Events, Verisoph

1953 (Marshall was awarded the Nobel rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (Marshall was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953.) A daily series of direct short-wave broadcasts to Italy backed by the State Department and fea- turing prominent Americans ●●

1953 Chiang was “brutally pressured” by rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Chiang was “brutally pressured” by the US to build up his troops on the islands beginning around 1953 as a demonstration of Washington’s new policy of “unleashing” him.24 The Chinese retaliated several times with heavy artillery attacks on Quemoy, on ●●

1953 Guatemala 1953-1954 American States, other rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Guatemala 1953-1954 American States, other countries individually, the world press, even the United States itself, in the desperate hope that it was all a big misunderstanding, that in the end, reason would prevail ●●

1953 Whatever actually lay behind the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Whatever actually lay behind the announcement, it is evident that very little reliance, if any, can be placed upon statements made by the South Korean government con- cerning the start of the war.4 46 Korea 1945-1953 There were, in fact, reports in ●●

1953 This story arose to explain rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This story arose to explain the fact that as many as 30 percent of American POWs had collaborated with the enemy in one way or D2 Korea 1945-1953 another, and “one man in every seven, or more than thirteen per cent, was guilty of serious collaborati ●●

1953 Dwight Eisenhower, The White House rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dwight Eisenhower, The White House Years: Mandate for Change, 1953-1956 (New York, 1963) p ●●

1953 (See Western Europe chapter.) wy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (See Western Europe chapter.) wy Angenar Wes Making it safe for the King of Kings “So this is how we get rid of that madman Mossadegh,” announced John Foster Dulles to a group of top Washington policy makers one day in June 1953.1 The Secretary of St ●●

1953 Jozef Swiatlo defects to the West ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Swiatlo defected in December 1953, East European intelligence services came to realize that he had been working for the other side all along ●●

1953 Within days of taking office, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Within days of taking office, however, the Labour Party dashed these hopes.24 112 British Guiana 1953-1964 “Bowing to United States wishes,” the New York Times disclosed, the Labour Party “ruled out early independence for British Guiana” and was goi ●●

1953 A White House memorandum, prepared rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A White House memorandum, prepared after the 1953 election, reported that “Neither the Moscow war stick nor the American economic carrot was being visibly brandished over 119 ●●

1953 William Colby becomes CIA station chief in Italy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This is what I call techno-fascism.!5 William Colby, later Director of the CIA, arrived in Italy in 1953 as station chief and devoted the next five years of his life to financing and advising center/right organizations for the express purpose of indu ●●

1953 The Shah literally placed his rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Shah literally placed his country at the disposal of US military and intelli- gence organizations to be used as a cold-war weapon, a window and a door to the Soviet Union—electronic listening and radar posts were set up near the Soviet border; Am ●●

1953 76 Guatemala 1953-1954 At one rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 76 Guatemala 1953-1954 At one point, the CIA offerred Arbenz himself a large sum of money, which was reject- ed ●●

1953 Guevara, who had been living rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Guevara, who had been living in Guatemala since sometime in 1953, had tried to spark armed resistance to the invading forces, but without any success ●●

1953 Kermit had masterminded the overthrow rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kermit had masterminded the overthrow of the Iranian government in 1953 ●●

1953 British Guiana 1953-1964 The CIA’s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British Guiana 1953-1964 The CIA’s international labor mafia For a period of 11 years, two of the oldest democracies in the world, Great Britain and the United States, went to great lengths to prevent a democratically elected leader from occupying hi ●●

1953 _ New York Times, 20 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story _ New York Times, 20 August 1953, p ●●

1953 ile = We I BRITISH rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ile = We I BRITISH GUIANA 1953-1964Events of 1953: The Guardian (London), 28 December 1984, for a detailed description of the raw cynicism behind the British action, based on government documents released in 1984; see also The Times (London) 7 and 10 ●●

1953 Richards, Director, Office of Greek, Turkish and Iranian rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Richards, Director, Office of Greek, Turkish and Iranian Affairs, testimony 17 July 1953, before House Committee on Fore ●●

1953 Jack Sarfatti receives mysterious phone calls claiming to be from spacecraft rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jack Sarfatti claims to have received strange phone calls at home from someone claiming to speak from a spacecraft hovering over Earth, the voice of The Nine ●●

1953 Terman creates the Stanford Industrial Park ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Stanford dean Fred Terman establishes an industrial park on university land, drawing tech firms like Hewlett-Packard close to campus. ●●

29 September 1954 Founding of CERN 0 cit. no story The convention of the European Organization for Nuclear Research enters into force, creating a shared physics laboratory near Geneva. CERN became the world's leading particle physics center and the birthplace of the World Wide Web. diplomacy / science ●●●

1 November 1954 to 19 March 1962 Algerian War 0 cit. no story The FLN fights France for Algerian independence in a war marked by torture, terrorism, and massive civilian death. Algeria wins independence in 1962 and the crisis brings down the French Fourth Republic. politics / war ●●●●

1954 'Bravo' thermonuclear test at Bikini ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 1 March 1954 the U.S. exploded its first real thermonuclear bomb at Bikini, a triple-stage fission-fusion-fission device that spread radioactive contamination over more than 8,000 square miles of the Pacific. ●●

1954 Quigley: the Teller 'father of the H-bomb' myth ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that AEC secrecy under Strauss entrenched the false public belief that Teller fathered the H-bomb and had been held back by Soviet sympathizers, when the successful bomb followed a different design. ●●

1954 Dulles announces 'massive retaliation' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dulles publicly announced the doctrine of massive retaliation, meaning nuclear reprisal by strategic bombing, in a speech to the Council on Foreign Relations on 12 January 1954. ●●

1954 SEATO signed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization was signed in 1954 with eight members, part of Dulles's ring of pacts meant to serve as triggers for American retaliation around the Soviet bloc. ●●

1954 Oppenheimer security hearings ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oppenheimer's security clearance appeal was heard from 12 April to 6 May 1954, but the tribunal's use of secret data and the shifted burden of proof made the hearings unsatisfactory. ●●

1954 AEC ends Oppenheimer's clearance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Following the hearing board's recommendation, the Atomic Energy Commission voted 4 to 1, with Henry Smyth dissenting, not to restore Robert Oppenheimer's security clearance, ending his career in government. ●●

1954 Secretary Wilson dismisses Soviet satellite race threat ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November 1954, three years before Sputnik, Defense Secretary Charles Wilson brushed off a journalist's question about the Soviets winning the satellite race. Quigley uses the exchange to illustrate the administration's neglect of missile development. ●●

1954 Khrushchev launches the 'virgin lands' scheme ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1954 Khrushchev proposed a radical plan to cultivate vast untilled grasslands in Asia to address chronic Soviet agricultural shortages. The scheme demanded enormous machinery and manpower and put responsibility for its success on Malenkov. ●●

1954 Fall of Dien Bien Phu ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The French fortress of Dien Bien Phu fell to the Viet Minh on May 7, 1954, opening a bitter debate in the French Assembly. It brought down Premier Joseph Laniel's government, the eighteenth cabinet to fall since 1945. ●●

1954 Geneva settlement partitions Indochina ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Indochinese settlement of July 20, 1954 was a compromise recognizing a Communist North Vietnam above the 17th parallel. The rest of Indochina remained as Laos, Cambodia, and South Vietnam, associated with the French Union. ●●

1954 SEATO founded at Manila ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 8, 1954, eight nations signed an agreement bringing Southeast Asia into Dulles's network of pacts, establishing SEATO. The members made no specific commitments but set up a council for cooperation and extended protection to Laos, South Vietnam, and Cambodia. ●●

1954 Iranian oil dispute settled by 1954 consortium ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Iranian oil dispute was resolved by a compromise in October 1954 that placed exploitation and marketing under an international consortium, with a 40 percent interest held by AIOC. Iran's oil income rose to about $250 million a year. ●●

1954 Nasser replaces Naguib as Egypt's prime minister ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A civilian prime minister was replaced by General Naguib, who in turn was replaced by Nasser as prime minister on February 25, 1954. Nasser later took the presidency as well, driven by his thirst for personal power. ●●

1954 US-Japan Mutual Defense Alliance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Mutual Defense Alliance with the United States, signed in March 1954, bound Japan to maintain a defense force of 275,000 men. Because this force conflicted with Article Nine of the constitution, the Socialists fought to keep enough seats to block amendment. ●●

1954 China publishes expansive border map, 1954 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley dates the start of Chinese border aggression to 1954, when Peking published a map showing China's frontier pushed deep into Tibet, India, and southeast Asia. ●●

1954 French Assembly rejects the EDC treaty, 1954 ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In August 1954 the Left and Right in the French Assembly joined to reject the European Defense Community treaty, killing the plan to merge German recruits into a European army. ●●

1954 Paris Treaties restore German sovereignty, 1954 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In December 1954 the French Assembly ratified the Paris Treaties. West Germany regained sovereign independence, gained the right to a national army, and became an equal member of NATO. ●●

1954 Hubbert introduces Peak Oil Theory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story M. King Hubbert introduced his Peak Oil Theory, that the earth was running out of oil, in 1954. Wood argues it became a foundation of the modern environmental and global-warming movements. ●●

1954 Harrison Brown publishes 'The Challenge of Man's Future' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Cal Tech scientist Harrison Brown's 1954 book The Challenge of Man's Future, which argued for world authority over population. Gatto reads it as expressing the attitude behind mass schooling. ●●

1954 Reece Commission investigates foundations, 1954 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes the 1954 Reece Commission, a second congressional investigation of foundation influence over schools that was forced to disband early. ●●

1954 Legacy of the 1954 Guatemala coup ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In the decades after the CIA's coup against Guatemala's elected president, 200,000 civilians died in the ensuing struggle. The great majority were killed by the Guatemalan military. ●●

1954 Vietnam partitioned at Geneva after Dien Bien Phu ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Following Ho Chi Minh's defeat of the French at Dien Bien Phu, an international conference in Geneva split Vietnam into North and South. Walter Bedell Smith represented the United States. ●●

1954 at Camp Kilmer in March 1954 is fairly typical. Of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story at Camp Kilmer in March 1954 is fairly typical. Of forty-four new enlistees processed that month, three admitted membership in the Wehrmacht between 1942 and 1945; another was a Ge... ●●

1954 *That is, male, age eighteen to thirty-four, unmarried, and physically rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story *That is, male, age eighteen to thirty-four, unmarried, and physically fit. *The past careers of the other recruits in the March 1954 enlistment are also worthy of note. Three were... ●●

1954 A good example of how this self-censorship worked—and the political rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A good example of how this self-censorship worked—and the political blowback it produced—may be found in the case of the Assembly of Captive European Nations (ACEN). The ACEN becam... ●●

1954 EUCOM Annual Narrative Report 1954 (secret), RG 338, NA, Suitland, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story EUCOM Annual Narrative Report 1954 (secret), RG 338, NA, Suitland, Md. EUCOM Annual Report 1954 (secret), Adjutant General’s Office Command, Report files 1949–1954, RG 407, NA, Sui... ●●

1954 Arms freighter Alfhelm docks at Puerto Barrios ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On May 15, 1954, a freighter called the Alfhelm docked at Puerto Barrios and workers began unloading crates labeled “Optical and Laboratory Equipment (1954) ●●

1954 Eisenhower commissions the Doolittle report on the CIA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1954, President Eisenhower secretly named James Doolittle, a celebrated air force general who had retired and become a Shell Oil executive, to cond (1954) ●●

1954 GUATEMALA IS A FAR SMALLER, WEAKER, AND MORE ISOLATED COUNTRY rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story GUATEMALA IS A FAR SMALLER, WEAKER, AND MORE ISOLATED COUNTRY THAN Iran, but the leader the United States imposed after the 1954 coup, Colonel Carlos (1954) ●●

1954 His refusal to negotiate at Geneva in 1954, based on rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His refusal to negotiate at Geneva in 1954, based on his mistaken view of world Communism, set the tragedy in motion (1954) ●●

1954 “Then came a series of jolts, starting with Iran in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Then came a series of jolts, starting with Iran in 1953, Guatemala in 1954, and Vietnam (1954) ●●

1954 We think of the days when gunboats ruled the world rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story We think of the days when gunboats ruled the world, when you landed Marines in somebody’s country: Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954, Dominican Republic in (1954) ●●

1954 Guatemala coup plot leaks; CIA plants disinformation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Guatemala coup plot leaked to press on January 30, 1954. CIA responded with fake news including flying saucer hoaxes. ●●

1954 Doolittle report warns CIA is out of control ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Doolittle reported CIA had "ballooned out" with "doubtful competence" and recommended complete reorganization and civilian oversight. ●●

1954 CIA overthrows Guatemala's government for United Fruit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The CIA orchestrated the overthrow of Guatemala's government to protect United Fruit Company's business interests. The coup removed restrictions on the fruit company's operations and established a template for future CIA interventions. ●●

1954 Eisenhower announces $7.4 billion tax cut ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Eisenhower announced a $7.4 billion tax cut in 1954 to support his 'New Look' defense strategy based on nuclear deterrence. ●●

1954 Guatemala Coup as Foreign Policy Debacle rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Historians later recognized the 1954 Guatemala coup as one of the great foreign policy debacles of the Eisenhower era. ●●

1954 CIA Propaganda Campaign in Guatemala rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CIA propaganda techniques including fake broadcasts were deployed in the 1954 Guatemala coup operation. ●●

1954 Jacobo Arbenz forced from power in Guatemala ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thousands of Guatemalans saw President Arbenz's departure in 1954 as ending their hopes for reform. ●●

1954 Ngo Dinh Diem appointed to lead South Vietnam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The appointment of Ngo Dinh Diem in 1954 was the first of many impossible missions the United States undertook in Vietnam. ●●

1954 In spring 1954, while Siegmund rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In spring 1954, while Siegmund was at Kuhn, Loeb, Lucie fell in her room and broke several ribs. It speaks much of her consideration for her son that... ●●

1954 In 1954, Siegmund brought him rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1954, Siegmund brought him into S. G. ●●

1954 Of a 1954 visit to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Of a 1954 visit to Germany, he wrote, “At several sessions of the Bundestag, I had an opportunity to observe the autocratic contempt with which the... ●●

1954 Boston: The Christopher Publishing House, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Boston: The Christopher Publishing House, 1954. Peukert, Detlev J. ●●

1954 As the German economy thrived (1954) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the German economy thrived, the Hamburg bank posted impressive profits. Visiting Germany in early 1954, Siegmund wondered at the “monstrous industr... ●●

1954 1954 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Although Mao was able to redress the balance in his 1954 negotiations with the Russians, his hostility to the United States over the offshore islands of Quemoy and Matsu and his mo... ●●

1954 Soviet Union adopts nuclear energy for civilian use ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Soviet Union becomes the first nation to adapt nuclear energy for peaceful uses, establishing itself as a leader in nuclear technology for civilian applications. ●●

1954 Kennedy opposes US intervention in French Indochina ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1954, during Dulles’ United Action campaign to save Dien Bien Phu, Kennedy, in a Senate speech, opposed intervention so long as Indochina remained a French colony. ●●

1954 Before the coup, infiltration from the North had consisted largely of Southerners who had been regro rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before the coup, infiltration from the North had consisted largely of Southerners who had been regrouped in 1954; afterward, the percentage of Northerners rose steadily until, after the Tet Offensive of 1968, nearly all the infiltrators were North Vi ●●

1954 Geneva Accords (1954), 633, 634–36, 637, 639, 651, 719 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Geneva Accords (1954), 633, 634–36, 637, 639, 651, 719 ●●

1954 US-backed coup installs military rule in Guatemala ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Rockefeller interests orchestrated a coup in Guatemala in 1954, installing decades of fascist military governments. ●●

1954 1954: John von Neumann (1903–57) in 1954. Herman Goldstine (1913–2004) circa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John von Neumann (1903–57) in 1954. Herman Goldstine (1913–2004) circa 1944. Prespe ●●

1954 1954: nt that could perform better at high temperatures. By May 1954 he was rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nt that could perform better at high temperatures. By May 1954 he was able to fabricate a silicon transistor that used the n-p-n junction architecture ●●

1954 1954: that he help finance Shockley’s proposed venture. 45 As he grappled wi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story that he help finance Shockley’s proposed venture. 45 As he grappled with his situation in 1954, Shockley went through a midlife crisis. After helping ●●

1954 1954: stand folks better than most of these other folks.” His journals for 1 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story stand folks better than most of these other folks.” His journals for 1954 show him struggling to make sense of his quest. “Lack of appreciation by bos ●●

1954 Information history in 1954 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ums less and less, schoolboys who did not even learn their own drum names. ♦ He regretted it. ●●

1954 “All my failures to duplicate occurred during a period of in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “All my failures to duplicate occurred during a period of instability, on the part of York,” says the machine log for October 22, 1954 ●●

1954 “Because one seems to be getting something for nothing rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Because one seems to be getting something for nothing, it is necessary to keep straight the process by which everything comes out all right in the en ●●

1954 “In a Monte Carlo problem the experimenter has complete cont rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “In a Monte Carlo problem the experimenter has complete control of his sampling procedure,” explained RAND mathematician and thermonuclear strategist ●●

1954 Metropolis and Richtmyer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “When the hydrogen bomb was developed,” he testified at the Oppenheimer hearings in 1954, “heavy use of computers was made [but] they were not yet gen ●●

1954 w Barricelli in control of the computer for a total of eight rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “One of the compressors seems to be stuck and the smell of burning V-belts is in the air.”16 In November 1954 the machine logs show Barricelli in cont ●●

1954 Von Neumann appointed to the Atomic Energy Commission ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When President Eisenhower appointed von Neumann to the Atomic Energy Commission in October 1954, the computer project went into decline ●●

1954 for the period 1 July 1954 to 31 December 1956 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story DA-36-034-ORD-1646 Part II—Computer Use, for the period 1 July 1954 to 31 December 1956,” May 1957, p ●●

1954 The United States first intervened in Indochina immediately after Worl... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The United States first intervened in Indochina immediately after World War II in support of French recolonization, after which it carried out a twenty-one-year effort (1954–75) to impose a government ●●

1954 fear of Nicaragua is based more on its virtues than on its alleged def... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story fear of Nicaragua is based more on its virtues than on its alleged defects.10 The mass media also steer clear of discussing the background and results of the closely analogous attempt of the United St ●●

1954 US-backed coup overthrows Guatemala's Jacobo Arbenz ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The modern history of Guatemala was decisively shaped by the U.S.-organized invasion and overthrow of the democratically elected regime of Jacobo Arbenz in June 1954. ●●

1954 As coauthor of an important book on this topic, Kinzer is well aware o... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As coauthor of an important book on this topic, Kinzer is well aware of the facts.84 The vast majority of Guatemalans are very poor, and they have been entirely excluded from political participation o ●●

1954 Event of 1954 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As might have been expected, the UN population conference in Rome in 1954 was “massive, but non-conclusive,” as Myrdal put it ●●

1954 addressed to “Dr. Charles Davenport, Dept of Experimental rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story addressed to “Dr. Charles Davenport, Dept of Experimental Evolution” at Cold Spring Harbor. Dear Sir: I write to “request” your help. In the year of ”1954” while a patient at the (State Hospital), at Milledgeville, Ga, a visectomy or sterilization operation was performed upon me, by orders of a stat ●●

1954 ecords of (certain mental deficiency cases, if to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ecords of (certain mental deficiency cases, if to your “knowledge” there has been in (eugenic’s studys connected with the (Carnegie Inistutions at the (Milledgeville State Hosp in the State of Ga, in 1954. The purpose of this “inquirey” is to obtain records for the American Civil Liberty’s Union, in ●●

1954 the State of Ga, in 1954. The purpose rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the State of Ga, in 1954. The purpose of this “inquirey” is to obtain records for the American Civil Liberty’s Union, in order to present befor a (U.S. Court of Law the (circumstances of my case, in 1954, whereby a (State Hospital acting under orders of a (Eugenics) Board did cause a (vocectomy) or ●●

1954 came the Chair of Genetics. The university’s Galton rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story came the Chair of Genetics. The university’s Galton Eugenics Laboratory became the Galton Laboratory of the Department of Genetics. The Eugenics Society changed its name to the Galton Institute.53 In 1954, Eugenical News changed its name to Eugenics Quarterly and was renamed again in 1969 to Social ●●

1954 For final draft, and continuing support for eugenics, see “Proposed Estab- lishment of Population... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For final draft, and continuing support for eugenics, see “Proposed Estab- lishment of Population Council,” November 20, 1952, and Osborn, “Population Council: Philosophy of the Rational Control of... ●●

1954 “Minutes of a Meeting of the Subcommittee on the Quality Aspects of Population,” March 13, 1954, ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Minutes of a Meeting of the Subcommittee on the Quality Aspects of Population,” March 13, 1954, RAC, Population Council Papers, RG IV3B4.2, General File Series, box 32, folder 470. ●●

1954 A18, “whooping cough cases recorded candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A18, “whooping cough cases recorded in Florida jumped from 339 and one death in 1954 to 1,080 and 12 deaths in 1955.” The CIA received the bacteria from the Army’s biological research center at Fort Detrick, Md ●●

1954 VI, Triumph and Tragedy (London, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story VI, Triumph and Tragedy (London, 1954), pp ●●

1954 Guatemala 1953-1954: While the world rejected ai_extracted 3 cit. no story Guatemala 1953-1954: While the world watched ●●