Events, Verisoph

1945 Thayer, as it turned out rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thayer, as it turned out, in 1945 became chief of the OSS in Austria. ●●

1945 Their 1945 reunion was warm rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Their 1945 reunion was warm and mutually profitable. Thayer regarded Herwarth as “an old friend who happened to be a captain in the German Army,” as he put it later, and used the power of his OSS office to intervene on the German’s behalf. ●●

1945 In case after case, a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In case after case, a clear continuity of personnel can be established, beginning with the Vatican refugee-smuggling networks in 1945, continuing into Intermarium, and winding up in a variety of CIA- financed political warfare projects during the early 1950s. ●●

1945 Barbie’s name, moreover, had been rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Barbie’s name, moreover, had been listed in the CROWCASS directories since 1945 as a suspect in the murder and torture of civilians. ●●

1945 Ukrainian SS division surrenders, interned at Rimini ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Ukrainian SS division surrendered to British troops in early 1945 and was interned at the Rimini POW camp north of Rome. Most of them were facing forced repatriation to the USSR under a clause of the Yalta agreements governing return of POWs who had been captured in enemy uniform. ●●

1945 Vanagis founded for Latvian SS veterans ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in this country as well. The Vanagis began as a self-help and welfare society for Latvian SS veterans in Germany in 1945; many of its leaders had been involved in Fascist activity ... ●●

1945 Arthur Bliss Lane, Joe McCarthy, and the rest of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Arthur Bliss Lane, Joe McCarthy, and the rest of the liberationist stalwarts balked at the Bohlen nomination. Even Secretary of State Dulles was concerned about how Bohlen’s earlie... ●●

1945 He had profited during the war from the Nazi confiscation rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He had profited during the war from the Nazi confiscation of Jewish property, then later from the defeat of Nazi Germany itself. Von Bolschwing enlisted as a CIC informer for the A... ●●

1945 “But they are mostly Jews.”25 At the end of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “But they are mostly Jews.”25 At the end of the war von Bolschwing abandoned his SS comrades to their fates as soon as it became profitable to do so. He began active —one might eve... ●●

1945 Strategy 1945–1950 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978), p. ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Strategy 1945–1950 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978), p. 173ff. ●●

1945 See also “General Situation Report No. 2, 15 July to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story See also “General Situation Report No. 2, 15 July to 1 September 1945,” Office of Strategic Services Mission for Germany (top secret), p. 5, for further details drawn from an inter... ●●

1945 FDR takes his fourth oath of office ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On January 20, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt took his fourth and final presidential oath of office, then traveled to Yalta to meet with Stalin and Churchill. This would be his last major diplomatic engagement. ●●

1945 Congress approves the Bretton Woods agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 20, 1945, Congress approved the Bretton Woods agreement establishing the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. Twenty-seven other Allied nations joined, though the Soviet Union notably did not. ●●

1945 Roosevelt dies and Truman becomes president ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 12, 1945, President Franklin D. Roosevelt died suddenly at his Warm Springs retreat in Georgia. His death ended the Roosevelt era in foreign policy and elevated Vice President Harry Truman to the presidency. ●●

1945 Aldrich Seeks to Establish Influence with Truman rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In late June 1945, Chase chairman Winthrop Aldrich moved quickly to establish his influence with the newly-elevated President Truman. He proposed meetings regarding his role as president of the International Chamber of Commerce. ●●

1945 Truman authorizes atomic bombing of Japan ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On August 6, 1945, President Truman authorized dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, instantly killing approximately 70,000 people. Days later a second bomb destroyed Nagasaki, establishing American nuclear weapons dominance. ●●

1945 Ho Chi Minh proclaims Democratic Republic of Vietnam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ho Chi Minh proclaims Democratic Republic of Vietnam ●●

1945 Arevalo delivers inaugural address in Guatemala ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his inaugural address, delivered to an expectant nation on March 15, 1945, Arévalo cited Roosevelt as his inspiration, and vowed to follow his exam (1945) ●●

1945 Franklin Roosevelt dies; Truman becomes president ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Franklin D. Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945. Vice President Harry Truman assumed the presidency with minimal briefing on nuclear weapons or Soviet intentions. ●●

1945 Joint Chiefs shelve Donovan's intelligence agency plan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Military leadership rejected Donovan's intelligence proposal, fearing it would be too independent and powerful. ●●

1945 Truman dissolves the OSS and fires Donovan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Truman fired Donovan and ordered the OSS disbanded, believing the spy agency resembled a Gestapo. ●●

1945 Magruder keeps OSS operations alive under new name ai_extracted 1 cit. no story General Magruder reversed Truman's OSS decision by obtaining authorization to continue operations under a new name. ●●

1945 In 1945, Eric’s deputy had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1945, Eric’s deputy had interrogated a short, stocky lieutenant general named Fritz Bayerlein, who had been Rommel’s tank chief in North Africa.... ●●

1945 By his first night there (1945) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Writing to his pregnant wife from the prison camp, Alain suggested that if the child were a boy he should be named Eric, which in fact occurred. Later... ●●

1945 Robert Ley commits suicide before Nuremberg trial ai_extracted 1 cit. no story We might note two events of special Warburg interest. On October 25, 1945, Dr. Robert Ley, former Nazi nemesis of Max Warburg, committed suicide in hi... ●●

1945 CHAPTER 39––Our Aryan At the end of World War II (1945) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Max and Alice wanted Eric to make the sort of match that would have been suitable in Imperial Germany, but that seemed anachronistic in postwar New Yo... ●●

1945 As Eric began spending part of the year in Germany (1945) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the Warburgs began to challenge the legitimacy of the Aryanized name, Brinckmann must have felt rudely cheated of his miraculous gift. In the rubbl... ●●

1945 First Vintage Books Edition, January 1989 Copyright © rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataKennedy, Paul M., 1945-The rise and fall of the great powers.1. History, Modern. 2. ●●

1945 1945 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It is clear from the record that many of the scientists working on the A-bomb were acutely aware that they were reaching toward a watershed in the entire history of warfare, weapon... ●●

1945 1945 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For some years after 1945, it seems fair to assume that the American nuclear advantage helped to “balance out” the Russian preponderance in conventional forces. ●●

1945 1945 Diplomatic Agreement rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In turn, this had the effect of tying all three of the western “flank” Powers—the United States, Canada, and Britain—to permanent military obligations on the continent of Europe to... ●●

1945 1945 Military Campaign rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After 1945, Stalin permitted the construction of many more submarines, based upon superior German designs and probably to be employed in an extended coastal-defense role; but he al... ●●

1945 22. MAW. Letter from Josi Warburg, July 22 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 22. MAW. Letter from Josi Warburg, July 22, 1945. ●●

1945 3. MMW. EV, 1, letter from Eric to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 3. MMW. EV, 1, letter from Eric to Bettina and Nina Warburg, June 13, 1945. ●●

1945 5. MMW. EV, 1, letter from Eric to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 5. MMW. EV, 1, letter from Eric to Bettina and Nina Warburg, June 13, 1945. ●●

1945 Roosevelt and Truman establish postwar liberal order candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman extended and reinvented the liberal international project after WWII through institutions like UN and Bretton Woods ●●

1945 “Our social system is such,” he told a Senate committee in 1945, “that any publi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Our social system is such,” he told a Senate committee in 1945, “that any public figure [is] punch-drunk with printer’s ink. ●●

1945 COLD WAR SPHERES OF INFLUENCE In the years followi... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story COLD WAR SPHERES OF INFLUENCE In the years following 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union established spheres of influence in Europe. ●●

1945 the end of the Second World War in 1945, the Unite... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the end of the Second World War in 1945, the United States was so powerful (at one point about 35 percent of the world’s entire economic pr ●●

1945 And added what he took to be a clinching argument: “If we were successful in tim candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story And added what he took to be a clinching argument: “If we were successful in time, we would shorten the war and thus save tens of thousands of American casualties.”1677 The second week in November Du Pont admitted the possibility of regular production by 1945 and accepted the assignment (limiting itself to a profit of one dollar to avoid arms-merchant stigma), but made its skepticism and reluctance clear. ●●

1945 Kurt Diebner of German Army Ordnance counted the full effect on German fission r rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kurt Diebner of German Army Ordnance counted the full effect on German fission research of the Vemork bombing and the sinking of the Hydro in a postwar interview: When one considers that right up to the end of the war, in 1945, there was virtually no increase in our heavy-water stocks in Germany . ●●

1945 Groves was enthusiastic enough at year’s end to report to George Marshall that h rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Groves was enthusiastic enough at year’s end to report to George Marshall that he expected to have eighteen 5-kilogram plutonium bombs on hand in the second half of 1945.2110 “Looks like a race,” Conant noted for his history file on January 6, 1945, “to see whether a fat man or a thin man will be dropped first and whether the month will be July, August or September.”2111 ●●

1945 17 The Evils of This Time The bombs James Bryant Conant speculated about early rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 17 The Evils of This Time The bombs James Bryant Conant speculated about early in 1945 were crude designs of uncertain yield. ●●

1945 In February 1945 Kistiakowsky chose an explosive called Composition B to serve a candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1945 Kistiakowsky chose an explosive called Composition B to serve as the fast-burning component of Fat Man’s lenses and a mixture he had commissioned from a Navy research laboratory, Baratol, for the slow-burning component.2163 Composition B was poured as a hot slurry of wax, molten TNT and a non-melting crystalline powder, RDX, that was 40 percent more powerful than TNT alone. ●●

1945 Franklin Roosevelt’s Inaugural Address, January 20, 1945, in The Presidents Speak, annotated by Davi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Franklin Roosevelt’s Inaugural Address, January 20, 1945, in The Presidents Speak, annotated by Davis Newton Lott (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969), p. ●●

1945 Foreign Ministers’ Conferences (1945–46), 437–38, 446 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Foreign Ministers’ Conferences (1945–46), 437–38, 446 ●●

1945 Potsdam Conference (1945), 398, 433–37, 446, 494, 506 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Potsdam Conference (1945), 398, 433–37, 446, 494, 506 ●●

1945 Yalta Conference (1945), 371, 396, 410, 424, 426, 432, 434, 438, 494, 625 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yalta Conference (1945), 371, 396, 410, 424, 426, 432, 434, 438, 494, 625 ●●

1945 Nagoya firebombing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From Chapter 17 of The Making of the Atomic Bomb: Nagoya firebombing ●●

1945 Osaka firebombing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From Chapter 17 of The Making of the Atomic Bomb: Osaka firebombing ●●

1945 “Hiroshima was a city of considerable military importance. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Hiroshima was a city of considerable military importance. ●●

1945 was 54 percent, an extraordinary density of killing; by contrast, the death rate for the March 9 fir rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story was 54 percent, an extraordinary density of killing; by contrast, the death rate for the March 9 firebombing of Tokyo, 100,000 deaths among 1 million casualties, was only 10 percent. ●●

1945 Oak Ridge had produced enough U235 to allow a nearcritical assembly of pure metal without hydride di candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oak Ridge had produced enough U235 to allow a nearcritical assembly of pure metal without hydride dilution. ●●

1945 Oak Ridge ships bomb-grade U235 to Los Alamos ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oak Ridge began shipping bomb-grade U235 to Los Alamos. ●●

1945 he was greatly worried about the use and consequences of the atomic bomb. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story he was greatly worried about the use and consequences of the atomic bomb. ●●

1945 as Curtis LeMay’s bombers shuttled back and forth burning cities, Colonel Elmer E. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story as Curtis LeMay’s bombers shuttled back and forth burning cities, Colonel Elmer E. ●●

1945 that Groves and Oppenheimer at Trinity were preparing their first report of the tower shot’s success rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story that Groves and Oppenheimer at Trinity were preparing their first report of the tower shot’s success. ●●

1945 on one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata and Nagasaki. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story on one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata and Nagasaki. ●●

1945 Szilard petitions against using the atomic bomb ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in replying to Szilard about a petition Szilard was then circulating among Manhattan Project scientists protesting the bomb’s impending use: First of all let me say that I have no hope of clearing my conscience. ●●

1945 and 140,000 altogether across the next five years, a death rate like Hiroshima’s of 54 percent. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and 140,000 altogether across the next five years, a death rate like Hiroshima’s of 54 percent. ●●

1945 President Harry Truman welcomed the bomb as a substitute for Soviet entry into the Pacific war. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Harry Truman welcomed the bomb as a substitute for Soviet entry into the Pacific war. ●●

1945 quoted in Weart and Szilard (1978), p. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story quoted in Weart and Szilard (1978), p. ●●

1945 Hanford plutonium yields reach 90 percent candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Chemical separation yields at Hanford reach 90 percent efficiency ●●

1945 Stimson bars Kyoto from atomic bomb targets ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Henry Stimson overrules military targeting committee to spare Kyoto as cultural and religious center ●●

1945 Joint Chiefs order Operation Olympic invasion of Kyushu ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Joint Chiefs of Staff issue Operation OLYMPIC directive with November 1 target date for invading southernmost Japanese home island ●●

1945 Interim Committee meets with the Scientific Panel ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Full Interim Committee convenes with Nobel laureate scientists to discuss atomic bomb implications ●●

1945 Enola Gay loaded with the Little Boy bomb ai_extracted 1 cit. no story B-29 bomber christened Enola Gay and loaded with world's first combat atomic bomb at Tinian Island ●●

1945 Enola Gay takes off for Hiroshima ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Enola Gay departs Tinian at 0245 hours August 6, 1945, bound for Hiroshima with atomic bomb ●●

1945 General LeMay confirms Hiroshima bombing mission for August 6 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Command officially confirms atomic bomb mission will proceed on August 6, 1945 ●●

1945 Bock's Car departs Tinian for Nagasaki ai_extracted 1 cit. no story B-29 Bock's Car carrying Fat Man atomic bomb departs Tinian at 0347 hours August 9 ●●

1945 1945: Felsenstein’s community-organizing streak and love for elect... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ing streak and love for electronics were instilled as a child in Philadelphia, where he was born in 1945. His father was a locomotive machinist who had become a sporadically employed commercial artist ●●

1945 1945: Wikipedia took the world another step closer to the vision p... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wikipedia took the world another step closer to the vision propounded by Vannevar Bush in his 1945 essay, “As We May Think,” which predicted, “Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready made ●●

1945 1945: ” 168 In his seminal 1945 essay “As We May Think,” Vannevar... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ages, determining who to link to and how, and that human element goes into it.” 168 In his seminal 1945 essay “As We May Think,” Vannevar Bush had set forth the challenge: “The summation of human expe ●●

1945 1945: George Stibitz (1904–95) circa 1945. Konrad Zuse (1910–95) with the Z4 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story George Stibitz (1904–95) circa 1945. Konrad Zuse (1910–95) with the Z4 computer in 19 ●●

1945 1945: Howard Aiken (1900–1973) at Harvard in 1945. John Mauchly (1907–80) ci rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Howard Aiken (1900–1973) at Harvard in 1945. John Mauchly (1907–80) circa 1945. J. Presper E ●●

1945 1945: produced the correct answer, they let out a shout. But it took more th rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story produced the correct answer, they let out a shout. But it took more than another year, until November 1945, for ENIAC to be fully operational. At that ●●

1945 1945: ferreting out glitches as “debugging the machine.” By 1945, thanks lar rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ferreting out glitches as “debugging the machine.” By 1945, thanks largely to Hopper, the Harvard Mark I was the world’s most easily programmable big ●●

1945 1945: f the significance of the new electronic machines.” 20 The same was tr rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story f the significance of the new electronic machines.” 20 The same was true of Hopper when she visited ENIAC in 1945. It seemed to her that the Mark I wa ●●

1945 1945: Over the ensuing years, at patent trials and conferences, in books and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Over the ensuing years, at patent trials and conferences, in books and dueling historical papers, there would be debates over who deserved the most cr ●●

1945 1945: ute the origination of ideas discussed in a group. Upon hearing that, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ute the origination of ideas discussed in a group. Upon hearing that, Eckert is said to have responded, “Really?” 58 The benefits and drawbacks of von ●●

1945 1945: aft of a Report on the EDVAC, by John von Neumann.” Goldstine used a m rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story aft of a Report on the EDVAC, by John von Neumann.” Goldstine used a mimeograph machine to produce twenty-four copies, which he distributed at the end ●●

1945 1945: CHAPTER EIGHT THE PERSONAL COMPUTER “AS WE MAY THINK” The idea of a pe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER EIGHT THE PERSONAL COMPUTER “AS WE MAY THINK” The idea of a personal computer, one that ordinary individuals could get their hands on and take ●●

1945 1945: ake home, was envisioned in 1945 by Vannevar Bush. After building his rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ake home, was envisioned in 1945 by Vannevar Bush. After building his big analog computer at MIT and helping to create the military-industrial-academi ●●

1945 1945: Felsenstein’s community-organizing streak and love for electronics wer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Felsenstein’s community-organizing streak and love for electronics were instilled as a child in Philadelphia, where he was born in 1945. His father wa ●●

1945 1945: Wikipedia took the world another step closer to the vision propounded rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wikipedia took the world another step closer to the vision propounded by Vannevar Bush in his 1945 essay, “As We May Think,” which predicted, “Wholly ●●

1945 1945: k to and how, and that human element goes into it.” 168 In his seminal rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story k to and how, and that human element goes into it.” 168 In his seminal 1945 essay “As We May Think,” Vannevar Bush had set forth the challenge: “The s ●●

1945 Event of 1945 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story tered a contest over the European balance of power. At the edge of defeat, with Russian armies at the gates of Berlin, Frederick was saved by the sudden death of Catherine the Great. The new Czar, a longtime admirer of Frederick, withdrew from the wa ●●

1945 After the first successful atomic test in July 1945 in the deserts of New Mexico, J candidate ai_extracted 2 cit. no story major powers labored to achieve mastery of the atom and with it the ability to release its energy. The American effort, known as the Manhattan Project and drawing on the best minds from the United States, Britain, and the European diaspora, prevailed ●●

1945 Shannon completes classified cryptography report ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ted, “a secrecy system is almost identical with a noisy communication system. ”♦ (He completed his report, “A Mathematical Theory of Cryptography,” in 1945; it was immediately classified. ●●

1945 Von Neumann assembles computer team at Princeton IAS ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In late 1945, at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, Hungarian American mathematician John von Neumann gathered a small group o ●●

1945 Tukey shortly after he joined von Neumann’s project in Novem rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tukey shortly after he joined von Neumann’s project in November of 1945 ●●

1945 who is extremely grateful for the increase in his salary rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Professor Earle, who is extremely grateful for the increase in his salary, has been driven by his conscience to raise the uneasy question as to wheth ●●

1945 such a pure and ivory-towerish mathematician would show so m rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The pure mathematicians claimed that he had become a theoretical physicist; the theoretical physicists looked at him as a great help and advisor in a ●●

1945 y like Fermi of the importance of numerical calculation the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I just don’t believe any of us could have gone and persuaded somebody like Fermi of the importance of numerical calculation the way von Neumann could. ●●

1945 “I propose to store everything that has to be remembered by rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I propose to store everything that has to be remembered by the machine, in these memory organs,” he explained to Weaver in an eleven-page letter in e ●●

1945 do not recognize at present because they are farthest remove rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Indeed they are by definition those which we do not recognize at present because they are farthest removed from … our present sphere.”66 Strauss, who ●●

1945 ons of weather data projected on a screen and then compute t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I remember in late 1945 or early 1946 reading a rather fantastic proposal of Zworykin’s for the construction of an analogue computer which would scan ●●

1945 “Statistical questions will be amenable to an entirely new k rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Statistical questions will be amenable to an entirely new kind of treatment,” von Neumann had explained in January of 1945, while the ENIAC was still ●●

1945 John von Neumann to Warren Weaver, November 2, 1945, RF; M rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John von Neumann to Warren Weaver, November 2, 1945, RF; M ●●

1945 11.2 National Center for Atmospheric Research National Def rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nagasaki, atomic bombing of (August 9, 1945), 4.1, 7.1, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2 National Center for Atmospheric Research National Defense Research Committe ●●