Events, Verisoph

1811 Bell heads National Society to oppose Lancaster ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1811 Andrew Bell was named superintendent of a new organization set up to oppose Lancaster's British and Foreign School Society on behalf of the Established Church. ●●

1811 First Bank of the United States charter expires ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin documents that on January 24, 1811, the Bank of the United States closed its doors when its charter expired, marking the end of the first central bank. ●●

1811 Herschel publishes his nebular transformation hypothesis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sir William Herschell published his famous hypothesis in the Philosophical Transactions regarding the transformation of nebulae into stars. This was a turning point after which the Nebular Theory was accepted by the Royal Academies. ●●

18 June 1812 to 17 February 1815 War of 1812 0 cit. no story The United States and Britain fight over maritime rights and expansion, with Washington burned and New Orleans defended. The war ends in stalemate but strengthens American national identity. war ●●●

1812 Russia mobilizes its people against Napoleon, 1812 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1812 the Russian autocracy found it could not defeat Napoleon's army without calling on the Russian people, a step toward the pressure to westernize all classes. ●●

1812 Pierre DuPont's claim about American reading ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that by 1812 Pierre DuPont claimed barely four in a thousand Americans could not read well and that the young were skilled in argument from daily breakfast-table debates. ●●

1812 Humphry Davy invents the miner's safety lamp after a fatal explosion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto discusses Sir Humphry Davy's safety lamp, invented after an 1812 mine explosion that killed 92 boys and men. He argues that despite Davy's humanitarian reputation, the lamp let the coal industry expand and cost more lives than it saved. ●●

1813 Parliament abolishes the Company's Eastern trade monopoly ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Parliament ended the East India Company's monopoly of trade with the East. Other merchants and agency houses could now set up in Bombay and Calcutta. ●●

1813 Secret society nearly seizes Peking's Imperial Palace ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jamieson describes an 1813 conspiracy, late in the reign of the Kea King (Jiaqing) emperor, in which members of the T'ien ti huei ('Brotherhood of Heaven and Earth') nearly captured the Imperial Palace at Peking, foiled only by the chance return of the young prince who later became the Tao Kuang emperor. ●●

1814 Lincoln's brief formal schooling ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that Abraham Lincoln received only about fifty weeks of formal schooling in total, spread across the twelve years between 1814 and 1826. ●●

1814 Congress of Vienna convenes to remake Europe ai_extracted 1 cit. no story uring his first exile, at Elba, the victors of the Napoleonic Wars assembled at Vienna in September 1814 to plan the postwar world. ●●

c. 1815 to c. 1840 Mfecane 0 cit. no story The rise of the Zulu kingdom under Shaka sets off a chain of wars and mass migrations across southern Africa. The upheaval scatters and reforms peoples across the region, with a death toll in the hundreds of thousands or more. society / war ●●●

1815 Peace of Paris ends the Crimean War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Peace of Paris, signed in 1 856, emerged from the first general meeting of the European imperial powers since 1815. ●●

9 July 1816 Independence of Argentina 0 cit. no story The Congress of Tucuman declares the independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata from Spain. politics / war ●●●●

1817 to 1824 First cholera pandemic wikidata 0 cit. no story cholera pandemic in Asia and Middle East, 1817-1824 ●●●

1817 to May 1864 Caucasian War 0 cit. no story Russia spends nearly half a century subduing the mountain peoples of the Caucasus, including Imam Shamil's long resistance. The conquest ends with the mass expulsion of the Circassians. war ●●●

1817 Prussia requires law study for higher civil service ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The employment regulations of 1817 required a classical secondary education as well as university study in law for recruitment into the higher civil service. ●●

12 February 1818 Independence of Chile 0 cit. no story Bernardo O'Higgins proclaims Chile's independence from Spain, secured by victory at the Battle of Maipu. politics / war ●●●

1818 France admitted at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Castlereagh attended the first conference at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818, France was admitted to the Congress system and Great Britain made its exit ●●

1818 First deliberate US monetary contraction begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The country’s first experience with a deliberately created mone- tary contraction began in 1818 when the Bank became concerned about its own ability t ●●

1819 Prussia establishes the first effective secular compulsion schooling ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that Prussia produced the human race's first effective secular compulsion schooling in 1819, the same year he says Mary Shelley's Frankenstein appeared in England. ●●

1819 John Griscom's 'A Year in Europe' praises Prussian schools ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto lists travelers' reports that brought Prussian schooling to American attention. The first was John Griscom's 1819 book A Year in Europe, read and admired by Thomas Jefferson and other leading Americans. ●●

1819 The Panic of 1819 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This is exactly what happened in the so-called panic of 1819 ●●

1820 Castlereagh sets out British policy in State Paper ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Castlereagh himself had set forth the British position in a state paper of May 5, 1820. ●●

15 September 1821 Independence of Costa Rica 0 cit. no story Central America declares independence from Spain; Costa Rica later left the Central American federation to become a fully separate republic. politics ●●●

15 September 1821 Independence of El Salvador 0 cit. no story Central America declares independence from Spain; El Salvador became a separate republic after the Central American federation dissolved. politics ●●●

c. 25 March 1821 Independence of Greece 0 cit. no story The Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire begins; an independent Greek state was recognized in 1830. politics / war ●●●●

15 September 1821 Independence of Guatemala 0 cit. no story The Act of Independence of Central America is signed in Guatemala City, ending Spanish rule over the region. politics ●●●

15 September 1821 Independence of Honduras 0 cit. no story Central America declares independence from Spain; Honduras became a separate republic after the federation dissolved in 1838. politics ●●●

27 September 1821 Independence of Mexico 0 cit. no story The Army of the Three Guarantees enters Mexico City, completing the independence war begun with Hidalgo's Grito de Dolores in 1810. politics / war ●●●●

15 September 1821 Independence of Nicaragua 0 cit. no story Central America declares independence from Spain; Nicaragua became a separate republic after the federation dissolved in 1838. politics ●●●

28 July 1821 Independence of Peru 0 cit. no story Jose de San Martin proclaims Peru's independence in Lima; Spanish forces were finally defeated at Ayacucho in 1824. politics / war ●●●

1821 Greek War of Independence, 1821-1830 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Greek struggle for independence from the sultan (1821-1830) was an early expression of Balkan nationalism, ending with a guaranteed constitutional monarchy. ●●

1821 Britain returns to the gold standard in 1821 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Napoleonic Wars, the Bank of England nearly halved the paper money supply, driving prices down by 50 percent. Despite years of riots and agricultural distress, Britain went back on gold in 1821. ●●

1821 Greeks declare independence and revolt against Turkish rule ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Greeks, inspired in part by the ideals of the French Revolution, declared independence in 1821 and began a revolt against Turkish rule. ●●

1821 Archbishop Laurence translates the Book of Enoch ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Archbishop Laurence translated the Book of Enoch from Ethiopic texts discovered by James Bruce in Abyssinia and held in the Bodleian Library, Oxford ●●

6 August 1822 to 8 August 1822 Battle of Dervenakia wikidata 0 cit. no story 1822 battle in the Greek War of Independence ●●

7 September 1822 Independence of Brazil 0 cit. no story Prince Pedro declares Brazil independent from Portugal with the Cry of Ipiranga and becomes Emperor Pedro I. politics / war ●●●●

18 September 1823 Treaty of Moultrie Creek wikidata 0 cit. no story 1823 treaty between the United States and several Seminole leaders in Florida ●●●

1823 Parliament funds Babbage's Difference Engine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story c-industrial project “at the expense of the nation, to be held as national property,”♦ financed by the Treasury for almost twenty years, beginning in 1823 with a Parliamentary appropriation of £1,500 ●●

6 August 1825 Independence of Bolivia 0 cit. no story Bolivia declares independence from Spain after the wars of liberation led by Simon Bolivar and Antonio Jose de Sucre. politics / war ●●●

25 August 1825 Independence of Uruguay 0 cit. no story Uruguay declares independence from Brazil; full sovereignty was secured by the 1828 treaty ending the Cisplatine War. politics / war ●●●

December 1825 to August 1828 Cisplatine War 0 cit. no story Brazil and the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata fight over the Banda Oriental. British mediation ends the war by creating the independent state of Uruguay. politics / war ●●

1825 Saint-Simon publishes New Christianity ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Henri de Saint-Simon set out his religious views in his 1825 work New Christianity, calling for social organization to relieve poverty as the main aim of religion. ●●

1825 France recognizes Haiti in exchange for an indemnity ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only in 1825 did France give Haiti conditional recognition as a sovereign state, and then only after Haiti agreed to pay compensation for France's sup... ●●

1825 James Rothschild rescues Nathan in the 1825 panic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The multinational Rothschild structure enabled the houses to support each other during crises; James in Paris was able to bail out Nathan in London during the 1825 financial panic. ●●

1825 Gerson Warburg dies, forcing succession crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The death of Gerson forced Moses Marcus to confront a banking succession crisis, resolved through marriage arrangement with Sara. ●●

18 November 1826 to 24 November 1826 Battle of Arachova wikidata 0 cit. no story battle in 1826 between Ottoman Empire and Greek rebels ●●

1826 The Last of the Mohicans published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that Cooper's demanding 1826 novel The Last of the Mohicans sold so well that a modern equivalent would have to sell 10 million copies, evidence of a broadly literate public. ●●

1826 Bank of England abandons tally-stick accounting ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Bank of England kept its own internal accounts using notched tally sticks well into the modern era. It only gave up the practice in 1826. ●●

1826 Bank of England note-issue monopoly reaffirmed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Bank of England's monopoly on note issue was reaffirmed by regulation, establishing it as the central bank authority. ●●

6 May 1827 Battle of Phaleron wikidata 0 cit. no story 1827 battle during the Greek War of Independence ●●

1827 Robert Brown observes Brownian motion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Brown observes that pollen grains suspended in water exhibit constant jittering motion when viewed under a microscope. This phenomenon is eventually explained by molecular motion theory, becoming key evidence for atomic theory. ●●

1828 Ram Mohan Roy founds Brahma Samaj Society (1828) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ram Mohan Roy is described as an early figure in a synthesis of Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam, founding the Brahma Samaj Society in 1828. ●●

1828 Robert Brown observes Brownian motion in pollen ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Scottish botanist Robert Brown published detailed observations of how minuscule pollen particles suspended in water wiggle and wander under microscope examination, phenomenon later called Brownian motion. ●●

1828 Andrew Jackson elected President ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin notes that Andrew Jackson was elected to the Presidency in 1828, setting the stage for his future conflict with the Second Bank of the United States. ●●

1829 to 1852 Second cholera pandemic wikidata 0 cit. no story worldwide outbreak of cholera from 1826 to 1837 ●●●

1829 Sara marries her cousin Aby Samuel Warburg ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sara married her second cousin Aby Samuel Warburg, securing a banking partnership. Her will would dominate family and business. ●●

27 September 1830 Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek wikidata 0 cit. no story ●●●

26 July 1830 to 29 July 1830 July Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story July 1830 revolution in France ●●●

25 August 1830 to 21 July 1831 Belgian Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story conflict which led to the secession of the southern provinces from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Belgium ●●●

4 October 1830 Independence of Belgium 0 cit. no story Following the Belgian Revolution, the provisional government declares Belgium independent from the Netherlands. politics / war ●●●

13 May 1830 Independence of Ecuador 0 cit. no story Ecuador separates from Gran Colombia to become a fully independent republic; Spanish rule had ended at the Battle of Pichincha in 1822. politics ●●●

c. June 1830 to c. 1903 French Conquest of Algeria 0 cit. no story France invades Algiers in 1830 and spends decades subduing resistance led by figures like Abd al-Qadir, at the cost of several hundred thousand Algerian lives. Algeria becomes the core of France's colonial empire. war ●●●●

1830 Over a thousand utopian colonies flourish in America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes a wave of American utopian experimentation. He states that from 1830 to 1900 over a thousand utopian colonies flourished, many built around intensive schooling as the key to breaking with the past. ●●

1830 Fellenberg's manual-labor schooling fad in the 1830s ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that the Swiss aristocrat von Fellenberg's doctrine of combining manual labor with academic schooling was a short-lived fad in America in the 1830s. ●●

14 February 1831 Battle of Debre Abbay wikidata 0 cit. no story conflict between Ras Marye of Yejju, Regent of the Emperor of Ethiopia, and his rival from Tigray, Dejazmach Sabagadis of Agame ●●

1831 Victor Cousin reports to the French government on Prussian schooling ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto calls Victor Cousin's 1831 report to the French government the most influential of the Prussian school accounts. He says French schooling was reorganized on Prussian lines within two years. ●●

1831 Moses Marcus Warburg dies in synagogue ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Moses Marcus died in synagogue. Sara became the true architect of Warburg banking power despite her husband's passivity. ●●

1831 Death of Clausewitz from cholera ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Clausewitz died of cholera in 1831 before completing his planned revisions to On War. ●●

1831 Hamburg firestorm kills 45,000 in one night ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The smallest children lay like fried eels on the pavement.1831 Bomber Command killed at least 45,000 Germans that night, the majority of them old people, women and children. ●●

1832 Otto becomes the first king of Greece ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Russian president of Greece was assassinated in 1 8 3 1 , and Greece got its king-son of the king of Bavaria and a Catholic-in 1832, but not all t... ●●

1832 Jardine and Matheson found Canton trading firm ai_extracted 1 cit. no story William Jardine and James Matheson were buccaneering Scotsmen who had set up a trading company in the southern Chinese port of Guangzhou (then known as Canton) in 1832. ●●

1832 British franchise expands through three Reform Acts ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Franchise expansion stretched out over three major reform bills in 1832, 1867, and 1884. ●●

1832 Water Lily Sect revival discovered in Anhui ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jamieson relates that in March 1832 an enthusiastic member was discovered trying to revive the 'Sect of the Water Lily' in Anhui province and was immediately beheaded, evidence he says of the sect's continuing hold over Chinese adherents. ●●

1833 East India Company Charter Act strips trading rights ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Parliament passed the East India Company Charter Bill, removing the Company's right to trade and turning it into a governing corporation. It entered a final phase devoted solely to the business of Empire. ●●

1833 Britain scraps usury laws on the discount rate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain scrapped usury laws that limited the Bank of England's discount rate on commercial bills, allowing full exploitation of its scale advantages. ●●

1833 Skull and Bones founded at Yale ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda asserts that Skull & Bones was founded at Yale University, claiming it is a small secret society initiating only 15 new members annually, with strict secrecy and deception rules. ●●

1833 Psi Upsilon founded at Union College ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda describes the founding of Psi Upsilon secret society at Union College in New York by seven students who pledged absolute secrecy. ●●

1833 Ada Byron is presented at the British court ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ada Byron, later Countess of Lovelace, makes her debut among young women presented at court, and soon after meets Charles Babbage. ●●

1833 Triad secret societies uncovered in southern China ai_extracted 1 cit. no story According to Jamieson, authorities in 1833 discovered two nominally separate but effectively identical secret societies, the Hai Shan huei ('Brotherhood of the Sea and Land') and the Yi Sheng huei ('Brotherhood of Righteous Revolution'), which he says had by then degenerated from political roots into gangs preying on travelling native traders. ●●

1834 Boston businessmen meet secretly on universal schooling ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites minutes showing that on June 9, 1834, prominent Boston men engaged in commerce met privately to discuss universal schooling, with Unitarian leader William Ellery Channing as secretary. ●●

1834 Babbage conceives the Analytical Engine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Charles Babbage conceives a general-purpose calculating machine that can be programmed to perform many different tasks. ●●

2 October 1835 to 21 April 1836 Texas Revolution 0 cit. no story American settlers and Tejanos revolt against Mexico, losing the Alamo but winning decisively at San Jacinto. The war creates the independent Republic of Texas, later annexed by the United States. politics / war ●●

1835 Cobden compares American and English newspaper reading ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Richard Cobden's 1835 claim that there was six times as much newspaper reading in the United States as in England. ●●

1835 Strauss publishes The Life of Jesus Critically Examined ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1835 he published the result, usually known by its shortened German title Leben Jesu, or in the English translation made by the freethinking novelist Marian Evans or ‘George Eliot’, The Life of Jesus Critically Examined ●●

1835 Vatican recognizes Colombia as independent republic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Colombia, for instance, had been the first independent republic recognized by the Vatican after the defeat of Spain’s South American armies, in 1835, but in 1853 it had also been the first to separate Church and State, as a consequence of which, in a ●●

1835 Alabama creates a state bank via bond issue ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alabama, for example, in 1835 created a state bank funded by a public bond issue of $13,800,000 ●●

9 September 1836 September Revolution in Portugal wikidata 0 cit. no story 1836 coup d'etat in Portugal ●●●

1836 Boston adopts Gallaudet's whole-word primer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that on August 2, 1836 the Boston Primary School Committee adopted Gallaudet's whole-word primer on an experimental basis, and that a later report judged the method a success. ●●

1836 American railroad trackage explodes as coal replaces wood ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto charts the growth of American railroads after coal replaced wood as fuel around 1836. Trackage grew from 1,100 miles in 1836 to 44,000 miles by 1860 on the eve of the Civil War. ●●

1836 University of London founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In addition, the University of London was founded in 1836; it as well as other schools increased competition for Oxford and Cambridge and contributed to the debate on educational reform. ●●

1836 Second Bank of the United States charter expires ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin documents that the Second Bank of the United States' charter expired in 1836 and was restructured as a state bank, marking the end of Jackson's successful fight against central banking. ●●

1836 Babbage adopts Jacquard punch cards for his engine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Babbage records in his notebook the idea of using Jacquard's punched cards, instead of a studded drum, to control his Analytical Engine. ●●

1837 Persian as India's official language until 1837 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that Persian had served as the language of government and the courts across India for centuries, only ceasing to hold that role in 1837. ●●

1837 Horace Bushnell preaches Anglo-Saxon purity, 1837 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Hartford pastor Horace Bushnell, who in 1837 preached that Anglo-Saxon blood must be preserved against pollution. ●●

1837 George Peabody moves to London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1837, Peabody moved to London. A year later he opened a merchant house at 31 Moorgate in London, furnishing it with a mahogany counter, a safe, and some desks. ●●

1837 J.P. Morgan is born ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This union of Morgan and Pierpont joined together in their infant son, John Pierpont, born in 1837, a wildly improbable set of genes. A poet and preacher, the Reverend John Pierpont was a fiery abolit... ●●

1837 Samuel F. B. Morse invents the telegraph ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Samuel F. B. Morse invents the telegraph, a revolutionary device that will transform American business communication. Young John D. is fascinated by demonstrations of this and other newfangled technologies. ●●

1837 Massachusetts banks collapse in 1837 contraction ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Consequently, oe monetary contraction of 1837 “was like a scythe over the crop,” says Groseclose, and thirty--two Massachusetts banks collapsed betwee ●●