitz restored confidence. ●●

1806 Napoleon ends the Holy Roman Empire ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Universal Catholic Church survived the medieval split of the imperial idea, but the Holy Roman Empire was ended by Napoleon in 1806, a thousand years after Charlemagne. ●●

1806 First Lancaster school opens in New York City ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that the first Lancaster monitorial school opened in New York City in 1806 and that by 1829 the model had spread as far as Texas. ●●

1806 Napoleon defeats Prussia at the Battle of Jena ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto dates the seed of modern American schooling to 1806, when Napoleon's soldiers beat the Prussian army at Jena. He argues the defeat prompted Prussia to build a new system of universal conditioning through schooling. ●●

1806 William Fraser describes the blind Shah Alam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The newly arrived William Fraser, an early graduate of Fort William College, wrote to his father about accompanying the aged, blind Mughal emperor to the mosque. He described the dignity of the last of the line of Timur. ●●

1806 Clausewitz captured at the Battle of Auerstadt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Clausewitz was captured after the battle of Auerstadt and spent the next year imprisoned in France and Switzerland. ●●

1807 October Edict abolishes nobility's legal privileges ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The October Edict of 1807 abolished the legal privileges of the nobility, following the example of the French Revolution. ●●

1807 British Parliament abolishes the slave trade ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The British Parliament ended the slave trade in 1807, and the British navy was deployed over the succeeding decades to enforce the ban on slave trading off the African coast. ●●

1807 Fulton and Livingston launch first US steamboat line ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The country’s first steamboat line was set up by inventor Robert Fulton and his financial supporter Robert Livingston after the successful trial run o ●●

1808 Napoleon's occupation of Spain sparks Latin American independence wars ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first was the wars of independence from Spain, which were triggered not by the ideas of the American or French Revolutions but by the French occupation of the Iberian peninsula and Napoleon’s placing his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne in place of the Bourbon royal family in the years 1808–1810. ●●

25 May 1810 May Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story 1810 revolution in Buenos Aires ●●●

20 July 1810 Independence of Colombia 0 cit. no story A revolt in Bogota begins Colombia's independence from Spain, secured by Bolivar's victory at Boyaca in 1819. politics / war ●●●

1810 The Bullion Committee of 1810 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A parliamentary inquiry known as the Bullion Committee was formed in 1810 to examine Britain's paper money and the suspension of gold payments. It recommended the Bank resume gold payments and contract the supply of paper money. ●●

1810 Mayer Amschel structures the Rothschild partnership ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mayer Amschel created the family partnership structure that bound male descendants across generations while rigorously excluding women, establishing principles that governed the firm for nearly a century. ●●

1810 Russia withdraws from the Continental System ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Few would openly rise in arms, like the Spaniards, or decide to pull out of the ruinous Continental System, as the Russians did in December 1810.91 However, once Napoleon’s Grand Army was devastated i ●●

14 May 1811 Independence of Paraguay 0 cit. no story Paraguay overthrows the Spanish governor in a nearly bloodless revolution and declares independence. politics ●●●

5 July 1811 Independence of Venezuela 0 cit. no story Venezuela declares independence from Spain, the first South American colony to do so; the war continued until Carabobo in 1821. politics / war ●●●