Events, Verisoph

1947 Congress passes the Taft-Hartley Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, the managers retained control over hiring, a prerogative that has never been seriously challenged since ●●

1947 The figures for the share of the 200 largest in manufacturing and mining assets... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The figures for the share of the 200 largest in manufacturing and mining assets are, for 1947, 44 ●●

1947 Aleister Crowley dies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda notes that Aleister Crowley died in 1947, after which the OTO was in disarray. ●●

1947 Bardeen and Brattain build the first transistor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Bell Labs, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain assemble a point-contact device from germanium and gold foil that can amplify current, the first transistor. ●●

17 March 1948 Founding of the International Maritime Organization 0 cit. no story A UN maritime conference in Geneva adopts the convention creating the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization, now the IMO, the UN agency for shipping safety and marine pollution. It first met in London in 1959. diplomacy / economy / technology ●●

14 May 1948 Independence of Israel 0 cit. no story David Ben-Gurion proclaims the State of Israel as the British mandate over Palestine ends; war with neighboring Arab states follows immediately. politics / war ●●●●

4 January 1948 Independence of Myanmar 0 cit. no story Burma becomes independent from Britain as a republic outside the Commonwealth. politics ●●●

9 September 1948 Proclamation of North Korea 0 cit. no story The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is proclaimed in the Soviet-occupied north, three years after Japanese colonial rule ended. politics ●●●

15 August 1948 Establishment of South Korea 0 cit. no story The Republic of Korea is established in the south of the peninsula, three years after liberation from Japanese colonial rule. politics ●●●●

4 February 1948 Independence of Sri Lanka 0 cit. no story Ceylon becomes independent from Britain as a dominion; it became the Republic of Sri Lanka in 1972. politics ●●●

9 April 1948 to 1958 La Violencia 0 cit. no story Liberal and Conservative partisans wage a rural civil war in Colombia that kills around 200,000 people. Its legacies feed the guerrilla conflicts of later decades. politics / war ●●●

1948 Truman defeats Dewey ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Truman's 1948 defeat of Dewey embittered Republican partisans and, Quigley argues, pushed them toward any weapon that could discredit the Democratic administration. ●●

1948 Break between Tito and Moscow ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Moscow's efforts to dominate Yugoslavia alienated Tito, and by March 1948 a complete break between Belgrade and Moscow had been reached. ●●

1948 Communist coup in Czechoslovakia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1948 Gottwald threatened President Benes with civil war unless he dismissed non-Communist ministers; Benes yielded on 25 February 1948, completing the Communist takeover. ●●

1948 German currency reform of 1948 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the 1948 West German currency reform the fiscal miracle of the postwar world, sparking an explosion of industrial expansion and tying West Germany to the West. ●●

1948 Berlin blockade begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Using the West German currency reform as a pretext, the Soviets blockaded Berlin in extreme form from 24 June 1948 to 12 May 1949. ●●

1948 Italian election defeats the Communists ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 18 April 1948 Communist efforts to gain power in Italy were defeated in the first general election under the new Republican constitution, a turning point in postwar Italian history. ●●

1948 LeMay takes command of Strategic Air Command ai_extracted 1 cit. no story General Curtis LeMay took over the underfunded Strategic Air Command in October 1948 and rebuilt it into a force of high war readiness. ●●

1948 HUAC publicity launches Nixon and Mundt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes the House Committee on Un-American Activities gave its Republican members such publicity that it carried Mundt and Nixon to the Senate and Nixon toward the vice-presidency. ●●

1948 HUAC testimony times the 1948 election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story HUAC released its most sensational ex-Communist testimony in late summer 1948 to influence the November election, though Truman was elected anyway. ●●

1948 Quigley: Wallace's 1948 run destroyed U.S. Communism contested ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that Henry Wallace's third-party campaign, engineered with Michael Straight, drove Communists out of the unions and progressive movements, ending Communism as a U.S. political force by December 1948. ●●

1948 Communist research group's Marshall Plan attack ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A 'Communist research group' meeting at Frederick Vanderbilt Field's home drew up an attack on the Marshall Plan for Wallace, published in The New Republic on 12 January 1948. ●●

1948 Independence of Southeast Asian states ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Japanese collapse, colonial rule unraveled across Southeast Asia. Burma became independent in 1948, Indochina in 1949, Malaya in 1957, and Singapore in 1959. ●●

1948 Deaths of Gandhi and Jinnah after India's partition ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The partition of India before independence in 1947 unleashed mass violence, and the founders of both states died in 1948. Gandhi in India was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic and Jinnah in Pakistan died, leaving both new nations under new leaders. ●●

1948 State of Israel proclaimed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ben-Gurion proclaimed the state of Israel on May 14, 1948, and President Truman recognized it sixteen minutes later in a race to beat the Soviet Union. The proclamation came as the British mandate ended and Arab armies entered Palestine. ●●

1948 Western European integration begins, 1948 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley dates the integration of Western Europe to 1948, driven by Soviet aggression that culminated in the Prague coup and the Berlin blockade. ●●

1948 Re-founding of Israel ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The re-founding of Israel in 1948 was among the events prophecy writers pointed to as end-times markers. Wood cites it as part of the model The Late, Great Planet Earth used to read current events. ●●

1948 'The Proper Study of Mankind' published with foundation funding ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto points to the 1948 book The Proper Study of Mankind, funded by the Carnegie Corporation and the Russell Sage Foundation, as evidence of the belief that a society could be remade in about 15 years by conditioning the young. ●●

1948 B.F. Skinner publishes Walden Two, 1948 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto opens the chapter with B.F. Skinner's 1948 utopian novel Walden Two, which he treats as a blueprint for behavioral engineering of society. ●●

1948 Death of Harry Dexter White ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Named publicly as a Soviet agent by Whittaker Chambers, White testified before the House Committee on Un-American Activities. On August 16, 1948, three days after his testimony, he died of a heart attack at 56. ●●

1948 Year 1948: In 1948 he served as the foreign policy adviser to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1948 he served as the foreign policy adviser to the Republican presidential candidate, Governor Thomas Dewey of New York. Many assumed that he would become secretary of state wh... ●●

1948 14 Then, in February 1948 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 14 Then, in February 1948, two important events took place. ●●

1948 “For many months, based on rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “For many months, based on logical analysis, I have felt and held that war [with the Soviets] was unlikely for at least ten years,” Clay cabled to Washington on March 5, 1948. ●●

1948 ”*20 Gehlen’s role in the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ”*20 Gehlen’s role in the 1948 crisis was one of the first—and still one of the most important—examples of blowback created by the Nazi utilization programs. His seemingly authoritative intelligence reports played a very real role in shaping U. ●●

1948 CROWCASS suspends operations after 85,000 reports ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the time it suspended operations in 1948, CROWCASS had processed 85,000 wanted reports, transmitted 130,000 detention reports to investigative teams from a dozen countries, and published a total of 40 book-length registries of persons being sought for crimes against humanity—probably the most ext ●●

1948 The Italian elections of early candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Italian elections of early 1948 marked another important milestone in the development of U. ●●

1948 Washington alarm over 1948 Italian Communist gains ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Italian Communist party was favored to score heavily in the 1948 elections, and many analysts said that the party might democratically win control of the country’s government. This prospect created such alarm in Washington that George Kennan—by then the foremost long- range strategist for the U. ●●

1948 The CIA was a young rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The CIA was a young organization in those days and was primarily limited (until June 1948) to simple information gathering and analysis. Therefore, much of this campaign was handled on an ad hoc basis out of the offices of Allen and John Foster Dulles at the Sullivan & Cromwell law firm in New York. ●●

1948 *22 Walter Rauff was still rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story *22 Walter Rauff was still hiding in the “convents of the Holy See,” as he put it, when the CIA provided his sponsor Monsignor Bicchierai with enough money to buy Jeeps, bedding, and guns for an underground squadron of some 300 anti-Communist Italian youths for use during the 1948 elections. ●●

1948 Kennan gains oversight of US clandestine operations ai_extracted 7 cit. no story By the summer of 1948 Truman and Marshall had delegated personal responsibility for political oversight of all peacetime clandestine operations to George Kennan, according to a later Senate investigation of U. ●●

1948 government increasingly accepted the exiles’ candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story government increasingly accepted the exiles’ organizations as legitimate and began to pour substantial amounts of money into them—at least $5 million in 1948 alone, and probably considerably more. The spring and summer of 1948 were a period of extraordinary activity in U. ●●

1948 ”8 In September 1948 a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ”8 In September 1948 a new Joint Chiefs order amplified the plan. “A psychological offensive to subvert the Red Army is considered a primary objective,” it states. “This type of offensive, as attempted by the German Army in World War II, was known as the ‘Vlasov Movement. ●●

1948 NSC 10/2 authorizes CIA covert warfare ai_extracted 1 cit. no story covert warfare plans in a June 1948 decision known in national security parlance as NSC 10/2 (“NSC ten-slash-two”). The decision marked a crucial turning point in the history of U. ●●

1948 Third, they had to have rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Third, they had to have entered the United States between June 1948, when the program was approved, and mid-1950, when changes in U. ●●

1948 ” *Alexander’s highly publicized activities rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” *Alexander’s highly publicized activities during 1948 are another indication that Bloodstone was geared to bring in Nazi collaborators, not Communists. ●●

1948 Free Europe committee becomes CIA emigre funding pipeline ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Beginning as early as 1948 and picking up speed in the decade that followed, the National Committee for a Free Europe and its sister project, the American Committee for Liberation from Bolshevism, became the single most important pipeline through which the CIA passed money for émigré leaders. ●●

1948 The NCFE announced that it rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The NCFE announced that it had obtained the “Document” from “a former Baltic cabinet minister, favorably known to us,” who in turn had gotten it from a Ukrainian refugee, who in turn had “found it on the body of a dead NKVD officer” in Poland in 1948. ●●

1948 General Lucius Clay's 1948 war scare ai_extracted 1 cit. no story General Lucius Clay’s war scare of early 1948, together with the deepening cold war, convinced many Americans in and out of government that there was at least an even chance of an all-out U. ●●

1948 Secondly, at least one key rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Secondly, at least one key Bloodstone official, Boris Pash, was active in Bloodstone’s early phases in mid-1948, then became chief of the OPC office responsible for planning paramilitary operations, assassinations, and kidnappings at about the time that control of “politico-psychological” and parami ●●

1948 By mid- 1948 his “Liberation rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By mid- 1948 his “Liberation Council” was receiving a substantial income from American sources, probably through army intelligence. His handlers liked him; his “political standpoint is positive,” reported the CIC in a study of personalities recommended for a Ukrainian government in exile —”i. ●●

1948 Perhaps worst of all, the candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Perhaps worst of all, the OUN had undergone another factional split during the summer of 1948, and some of his erstwhile comrades, men who knew his habits, hideouts, and contacts, were now after him as well. ●●

1948 ” Rumors concerning Barbie’s employment rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” Rumors concerning Barbie’s employment (and protection) by the Americans began to reach French newspapers and politicians at least as early as 1948. They, in turn, brought increasing pressure to bear on the U. ●●

1948 “It was not our job rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “It was not our job to spy on the Russians [at that time],” Bishop concedes in a 1948 memoir of his Romanian experiences. “But we perceived very early that we were confronted with an even more sinister and potent totalitarian force than the one we were fighting. ●●

1948 Manual, which was prepared by the 970th CIC unit in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Manual, which was prepared by the 970th CIC unit in the U.S. zone of Germany in 1948. It shows that U.S. ●●

1948 “They stank in my nostrils in Czechoslovakia in 1948, and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “They stank in my nostrils in Czechoslovakia in 1948, and they are no less sickening today.” American leaders were convinced that the Soviets were plo (1948) ●●

1948 Berlin blockade spurs passage of the Marshall Plan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Soviet blockade of Berlin, announced via alarming military cables, prompted Truman to secure congressional approval of the Marshall Plan. ●●

1948 Kennan defines Cold War as organized political warfare ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kennan issued secret directive defining Cold War strategy as "organized political warfare" linking Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine, and CIA operations. ●●

1948 Wisner takes charge of CIA covert operations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frank Wisner took charge of CIA covert operations with mission to liberate Eastern Europe. His organization soon grew larger than the rest of CIA combined. ●●

1948 Hjalmar Schacht acquitted and freed on appeal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dr. Schacht was finally acquitted on appeal and set free in September 1948. — Eric was a man of composite identity who felt American, German, and Jew... ●●

1948 1948 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yugoslavia was remarkable in breaking with Stalin (it was expelled from the Cominform as early as 1948) and yet maintaining its independence without a Russian invasion occurring. ●●

1948 10. JW. Box 15, Dwight D. Eisenhower 1948-March rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 10. JW. Box 15, Dwight D. Eisenhower 1948-March 1953, undated letter to Milton E. Eisenhower. ●●

1948 Berlin blockade (1948), 190, 469, 473–74, 476, 495, 498, 500, 569, 584, 624 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Berlin blockade (1948), 190, 469, 473–74, 476, 495, 498, 500, 569, 584, 624 ●●

1948 He was concerned particularly about German heavy-water production because British scientists believe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He was concerned particularly about German heavy-water production because British scientists believed they had found a way to separate light from heavy water at five times the efficiency of existing processes and feared their German counterparts migh ●●

1948 Bohr reported a more specific commitment from the President: he “left with Professor Bohr the impres rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bohr reported a more specific commitment from the President: he “left with Professor Bohr the impression,” Oppenheimer writes, “that, after discussion with the Prime Minister, he might well ask [Bohr] to undertake an exploratory mission to the Soviet ●●

1948 1948: n. Once again Turing laid out the concept clearly. “We do not need to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story n. Once again Turing laid out the concept clearly. “We do not need to have an infinity of different machines doing different jobs,” he wrote in 1948. ●●

1948 1948: e wrote seven pages of notes on lined graph paper. When he woke up on rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story e wrote seven pages of notes on lined graph paper. When he woke up on New Year’s Day of 1948, he wrote thirteen more. These he sent by airmail back to ●●

1948 1948: r easily won the election over five other options. 35 On June 30, 1948 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story r easily won the election over five other options. 35 On June 30, 1948, the press gathered in the auditorium of Bell Labs’ old building on West Street ●●

1948 1948: owing the company without money was hard.” 28 I . A sample of Doc Smit rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story owing the company without money was hard.” 28 I . A sample of Doc Smith’s prose, from his novel Triplanetary (1948): “Nerado’s vessel was completely r ●●

1948 Arab resistance to that prospect led to four wars: in 1948, 1956, 1967, and 1973 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story two sides in the Cold War. The regional role of the Soviet Union was severely reduced. The one ideological issue uniting Arab views was the emergence of Israel as a sovereign state and internationally recognized homeland for the Jewish people. Arab r ●●

1948 Information history in 1948 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story reproducing at one point either exactly or approximately a message selected at another point. Frequently the messages have meaning. ●●

1948 Von Neumann convenes computer planning meeting at RCA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —John von Neumann, 1948 ON MONDAY, November 12, 1945, at 12:45 p.m., six people, led by John von Neumann, gathered in Vladimir Zworykin’s office at R ●●

1948 “We had a tendency to congregate during the evening rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “We had a tendency to congregate during the evening, and we got to know one another extremely well,” remembers Morris Rubinoff, one of the second cont ●●

1948 In August a ten-stage shift register was put through a life rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In August a ten-stage shift register was put through a life test for the entire month, and in February of 1948 a prototype accumulator was run, “at a ●●

1948 entation in the register into an amplitude representation in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “This device would take the data existing in one of the registers of the machine and translate its binary representation in the register into an ampli ●●

1948 1948 “I AM A LITTLE TROUBLED about the tea service in the e rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —John von Neumann, 1948 “I AM A LITTLE TROUBLED about the tea service in the electronic computer building,” outgoing IAS director Frank Aydelotte war ●●

1948 I made haste to join the project on my return from Europe in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I made haste to join the project on my return from Europe in 1948.”32 Jule Gregory Charney, born on New Year’s Day 1917 in San Francisco, had been mi ●●

1948 te on the blackboard in imitation of my handwriting; it said rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “On one occasion, I was away for about ten days, and when I returned, there was an additional note on the blackboard in imitation of my handwriting; i ●●

1948 “If the only demerit of the digital expansion system were it rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “If the only demerit of the digital expansion system were its greater logical complexity, nature would not, for this reason alone, have rejected it,” ●●

1948 rediscovering America from the West.”2 Huxley’s dystopian v rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Now that the danger is over, here come its first explorers, rediscovering America from the West.”2 Huxley’s dystopian vision was published in 1948, w ●●

1948 or perhaps a few times 10,000 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “It is possible that in later years the machine sizes will increase again, but it is not likely that 10,000 (or perhaps a few times 10,000) switching ●●

1948 “A Logical Coding System Applied to the ENIAC rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Clippinger, “A Logical Coding System Applied to the ENIAC,” BRL report 673, Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, September 29, 19 ●●

1948 Good, September 18, 1948, AMT rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Good, September 18, 1948, AMT ●●

1948 Event of 1948 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Davey, a member of the Colonial Ad- visory Medical Committee, warned in 1948 that if new public health tech- niques spread throughout the empire, Brit ●●

1948 Rather, it has been a stable democracy since 1948 with competitive elections and regular turnovers o rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rather, it has been a stable democracy since 1948 with competitive elections and regular turnovers of power between political parties. ●●

1948 443rd Meeting,” March 23, 1948, and ac- companying minutes to file, UKNA, CO 859/154/6. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 443rd Meeting,” March 23, 1948, and ac- companying minutes to file, UKNA, CO 859/154/6. ●●

1948 Addressing the Cathedral Club of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Addressing the Cathedral Club of Brooklyn, 15 January 1948; cited in David Caute, The Great Fear: The Anti- Communist Purge Under Truman and Eisenhower (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1979), p ●●

1948 Truman and the War Scare rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Truman and the War Scare of 1948: A Successful Campaign to Deceive the Nation (St ●●

1948 Italy 1947-1948: Free elections, Hollywood rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Italy 1947-1948: Free elections, Hollywood style ●●

1948 (It should be remembered that rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (It should be remembered that in 1948American negroes had not yet reached the status of second-class citizens.) Italian radio stations carried a one-hour show from Hollywood put on to raise money for the orphans of Italian pilots who had died in the ●●

1948 (According to a former CIA rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (According to a former CIA officer, when, in 1945, the Communists came very near to gaining control of labor unions, first in Sicily, then in all Italy and southern France, co-operation between the OSS and the Mafia successfully stemmed the tide.)!9 ●●

1948 Less publicized was the fact candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Less publicized was the fact that Guatemala had to seek arms from Czechoslovakia because the UnitedStates had refused to sell it any since 1948 due to its reformist governments, and had pres- sured other countries to do the same despite Arbenz’s repe ●●

1948 Gayn related that one of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gayn related that one of Hodge’s political advisers assured him (Gayn) that Rhee was not a fascist: “He is two cen- turies before fascism—a pure Bourbon.”3° Describing the government’s anti-guerrilla campaign in 1948, pro-Western political sci- entis ●●

1948 Eastern Europe 1948-1956 When, in candidate ai_extracted 3 cit. no story Eastern Europe 1948-1956 When, in October 1956, the uprising in Hungary occurred, these men, according to the CIA, were not used because they were not yet ready.!4 But the Agency did send its agents in Budapest into action to join the rebels and help ●●

1948 1946 election: Mark Gayn, Japan rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1946 election: Mark Gayn, Japan Diary (New York 1948) p ●●

1948 KILLING HOPE story has Swiatlo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story KILLING HOPE story has Swiatlo seeking to defect to the British in Warsaw back in 1948 at a time when he was already in his high security position ●●

1948 He was an Indonesian nationalist rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He was an Indonesian nationalist and a “Sukarnoist” who had crushed the PKI forces in 1948 after the independence struggle had been won.’ He ran what was largely his own show by granting concessions to both the PKI and the Army, balancing one against ●●

1948 (Sandys was the founder, in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (Sandys was the founder, in 1948, of The European Movement, a CIA-funded cold-war organization.)** This was, of course, a contrived position ●●

1948 Italy 1950s to 1970s Supporting rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Italy 1950s to 1970s Supporting the Cardinal’s orphans and techno-fascism After the multifarious extravaganza staged by the United States in 1948 to exorcise the spectre of Communism that was haunting Italy, the CIA settled in place for the long haul ●●

1948 (The Socialist Party, a prime rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (The Socialist Party, a prime target of the United States in the 1948 elections, was a formal member of the government for much of the 1960s to the 1990s.) In the files of the State Department and the CIA lie any number of internal reports pre- pared ●●

1948 Manchester Baby runs the first stored program ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Built from scratch at Manchester University, the Manchester Baby uses cathode-ray-tube memory to become one of the first stored-program computers. ●●