Events, Verisoph

1950 By the winter of 1950–1951 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the winter of 1950–1951 the most senior levels of the U. ●●

1950 Lyon and the CIC soon rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lyon and the CIC soon began avoiding Bishop when they could, then cut him off altogether in 1950. Dragonovic managed to carry on without Bishop, however, by establishing new sources for false visas and identification through church relief channels. ●●

1950 Bloodstone had begun this process on a relatively modest scale, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bloodstone had begun this process on a relatively modest scale, with about 250 sponsored immigrants per year. By 1950, however, CIA representatives approached Congress with a plan ... ●●

1950 The new enlistees were to remain under U.S. Army control, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The new enlistees were to remain under U.S. Army control, even though the military was eager to cooperate with the CIA on specific missions.27 In 1950 the army convinced Congress t... ●●

1950 3. For Carey comment, see New York Herald Tribune, January rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 3. For Carey comment, see New York Herald Tribune, January 29, 1950, and Richard Boyer and Herbert Morais, Labor’s Untold Story (New York: United Electrical Radio & Machine Workers... ●●

1950 Anglo-Iranian made more profit in 1950 alone than it had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Anglo-Iranian made more profit in 1950 alone than it had paid Iran in royalties over the previous half century (1950) ●●

1950 In the spring of 1954, he told a South American rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the spring of 1954, he told a South American diplomat that although it was “impossible to produce evidence clearly tying the Guatemalan government (1950) ●●

1950 Between 1950 and 1969, nearly four thousand Chilean officers were rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1950 and 1969, nearly four thousand Chilean officers were trained at American military bases, most at the U.S (1950) ●●

1950 [American] officials had only a dim idea of what had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story [American] officials had only a dim idea of what had occurred in Guatemala before Jacobo Arbenz Guzman came to power in 1950 (1950) ●●

1950 Like Pierpont, she burned her letters and diaries before she rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Like Pierpont, she burned her letters and diaries before she died in 1950. In Belle Greene, Pierpont’s infatuation with women and art converged. ●●

1950 NYT, May 2, 1950 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 30. Moore, Banker’s Life, p. 157. ●●

1950 Schuman proposes European coal and steel authority ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To bind the two countries in amity, the French foreign minister, Robert Schuman, devised a plan in 1950 for a supranational coal and steel authority,... ●●

1950 1950 Diplomatic Agreement rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But it did mean that if either of the superpowers wished to appeal to “world opinion” (as the United States had done in getting the United Nations to aid South Korea in 1950), it h... ●●

1950 4. MMW. Fritz Akten. Paket 3. Siegmund G rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 4. MMW. Fritz Akten. Paket 3. Siegmund G. Warburg Folder, letter from Siegmund to Fritz Warburg, January 12, 1950. ●●

1950 22. MMW. Fritz Akten. Paket 3. Siegmund G rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 22. MMW. Fritz Akten. Paket 3. Siegmund G. Warburg Folder, letter from Siegmund to Fritz Warburg, January 18, 1950. ●●

1950 United States and Soviet Union emerge as bipolar powers rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After World War II, the era of great-power multipolarity gave way to a bipolar global system dominated by the United States and Soviet Union ●●

1950 Throughout the 1950s, my thinking on foreign policy had been focused on Europe and on nuclear strate rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Throughout the 1950s, my thinking on foreign policy had been focused on Europe and on nuclear strategy. ●●

1950 The picture-perfect families gracing the television screens of the 1950s had been the cultural suppo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The picture-perfect families gracing the television screens of the 1950s had been the cultural support group for the moral high-mindedness of Dulles and the soaring idealism of Kennedy. ●●

1950 4, The Hinge of Fate (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950), p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 4, The Hinge of Fate (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950), p. ●●

1950 Policy,” remarks before the National Press Club, Washington, January 12, 1950, in U rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Policy,” remarks before the National Press Club, Washington, January 12, 1950, in U. ●●

1950 Oppenheimer recalled an odd group delusion: Very shortly before the test of the first atomic bomb, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oppenheimer recalled an odd group delusion: Very shortly before the test of the first atomic bomb, people at Los Alamos were naturally in a state of some tension. ●●

1950 Cary Grant undergoes LSD therapy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1950 and 1965, Cary Grant received weekly LSD sessions with Dr. Mortimer Hartman at the Psychiatric Institute of Beverly Hills, reportedly introduced by his third wife Betsy Drake. ●●

1950 1950: This was in 1950, five years before Bill Gates and Steve Job... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story uld collaborate—in other words, networked interactive computers with graphic displays. This was in 1950, five years before Bill Gates and Steve Jobs were born. Even the very first commercial computers ●●

1950 1950: Steve Jobs (1955–2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950– ) in 1976. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Steve Jobs (1955–2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950– ) in 1976. Jobs graphic on the original Macintosh in 1984. Richard Stallman (1953– ). Linus Torvalds (1969– ). ●●

1950 1950: mputing from an academic to a commercial endeavor. (In 1950 their comp rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story mputing from an academic to a commercial endeavor. (In 1950 their company, along with the patents they would be granted, became part of Remington Rand ●●

1950 1950: initiatives. It can merely perform as programmed. In his 1950 paper, T rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story initiatives. It can merely perform as programmed. In his 1950 paper, Turing devoted a section to what he dubbed “Lady Lovelace’s Objection.” His most ●●

1950 1950: orked interactive computers with graphic displays. This was in 1950, f rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story orked interactive computers with graphic displays. This was in 1950, five years before Bill Gates and Steve Jobs were born. Even the very first commer ●●

1950 1950: Steve Jobs (1955–2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950– ) in 1976. Jobs graphi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Steve Jobs (1955–2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950– ) in 1976. Jobs graphic on the original Macintosh in 1984. ●●

1950 North Korean army invades South Korea ai_extracted 1 cit. no story il then a Japanese colony, had been liberated by the victorious Allies. The northern half of the Korean Peninsula was occupied by the Soviet Union, the southern half by the United States. Each established its form of government in its zone before it ●●

1950 Information history in 1950 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story this theory of information in fields for which it was not designed, but I think the danger will not keep people from using it. —J. ●●

1950 when a severe storm struck the central and eastern United St rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Charney’s group chose Thanksgiving 1950, when a severe storm struck the central and eastern United States ●●

1950 and several others were standing outside of the Electronic C rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Sometime in the early 1950s, von Neumann, I, and several others were standing outside of the Electronic Computer Project Building in Princeton,” reme ●●

1950 “I think that there should never have been any hesitation rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I think that there should never have been any hesitation,” he wrote in 1950, after Truman had made the decision to move full speed ahead.40 Ulam bel ●●

1950 1950 THE HISTORY OF DIGITAL computing can be divided into a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —Alan Turing, 1950 THE HISTORY OF DIGITAL computing can be divided into an Old Testament whose prophets, led by Leibniz, supplied the logic, and a Ne ●●

1950 “The actual machine that will be completed soon rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The actual machine that will be completed soon, and which has quite exceptional characteristics, is, in its physical embodiment, much more Bigelow’s ●●

1950 Fermi poses his paradox at Los Alamos ai_extracted 1 cit. no story According to Edward Teller, Enrico Fermi asked the question “Where is everybody?” at Los Alamos in 1950, when the subject of extraterrestrial beings c ●●

1950 Turing’s 1950 comment about computers being “mansions for th rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Turing’s 1950 comment about computers being “mansions for the souls that He creates” came to mind ●●

1950 10.1 “Mathematics and the Arts” (Morse rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story applied, 3.1, 4.1, 10.1 “Mathematics and the Arts” (Morse, 1950) Mauchly, John W ●●

1950 Event of 1950 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Indeed, in 1950 Margaret Sanger pointed to the death camps as conclusive proof of the “widespread devaluation of human lives” and the urgent need for ●●

1950 merican citizenship and desire to help mankind. Upon rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story merican citizenship and desire to help mankind. Upon review, his sentence was commuted to fifteen years. Katzen-Ellenbogen then appealed for special clemency on the grounds of poor health. In July of 1950, a clemency board comprised of three civilian attorneys reduced his sentence to just twelve yea ●●

1950 Indonesia's 1950 constitution sidelines Sukarno ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Indonesia’s original constitution upon independence in 1950 provided for multiparty democracy and sidelined President Sukarno as a weak figurehead. ●●

1950 “Population Commission, Fifth Session, Provisional Summary Record of the Fifty-Fourth Meeting,” M... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Population Commission, Fifth Session, Provisional Summary Record of the Fifty-Fourth Meeting,” May 23, 1950, Hauser Papers, box 30, folder 1; UN Secretariat, Department of Social Affairs, Populati... ●●

1950 On the death threats, see Sauvy, “Le Population dans le Monde.” For the debate, see Symonds and C... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the death threats, see Sauvy, “Le Population dans le Monde.” For the debate, see Symonds and Carder, The United Nations and the Population Question, 71–72; and “Population Commission, Fifth Sess... ●●

1950 At the height of China’s “Soviet” period in the 1950s, the state had greatest autonomy from the part rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the height of China’s “Soviet” period in the 1950s, the state had greatest autonomy from the party at the level of the higher centralized ministries. ●●

1950 Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Material Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Material Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. ●●

1950 I, 1950-1962 (MIT Press, Cambridge, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I, 1950-1962 (MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1969) pp ●●

1950 Smith, The State of Europe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Smith, The State of Europe (London, 1950), p ●●

1950 Greece 1947 to early 1950s: rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Greece 1947 to early 1950s: From cradle of democracy to client state ●●

1950 Vietnam 1950-1973 soon turned it rejected ai_extracted 3 cit. no story Vietnam 1950-1973 soon turned it back to the French ●●

1950 By the early 1950s, Greece rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the early 1950s, Greece had been molded into a supremely reliable ally-client of the United States ●●

1950 Jessup, speaking in April 1950, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jessup, speaking in April 1950, put it this way: There is constant fighting between the South Korean Army and bands that infiltrate the country from the North ●●

1950 So reluctant was Rhee to candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story So reluctant was Rhee to allow an honest election, that by early 1950 he had becomeenough of an embarrassment to the United States for Washington officials to threaten to cut off aid if he failed to do so and also improve the state of civil liberties ●●

1950 Lifton, brainwashing was popularly held rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lifton, brainwashing was popularly held to be an “all-powerful, irresistible, unfathomable, and magical method of achieving total con- trol over the human mind.”45 Although the CIA experimented, beginning in the 1950s, to develop just such a magic, n ●●

1950 Smith was a CIA officer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Smith was a CIA officer who, in the early 1950s, worked in the Far East Division, which includes the Philippines, concerned with political and psychological-warfare matters ●●

1950 Another Italian newspaper, the Daily candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Another Italian newspaper, the Daily American of Rome, for decades the country’s leading English-language paper, was for a long period in the 1950s to the ’70s partly owned and/or managed by the CIA ●●

1950 New York Times, 27 March rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story New York Times, 27 March 1950; 9 April 1951, p ●●

1950 Rusk’s talk in 1950, oth- rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rusk’s talk in 1950, oth- ers in his government were actively plotting the downfall of the Chinese revolutionary gov- ernment ●●

1950 In both 1950 and 1951, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In both 1950 and 1951, an espionage airplane with a crew of ten was shot down, with no survivors ●●

1950 (The latter was Diem’s predecessor.) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (The latter was Diem’s predecessor.) 126 Vietnam 1950-1973 The study of the Pentagon papers cited “State Department cables and National Security Council memorandums indicating that the Eisenhower Administration wished to postpone the elections as lo ●●

1950 Studies in Vietnam since the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Studies in Vietnam since the war have pointed to abnormally high rates of cancers, particularly of the liver, chromosomal damage, birth defects, long-lasting neurolog- 152 Vietnam 1950-1973 ical disorders, etc ●●

1950 34, states that Anschuetz served rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 34, states that Anschuetz served in the Military Intelligence Service of the US Army during World War 2 and joined the CIA in 1950 ●●

1950 Years later, the New York Times noted: In rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Years later, the New York Times noted: In El Salvador, American aid was used for police training in the 1950’s and 1960’ ●●

1950 34, states that Anschuetz served in the Military rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 34, states that Anschuetz served in the Military Intelligence Service of the US Army during World War 2 and joined the C ●●

1950 Turing publishes Computing Machinery and Intelligence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Turing's paper proposes what becomes known as the Turing Test, an operational definition of machine intelligence. ●●

24 December 1951 Independence of Libya 0 cit. no story Libya becomes an independent kingdom under Idris I, the first state to gain independence through the United Nations. politics ●●●

1951 McCarran Committee and the 'loss of China' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1951 the Senate's McCarran Committee sought to show that China had been lost to the Communists through the deliberate actions of Far East experts coordinated by the Institute of Pacific Relations. ●●

1951 Truman relieves MacArthur ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the MacArthur-Martin letter was read in Congress on 5 April 1951, Truman removed MacArthur from all his Far East commands five days later, provoking a storm of opposition. ●●

1951 Japanese peace treaty signed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dulles obtained a peace treaty with Japan, signed 8 September 1951, that ended the Pacific war within a mutual-security structure and excluded the Soviet Union and Communist China. ●●

1951 McCarthy's Senate attack on Marshall ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 1951 Senator McCarthy delivered a 60,000-word Senate speech attacking General Marshall as steeped in falsehood and part of a vast conspiracy. ●●

1951 Assassination of Razmara and Iranian oil nationalization ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Iranian opposition to nationalization collapsed in March 1951 when Prime Minister Ali Razmara and his education minister were assassinated within two weeks. The nationalization law passed the following month and Mossadegh was appointed prime minister to carry it out. ●●

1951 American occupation reforms Japanese agriculture ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The reorganization of Japanese agriculture, largely due to the American Military Occupation (SCAP), raised the index of agricultural production 40 percent in the decade 1951-1961. Quigley calls the Japanese agrarian reform one of the remarkable economic transformations of the century. ●●

1951 Senate subcommittee investigates the IPR ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book cites a 1951 Senate Judiciary subcommittee that sought to show China had been lost to Communists through a group of Far East experts tied to the Institute of Pacific Relations. It presents the IPR as an instrument of the Network. ●●

1951 Year 1951: It said that he was “supported by the majority of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It said that he was “supported by the majority of the population” and described him as “witty,” “affable,” “honest,” and “well informed.” This could not have been more different fr... ●●

1951 Year 1951: During that year of 1951, Mossadegh vaulted onto t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During that year of 1951, Mossadegh vaulted onto the world stage and came to dominate it. He had become a defining figure whose ideas, for better or worse, were reshaping history. ●●

1951 Year 1951: He was Mohammad Mossadegh, Premier of Iran in the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He was Mohammad Mossadegh, Premier of Iran in the year 1951. He was the Man of the Year. ●●

1951 Year 1951: The two best, Ali Jalili and Farouk Keyvani, began rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The two best, Ali Jalili and Farouk Keyvani, began working for the CIA in early 1951 as organizers of the propaganda and sabotage network known as Bedamn. They had organized riots ... ●●

1951 Year 1951: Reston says United States intervened too late: New rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Reston says United States intervened too late: New York Times, October 18, 1951. McGhee’s efforts with Mossadegh: McGhee, op. ●●

1951 Year 1951: Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh thrilled Iranian rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh thrilled Iranians when he nationalized the oil company in 1951. Here he is shown in the bed from which he often conducted business. ●●

1951 It is at that point rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It is at that point, over the winter of 1951–1952, that the blowback from the CIA’s overseas operations reached a new and more dangerous stage. ●●

1951 intelligence was financing, training, and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story intelligence was financing, training, and arming a squadron of former Waffen SS and Wehrmacht soldiers with about $500,000 per year—and that’s in 1951 dollars—and they still could credibly claim that they did not know what their own contract agents were up to. ●●

1951 CIC gives Klaus Barbie passage to Argentina ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That, in the final analysis, is why the CIC chose to provide Barbie with a new identity and safe passage to Argentina in 1951, while thousands of other ex-Nazis who had been “of interest” to the CIC at one time or another have simply lived out their lives in Germany. ●●

1951 29 McCloy announced the recommendations rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 29 McCloy announced the recommendations of this task force in January 1951, only a few days after Seoul had fallen to Communist forces. He began by acknowledging the “enormity of the crimes” committed by the prisoners at Landsberg and called for stern measures against them. ●●

1951 First Lodge Act recruits arrive at Camp Kilmer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Italians ? The first known group of Lodge Act recruits arrived by a military airlift at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, in October 1951. Most were Ukrainians and Poles, but virtually ever... ●●

1951 O’Connor, it will be recalled, had been the U.S. displaced rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story O’Connor, it will be recalled, had been the U.S. displaced persons commissioner who had spearheaded the legal revisions that permitted Waffen SS veterans from Latvia, Lithuania, an... ●●

1951 charter. Similarly, some ex-SS men insist that they entered the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story charter. Similarly, some ex-SS men insist that they entered the country under the Displaced Persons Act waiver for Baltic SS veterans engineered by Displaced Persons Commissioner O... ●●

1951 Both funds placed particular stress on émigré affairs. For an rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Both funds placed particular stress on émigré affairs. For an early Free Russia Fund publication, see George Fischer, ed., Russian éMigré Politics (New York: Free Russia Fund, Inc.... ●●

1951 150–54. See also George Neagoy, “Memorandum for the Record, Subject: rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 150–54. See also George Neagoy, “Memorandum for the Record, Subject: Disposal of Dropped Intelligence Informant,” March 27, 1951 (top secret), reproduced in Ryan, Barbie Exhibits, ... ●●

1951 H. Raskin, “3 Agencies Resettling D.P.’s Told to End Contracts rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story H. Raskin, “3 Agencies Resettling D.P.’s Told to End Contracts of Leftist Union,” New York Times, May 2, 1951, and “Cut Leftist Union Ties,” New York Times, May 3, 1951. 14. ●●

1951 Time names Mossadegh Man of the Year ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mohammad Mossadegh, Iran's nationalist prime minister, was recognized by Time magazine as the most influential figure of 1951, chosen over major world leaders. ●●

1951 Mossadegh becomes Iran's prime minister ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Frustrated with British exploitation of Iranian oil reserves, Iranians selected Mohammad Mossadegh as prime minister to challenge the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. ●●

1951 Mohammad Mossadegh comes to power in Iran ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They carried an outspokenly idealistic Iranian, Mohammad Mossadegh, to power in the spring of 1951 (1951) ●●

1951 General strike paralyzes colonial Grenada ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Grenada had been a relatively quiet British colony for more than a century when, at the beginning of 1951, it was paralyzed by a general strike (1951) ●●

1951 Bedell Smith names Dulles deputy director of plans ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CIA Director Bedell Smith appointed Allen Dulles as deputy director of plans to control Wisner's sprawling covert operations. ●●

1951 DDE, letter to George Whitney, June 14, 1951 rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story 30. Moore, Banker’s Life, p. 157. ●●

1951 Guantanamo Bay Used as Training Base rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Guantanamo Bay was used as a training base for Navy personnel and later as a secret detention facility. ●●

1951 2. Ibid., letter from Siegmund to Fritz Warburg rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2. Ibid., letter from Siegmund to Fritz Warburg, February 21, 1951. ●●

1951 of kidnapping and sexually assaulting an rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story of kidnapping and sexually assaulting an eight-year-old boy. ●●

1951 As early as November 1951, he had struck the theme he would never abandon: force alone was not enoug rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as November 1951, he had struck the theme he would never abandon: force alone was not enough to stop communism; America’s allies in that struggle had to build a political foundation for it. ●●

1951 Such a diplomacy was essentially what Churchill had proposed when he returned to office in 1951 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Such a diplomacy was essentially what Churchill had proposed when he returned to office in 1951. ●●

1951 Ridgway's spring offensive retakes Seoul ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the spring of 1951, a new American offensive under General Ridgway was grinding its way north using traditional American tactics of attrition. It had liberated Seoul and crossed the 38th Parallel when the communists proposed armistice negotiations. ●●