Events, Verisoph

c. 1920 Marakwet sub-groups come under Elgeyo-Marakwet colonial rule 0 cit. Under British rule the Marakwet were administered within the Elgeyo-Marakwet reserve on the western side of the Kerio Valley. Early administrators and writers such as Mervyn Beech, who described the Endo in 1911, still recorded the territorial groups by their own names. Colonial boundaries and reserve lines hardened distinctions between the valley peoples and limited their movement. politics / society ●

c. 1920 Western White Highlands become the Rift settler frontier 8 cit. The western or Rift side of the White Highlands, including Laikipia, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu, Kericho and Trans-Nzoia, became a settler frontier of ranches, wheat, tea, maize and dairy. Its core dispossessions hit Maasai, Nandi, Kipsigis, Sabaot and other communities, while Kikuyu squatters, Akamba workers, Luo, Luhya and other labour migrants became central to the farm economy. Indians built and serviced the railway-commercial layer but were kept out of the settler land preserve by the colour bar. economy / politics / society ●●●●

c. 1920 Timau soldier settlers take farms on the Nanyuki edge 3 cit. Archival settler databases record Timau farms taken by post-First World War soldier settlers, including James Scott at Farm 882 and Lionel Hickson at Embori. Hickson drew Embori under the Soldier Settlement Scheme and moved there in 1920; later accounts describe the farm as a 3,000-acre Timau holding at about 8,500 feet, later enlarged. This places Timau inside the same soldier-settler highland geography as Nanyuki and Laikipia. economy / politics / war ●●●●

c. 1920 Sisal estates lock up Taita-Taveta land 3 cit. Large sisal estates became a defining feature of Taita-Taveta land politics. The crop tied the district to export agriculture while local communities lived with labour recruitment, dryland pressure, wildlife boundaries and long-running claims that too much land sat under estates, ranches and parks. economy / society ●●●●

1920s to 1945 Wartime consolidation of Japanese banks ai_extracted 1 cit. To simplify credit allocation, the number of Japanese banks was drastically reduced from about fourteen hundred at the end of the 1920s to sixty-four by the end of the Second World War, organized under the National Financial Control Association. ●●●

6 December 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty 0 cit. Agreement ending the Irish War of Independence and creating the Irish Free State as a dominion, with Northern Ireland able to opt out. The split over its terms led to the Irish Civil War. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

5 October 1921 Founding of PEN International 0 cit. no story Writer Catharine Amy Dawson Scott founds the first PEN Club at a London dinner, with John Galsworthy as president. It grew into PEN International, the worldwide association of writers defending free expression. culture / diplomacy ●●

June 1921 to May 1926 Rif War 0 cit. no story Abd el-Krim's Rif republic destroys a Spanish army at Annual before France and Spain combine to crush it, using chemical weapons. The war becomes a model for later anti-colonial insurgencies. war ●●

30 June 1921 Founding of the South African Reserve Bank 0 cit. The South African Reserve Bank opens in Pretoria as the first central bank in Africa. It takes over note issue from commercial banks and becomes the anchor of the continent's largest financial system. economy ●●●

10 June 1921 Budget and Accounting Act 0 cit. The act requires the president to submit a unified annual budget and creates the Bureau of the Budget, later the Office of Management and Budget, along with the General Accounting Office as Congress's auditor. It centralizes control of federal spending for the first time. economy / politics ●●●

1 March 1921 to 1921 Kronstadt rebellion 0 cit. Sailors of the Kronstadt naval base rise against Bolshevik rule, demanding free soviets and an end to one-party control. The Red Army storms the fortress and the revolt's suppression marks the closing of dissent within the revolution. politics / war ●●●

23 July 1921 Founding of the Chinese Communist Party 0 cit. About a dozen delegates, among them Mao Zedong, hold the first congress of the Chinese Communist Party in the Shanghai French Concession. The small group grows into the party that rules China from 1949. politics ●●●●

c. 1921 The Empire at Its Territorial Peak 0 cit. After the First World War the British Empire covered about a quarter of the world's land and people. It was the largest empire in history, ruling on every inhabited continent. politics ●●●●

6 December 1921 to 1922 The Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State 0 cit. A treaty ended the Irish War of Independence and created the Irish Free State, while six northern counties stayed in the United Kingdom. It was the first major loss of territory from the modern empire. politics ●●●●●

March 1921 New Economic Policy Introduced 0 cit. Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy, allowing limited private trade and small business to revive an economy shattered by war and requisitioning. It was a partial retreat from strict state control. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1921 to c. 1922 Russian Famine of 1921 0 cit. Drought, war, and grain requisitioning produced a famine that killed millions, mainly along the Volga. International relief, including a large American effort, helped feed the starving. economy / society ●●●

29 July 1921 Council on Foreign Relations founded contested 0 cit. The Council on Foreign Relations was incorporated as an American think tank and membership organization focused on foreign policy. It publishes the journal Foreign Affairs and is a frequent subject of conspiracy theories, though it is a documented policy institute. politics / society ●●●●

22 September 1921 Second International Eugenics Congress in New York 0 cit. Held at the American Museum of Natural History, the congress showcased eugenic exhibits and pushed for immigration limits based on supposed racial fitness. Its ideas fed directly into restrictive U.S. immigration law. politics / science ●

August 1921 The Protocols Exposed as a Forgery debunked 0 cit. The Times of London demonstrated that the Protocols were plagiarized from earlier satirical writings and were a forgery. Despite repeated exposure, the fabricated text continued to circulate among antisemitic movements. politics / society ●●●

1921 Sanger founds the American Birth Control League 1 cit. Margaret Sanger founded the American Birth Control League in 1921 to campaign for legal access to contraception. The organization was later renamed and became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. politics / society ●●●●

17 March 1921 Marie Stopes opens the first UK birth control clinic 0 cit. Marie Stopes opened Britain's first birth control clinic in London in 1921, offering free contraceptive advice to married women. Stopes was also an outspoken eugenicist who tied birth control to limiting reproduction of the poor. science / society ●●●

1921 Dominion status for southern Ireland, 1921 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that Lionel Curtis, as Adviser on Irish Affairs, played an important role in granting dominion status to southern Ireland in 1921. ●●

1921 Irish Free State created (December 1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Articles of Agreement of December 1921 gave Southern Ireland dominion status as the Irish Free State, with Northern Ireland remaining under the 1920 Act. ●●

1921 Feisal installed as King of Iraq under British protection (1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the French expelled Feisal from Syria, Britain set him up as king in Iraq under British protection in 1921 and later placed his brother Abdullah as King of Transjordan. ●●

1921 Treaty of Riga sets Poland's eastern frontier (March 1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Polish-Soviet war, the settlement signed at Riga in March 1921 gave Poland a frontier 150 miles east of the Curzon Line, bringing in a million White Russians and four million Ukrainians. ●●

1921 Full reparations bill of 132 billion marks presented (May 1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1921 Germany was presented with the full reparations bill of 132 thousand million gold marks, accepted under a six-day ultimatum threatening occupation of the Ruhr. ●●

1921 Kronstadt mutiny ends War Communism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Peasant uprisings, urban riots, and the March 1921 mutiny of the sailors at Kronstadt forced the abandonment of War Communism in favor of the New Economic Policy of free commerce and limited private ownership. ●●

1921 Douhet's The Command of the Air published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that the Combined Bomber Offensive tried to carry out the largely erroneous ideas of Italian general Giulio Douhet, whose 1921 book The Command of the Air claimed air power alone could win wars by breaking civilian morale. He calls the theory almost wholly wrong yet pernicious in its influence. ●●

1921 Douhet's prophecy of air power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as 1921 the Italian general Giulio Douhet preached that the next war would be ended within twenty-four hours by destroying all enemy cities from the air. ●●

1921 Quigley: Council on Foreign Relations as a Morgan front ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that the Council on Foreign Relations, the New York branch of Curtis's Institute of International Affairs, was a front for J. P. Morgan and Company allied with a small American Round Table Group. ●●

1921 Reza Pahlavi seizes control of Iran ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1921 and 1925, the Cossack Brigade officer Reza Pahlavi gradually took over the Iranian government and deposed the young Shah Ahmad. As Reza Shah he pursued modernization on the model of Kemal Ataturk. ●●

1921 Smuts arranges an armistice in Ireland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1921 Smuts went on a secret mission to Ireland. He arranged an armistice and opened negotiations between Lloyd George and the Irish leaders. ●●

1921 Anglo-Irish armistice (11 July 1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Smuts helped persuade the Irish to negotiate, an armistice went into effect on 11 July 1921 and the conference began three days later. Curtis served as secretary to the conference. ●●

1921 India granted fiscal autonomy (1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1921 India was granted fiscal autonomy and at once adopted a protective tariff, to the injury of British textile manufacturing. Quigley lists it among rights the British extended in steady succession. ●●

1921 Kronstadt Commune revolts against Taylorist labor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that the 1921 Kronstadt Commune rebellion charged that the Bolsheviks were planning to introduce Taylor's sweat-labor system. He says the rebels were right. ●●

1921 The London reparations schedule and 'fulfillment' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1921 a conference in London set Germany's reparations bill at about $12.5 billion, with annual payments of $600-800 million. Germany accepted and declared a policy of 'fulfillment,' though it never believed it could pay. ●●

1921 Reza Khan stages coup in Tehran ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On February 20, Reza Khan leads two thousand soldiers into Tehran to arrest the prime minister and cabinet in a swift military coup. ●●

1921 Kronstadt uprising crushed by the Bolsheviks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In early 1921, the Bolshevik party turned its guns on rebellious sailors and workers in Kronstadt in response to widespread peasant resistance. This prompted Lenin to abandon War Communism and introduce the New Economic Policy. ●●

1921 Soviet famine kills millions after the civil war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Deaths from hunger and epidemics in 1921-22 nearly equaled the combined toll of World War I and the Soviet civil war. This humanitarian catastrophe followed the Bolshevik requisitioning campaigns. ●●

1921 Frank Knight distinguishes uncertainty from risk ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Frank Knight argued in 1921, ‘Uncertainty must be taken in a sense radically distinct from the familiar notion of Risk, from which it has never been properly separated . ●●

1921 Harding requires state approval of foreign loans ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On May 25, 1921, President Harding announced that foreign loans must be certified by the State, Treasury, and Commerce departments as being in the national interest. Jack Morgan pledged that bankers would keep the State Department fully informed. ●●

1921 Dempsey-Carpentier fight aids French relief ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Anne Morgan's American Friends for Devastated France co-sponsored the July 1921 championship fight between Jack Dempsey and Georges Carpenter as part of their fundraising efforts to rebuild French villages and support schools, hospitals, and libraries. ●●

1921 Paul Warburg launches the International Acceptance Bank ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1921, Paul, encouraged by Max, launched the International Acceptance Bank in New York. ●●

1921 Soviet crop failure triggers the 1921 famine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then, in 1921, Soviet crops failed, a disaster so colossal that the Joint set up soup kitchens there, and even the U.S. ●●

1921 Paulo Freire born in Recife ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paulo Freire was born in 1921 in Recife, the center of one of the most extreme situations of poverty and underdevelopment in the Third World. His childhood experience of family poverty following the Great Depression profoundly influenced his later educational philosophy. ●●

1921 Einstein sails to America for the first time ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Einstein and Elsa sailed from Holland on March 21, 1921, for their first visit to America. The trip was planned to promote the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and advance the Zionist cause. ●●

1921 Einstein visits the White House and meets Harding ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 25, 1921, Einstein visited the White House where President Warren G. Harding confessed he did not understand the theory of relativity. Washington Post ran a cartoon of Harding puzzled over 'Theory of Relativity' while Einstein puzzled over 'Theory of Normalcy.' ●●

31 May 1921 Tulsa race massacre 0 cit. A white mob attacked the Greenwood District, a prosperous Black neighborhood known as Black Wall Street, burning it to the ground over two days. Estimates of the death toll range from dozens to as many as three hundred, and thousands were left homeless. The massacre was suppressed in official histories for decades and is now recognized as one of the deadliest episodes of racial violence in American history. society ●●●

1921 Founding of the Council on Foreign Relations 0 cit. A group of American diplomats, bankers, and scholars founded the Council on Foreign Relations as a nonpartisan think tank to study and shape U.S. foreign policy. It is a documented, publicly registered organization that publishes the journal Foreign Affairs and regularly hosts government officials; claims that it functions as a secret shadow government are a separate, contested interpretation rather than an established fact. diplomacy / politics ●●

c. 1 January 1921 Operation Trust 0 cit. The Soviet secret police (Cheka, later OGPU) created a fake anti-Bolshevik underground organization called the Monarchist Union of Central Russia, or 'the Trust,' to draw out and identify genuine White emigre opposition networks in Europe. Over several years the operation lured prominent anti-Soviet operatives, including British agent Sidney Reilly, back into Soviet territory, where they were captured. It is one of the most extensively documented state provocateur operations of the twentieth century. diplomacy / politics ●●

3 May 1921 Partition of Ireland 0 cit. The Government of Ireland Act 1920 took effect, dividing Ireland into Northern Ireland (six counties of Ulster) and Southern Ireland. Northern Ireland's boundary was drawn to secure a Protestant and Unionist majority who wished to remain part of the United Kingdom, while the mostly Catholic and nationalist south moved toward independence. The settlement left a large nationalist minority inside Northern Ireland who did not accept the new state. This division set the stage for decades of communal tension. diplomacy / politics ●●●

22 June 1921 Opening of the Northern Ireland Parliament 0 cit. King George V formally opened the new Northern Ireland Parliament at Belfast City Hall. The Ulster Unionist Party would go on to govern Northern Ireland without interruption for the next fifty years. Nationalist and Catholic representation in this system remained marginal from the outset. politics ●●

c. 1 January 1921 Palestine Police Force established under the Mandate 0 cit. Britain organized the Palestine Police Force to administer the newly created Mandate, including a Criminal Investigation Department responsible for political intelligence on both Arab and Jewish nationalist movements. The CID's political branch grew into one of the most active colonial political-police units of the interwar period. politics ●●

1921 John Larson invents the modern polygraph 0 cit. Police officer and physiologist John Larson built the first modern polygraph, a device recording blood pressure, pulse, and respiration to detect deception. The device was adopted by police departments despite the lack of scientific consensus that its readings reliably indicate lying. Courts have generally excluded polygraph results as evidence, and no major scientific body has validated it as an accurate lie-detection method. science ●●

25 August 1921 Battle of Blair Mountain 0 cit. Thousands of armed coal miners marching to unionize southern West Virginia clashed with a private army of sheriff's deputies and mine guards, in the largest armed labor uprising in American history. West Virginia's governor mobilized state militia and appealed for federal help, and President Harding sent Army troops and bombers to end the fighting after roughly a week. The confrontation, and the state and federal force used against it, marked the violent peak of the mine wars era. economy / politics ●●

c. 1921 Rise of early African political associations 0 cit. From about 1921 Africans began forming political associations, including the Young Kikuyu Association and the East African Association led by Harry Thuku, to protest the kipande, taxes, low wages, and land loss. The colonial authorities treated these bodies as a threat and put their leaders under police watch. Political policing in Kenya grew directly out of this surveillance. politics / society ●●

c. 1921 The Shinkolobwe uranium mine opens 0 cit. Union Minière began working the Shinkolobwe deposit in Katanga, which held some of the richest uranium ore ever found. At first the mine was valued mainly for its radium. The site's uranium would soon take on strategic importance far beyond mining. economy / science ●●

27 February 1921 Founding of the Vienna Union 0 cit. Socialist parties that rejected both the reformist Second International and Moscow's Twenty-One Conditions found the International Working Union of Socialist Parties in Vienna. Critics nicknamed it the Two-and-a-Half International for its middle position. It lasted only two years before merging into a reunited social democratic body. diplomacy / politics ●●

c. 1921 Shinkolobwe uranium enriches the world radium trade 0 cit. After the discovery of the Shinkolobwe deposit around 1915, Union Miniere began producing radium from its unusually rich uranium ore in the early 1920s. For years the Congo mine dominated the world radium market, a valuable and dangerous trade run entirely for Belgian and shareholder profit. The same ore body would soon matter far more for a new reason, its uranium content. economy / science / technology ●●

1921 The Council on Foreign Relations is founded 0 cit. American diplomats, bankers and scholars set up the Council on Foreign Relations to study world affairs and shape US foreign policy. Through its journal Foreign Affairs and its members in government, it became a real hub of the foreign policy establishment. That influence is documented; the claim that it is a secret ruling body is a separate, attributed reading. diplomacy / politics ●●

April 1921 Simon Kimbangu's healing ministry in the Congo 0 cit. Simon Kimbangu, a Baptist catechist, began healing the sick and preaching at Nkamba in 1921, and crowds abandoned work and mission churches to follow him. His movement, though Christian, was read by the Belgians as an African challenge to colonial and church authority. The Kimbanguist church he inspired grew into one of Africa's largest independent churches despite decades of persecution. politics / religion / society ●●●

24 May 1921 The Bulhoek massacre 0 cit. When Enoch Mgijima's Israelites refused police orders to leave their settlement, South African police opened fire and killed around 160 to 200 believers, most armed only with knobkerries and faith. The massacre showed how far the state would go against a religious community that would not submit. It became a lasting symbol of the violence at the heart of colonial and settler rule. politics / religion / war ●●

September 1921 Kimbangu arrested and sentenced to life 0 cit. Only months after his ministry began, the Belgians arrested Simon Kimbangu and a military court sentenced him to death for threatening state security. The king commuted the sentence to life, and Kimbangu spent thirty years in prison at Elisabethville until his death in 1951. The Belgians deported tens of thousands of his followers to break the movement, yet it survived underground and grew. politics / religion / society ●●

1921 Loreto Sisters open convent schools for girls 0 cit. The Loreto Sisters, a Catholic teaching order, arrived in Kenya in 1921 and founded convent schools that became leading institutions for girls' education. Their schools trained African and settler girls alike and helped open formal schooling to women at a time when it was scarce. They complemented the boys' schools run by the male orders and broadened the reach of Catholic education. culture / religion ●

1921 The Young Kavirondo Association and Early Protest 5 cit. Mission-educated Luo and Luhya founded the Young Kavirondo Association to protest rising taxes, the kipande, forced labour, and the loss of land, holding a mass meeting the Luo remembered as Piny Owacho, the voice of the people. Alarmed officials steered the movement, with the help of the missionary Archdeacon Owen, into a tamer welfare body. Even so it marked one of the earliest organised African protests in the colony and seeded later western politics. politics / society ●●

1921 Second Pan-African Congress spans three cities 0 cit. The second congress held sessions in London, Brussels, and Paris under Du Bois's leadership. Delegates issued a statement on the rights of colonized peoples and pressed the new League of Nations to address colonial abuses. Like its predecessor, it was a gathering of a small educated elite and stopped short of demanding an end to colonial rule. diplomacy / politics ●

April 1921 Founding of the Communist University of the Toilers of the East 0 cit. Moscow opened the Communist University of the Toilers of the East, known as KUTV, to train revolutionaries from Asia, Africa, and the Soviet east. Over the following years it schooled a stream of anti-colonial activists in Marxist theory and organizing. The school became one of the main channels through which Soviet ideas reached the colonized world. politics / society ●●●

c. 1921 The Soviet concessions policy opens the door to foreign capital 0 cit. Under the New Economic Policy, the Soviet government offered concessions that let foreign companies operate mines, factories, and trade inside Russia. The aim was to draw in Western capital and know-how while keeping political control. This began a decade of large technology transfers from Western firms into the Soviet economy. economy / politics ●●●

2 December 1922 Uqair Protocol of 1922 wikidata 0 cit. no story agreement at Uqair on 2 December 1922 which defined the boundaries between Iraq and the Sultanate of Nejd (modern Saudi Arabia) and between Kuwait and Nejd ●●●

16 April 1922 Treaty of Rapallo wikidata 0 cit. no story 1922 treaty between Germany and Russia ●●●

1922 to 1923 German hyperinflation under the Reichsbank ai_extracted 1 cit. The German central bank, then called the Reichsbank, created too much money in 1922 and 1923, causing hyperinflation, the episode usually cited to justify postwar central bank independence. ●●●●

May 1922 to 1939 Reichsbank independence written into law ai_extracted 1 cit. The Reichsbank's independence from the German government was explicitly written into law in May 1922 and lasted until 1939, leaving it unaccountable to the people, government, or parliament. ●●●

6 February 1922 Washington Naval Treaty 0 cit. Treaty among the five leading naval powers limiting battleship tonnage in a 5:5:3 ratio for Britain, the United States, and Japan. It was the first major modern arms limitation agreement. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

1922 Founding of the World Organization of the Scout Movement 0 cit. National Scout organizations meeting at a conference in Paris constitute an international conference and committee for the Scout Movement, creating the world body that now oversees tens of millions of Scouts. culture / diplomacy / society ●●

1922 Founding of the International Federation for Human Rights 0 cit. Ten national human rights leagues unite to form the FIDH in Paris, the first international human rights federation, which now links nearly 200 member organizations. diplomacy / politics / society ●●

28 February 1922 Independence of Egypt 0 cit. no story Britain unilaterally declares Egypt independent, ending the protectorate; the 1952 revolution later made Egypt a republic. politics ●●●●

6 December 1922 Independence of Ireland 0 cit. no story The Irish Free State is established under the Anglo-Irish Treaty after the War of Independence, ending British rule in most of Ireland. politics / war ●●●

30 December 1922 Founding of the Soviet Union 0 cit. The Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, and Transcaucasian Soviet republics sign the treaty creating the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The world's first communist state is formalized as a federal union. politics ●●●●

28 October 1922 March on Rome 1 cit. Fascist squads converge on Rome and King Victor Emmanuel III appoints Mussolini prime minister rather than order the army to stop them. Fascism takes power in a major state for the first time. politics ●●●●●

1 November 1922 Fall of the Ottoman Empire 0 cit. On 1 November 1922 the Grand National Assembly abolished the Ottoman sultanate, deposing Mehmed VI. The move ended an empire that had lasted more than six centuries. politics / war ●●●●●

18 October 1922 The BBC is founded 0 cit. The British Broadcasting Company was formed in October 1922 and began daily broadcasting that November, later becoming the public-service British Broadcasting Corporation in 1927. It set an influential model of state-chartered public broadcasting. culture / society ●●●●

28 February 1922 Egyptian Independence 0 cit. Britain formally ended its protectorate and recognized Egypt as independent, while keeping control of the Suez Canal and defense. The compromise satisfied neither Egyptian nationalists nor imperial hardliners. politics ●●●

July 1922 to 1948 The British Mandate for Palestine 0 cit. The League of Nations approved a British mandate over Palestine in 1922, which took effect in 1923. British rule lasted until 1948 amid rising tension between Jewish and Arab populations. politics ●●●

6 February 1922 The Washington Naval Treaty grants the US parity with Britain 0 cit. The treaty set equal capital-ship tonnage limits for the United States and Britain, ending the Royal Navy's long claim to unmatched supremacy. It marked a formal acceptance that American sea power now equaled Britain's. politics / war ●●

April 1922 Genoa Conference sets up the gold exchange standard 0 cit. An international conference at Genoa encouraged countries to hold reserves in gold-backed currencies rather than gold itself, to spread scarce gold further. This gold exchange standard shaped the fragile monetary order of the 1920s. economy / politics ●●●

1922 Lucifer Publishing Company is founded 0 cit. Alice and Foster Bailey founded the Lucifer Publishing Company to print Alice Bailey's esoteric books; in Theosophical usage the name referred to the light-bearer or morning star, not the devil. Critics later seized on the original name, but it was renamed within a few years and the organization has always described it as a reference to spiritual light. culture / religion ●●●

1922 Soviet one-party communist state 0 cit. After the 1917 revolution the Bolsheviks built a state where the Communist Party held all power and banned rivals. It became the first modern one-party state and a model copied by other communist regimes. politics / society ●●●●●

October 1922 Fascism seizes power in Italy 0 cit. Mussolini's fascists took power and built a one-party dictatorship glorifying the nation and the leader. Fascism offered a new authoritarian model that fused nationalism, force, and mass mobilization. politics ●●●●

1922 Harry Laughlin drafts the Model Eugenical Sterilization Law 0 cit. Eugenicist Harry Laughlin published a Model Eugenical Sterilization Law in 1922 that many US states adopted and that later influenced Nazi legislation. It gave the movement a legal template for forcibly sterilizing people judged unfit. politics / science ●●●

1922 Soviet censorship and the Glavlit apparatus 0 cit. The Soviet state formalizes prior censorship through Glavlit, which vets all printed matter. For seven decades the state controls what may be published, the model of comprehensive one-party censorship. politics / society ●●●

1922 Revolution on the Rand, 1922 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Attempts to cut mine costs by using more native labor led to strikes and a 1922 armed uprising on the Rand in which over 200 rebels were killed. ●●

1922 Gandhi launches mass civil disobedience (Feb 1, 1922) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On February 1, 1922, Gandhi told the viceroy he would begin mass civil disobedience district by district, starting at Bardoli, escalating beyond non-cooperation into illegal acts. ●●

1922 Germany and Soviet Russia sign Treaty of Rapallo (April 1922) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The two outcast powers drifted together and sealed their friendship with a treaty signed at Rapallo in April 1922, which alarmed western Europe as a potential union of German technology and Soviet resources. ●●

1922 Washington Conference sets naval ratios (1922) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the Washington Conference, Britain gave the United States equality in capital ships at 15 each while Japan received 60 percent, or 9 capital ships, ending the Anglo-Japanese alliance. ●●

1922 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics organized ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Constitutionally, the country was organized in 1922 into the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics. The largest constituent was the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic. ●●

1922 British protectorate over Egypt ended ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The protectorate over Egypt was ended in 1922, and the Dominions' refusal to back the United Kingdom in the Near East crisis forced a reexamination of imperial relations. ●●

1922 Mussolini comes to power in Italy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues leftist gains in 1918-1922 reversed the trend toward wider income disparity, provoking a counterrevolution that brought Mussolini to power in October 1922. ●●

1922 Ignaz Seipel becomes Austrian chancellor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1922 the Christian Socialist leader Monsignor Ignaz Seipel, a Catholic priest, became chancellor, dominating Austria's federal government until his death in 1932 and securing international loans by threatening Anschluss. ●●

1922 Egypt granted independence by Britain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain granted Egypt independence in 1922 but continued to interfere in its governance through peremptory notes and ultimatums. Submission to such pressure roused animosity in the nationalist-dominated Assembly. ●●

1922 The Astors buy control of The Times ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says Lord Astor and his brother became chief proprietors of The Times in 1922 by buying out the Harmsworth interest. He treats this as the moment the Milner Group secured ownership of the paper. ●●