Events, Verisoph

1956 Barely twenty-four hours into the standoff, some frustrated America... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Barely twenty-four hours into the standoff, some frustrated American officials began invoking the specter of Josef Cardinal Mindszenty, who took asylu (1956) ●●

1956 Dulles feeds Eisenhower Israeli disinformation on Suez ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On October 26, 1956, Dulles misled President Eisenhower with Israeli disinformation about Middle East events while ignoring warnings from his own analysts about imminent Israeli-British-French military plans. ●●

1956 Wisner orders Radio Free Europe to incite Hungary ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On October 28, 1956, Wisner ordered Radio Free Europe to remove "all restraints" in Hungarian broadcasts. The station urged armed rebellion, suggesting Molotov cocktails against Soviet tanks, falsely implying American military support. ●●

1956 Dulles falsely tells Eisenhower Hungarian army defected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 1, 1956, Dulles told Eisenhower a "miracle" had occurred and 80 percent of Hungarian army had defected, claims completely contradicted by intelligence. Soviet invasion with 200,000 troops was imminent. ●●

1956 • • • George Soros: hedge fund capo dei capi and master of reflexivity A rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story • • • George Soros: hedge fund capo dei capi and master of reflexivity A Hungarian Jew by birth, though educated in London, George Soros emigrated to the United States in 1956. ●●

1956 Foster Dulles as Active Secretary of State rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Foster Dulles served as an extremely active Secretary of State over four years, 1953-1956, shaping American foreign policy. ●●

1956 U-2 Capabilities Demonstrated rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The U-2 spy plane developed with Lockheed could take detailed photographs from 70,000 feet, beyond most antiaircraft weapons range. ●●

1956 Suez Crisis Tensions Rise candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tensions over Egyptian Colonel Nasser's growing power in the Middle East reached critical levels in 1956 as the Suez Crisis developed. ●●

1956 Hungarian uprising crushed despite CIA hopes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frank Wisner's Hungarian operatives launch an uprising against Soviet control. Wisner sends urgent cables demanding US support but receives none, and Soviet forces brutally crush the rebellion. ●●

1956 As the German economy thrived (1956) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But so long as Schilling remained, Eric couldn’t implement his plan. Then, in September 1956, something unexpected happened: Schilling, weary of the l... ●●

1956 7 By 1956, after France had withdrawn and South Vietnamese independence had been achieved, Kennedy w rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 7 By 1956, after France had withdrawn and South Vietnamese independence had been achieved, Kennedy was ready to join the prevailing orthodoxy: “This is our offspring—we cannot abandon it. ●●

1956 Khrushchev’s revelations in 1956 of the brutalities of Stalin’s rule, and the Soviet invasion of Cze rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Khrushchev’s revelations in 1956 of the brutalities of Stalin’s rule, and the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, had weakened the ideological appeal of communism for the rest of the world. ●●

1956 , The Shaping of American Diplomacy (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1956), vol rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , The Shaping of American Diplomacy (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1956), vol. ●●

1956 Dulles press conference remarks, December 18, 1956, in State Bulletin, vol rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dulles press conference remarks, December 18, 1956, in State Bulletin, vol. ●●

1956 “US Support for Baghdad Pact,” Department of State press release 604, November 29, 1956, in State Bu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “US Support for Baghdad Pact,” Department of State press release 604, November 29, 1956, in State Bulletin, vol. ●●

1956 Hungarian Revolution (1956), 519, 548, 550–67, 595 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hungarian Revolution (1956), 519, 548, 550–67, 595 ●●

1956 Khrushchev's speech to the Twentieth Party Congress ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1956, Khrushchev delivered a speech to the Twentieth Party Congress which observers like Secretary of State Dulles interpreted as indicating a notable shift in Soviet policy away from violence and intolerance toward the non-Communist world. ●●

1956 1956: iner, who later became a great venture capitalist. By April 1956 there rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story iner, who later became a great venture capitalist. By April 1956 there were enough new employees to throw a welcome party. Noyce drove across the coun ●●

1956 1956: artners Bardeen and Brattain, won the Nobel Prize. When Shockley got t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story artners Bardeen and Brattain, won the Nobel Prize. When Shockley got the call early on the morning of November 1, 1956, his first reaction was that it ●●

1956 1956: hard for him to create a spirit of collaboration. When some of his emp rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story hard for him to create a spirit of collaboration. When some of his employees wrote papers to be presented at the American Physical Society in December ●●

1956 Arab resistance to that prospect led to four wars: in 1948, 1956, 1967, and 1973 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ides in the Cold War. The regional role of the Soviet Union was severely reduced. The one ideological issue uniting Arab views was the emergence of Israel as a sovereign state and internationally recognized homeland for the Jewish people. Arab resist ●●

1956 Information history in 1956 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story climbing aboard the bandwagon of information theory, some mathematicians and engineers were uncomfortable. Shannon himself called it a bandwagon. ●●

1956 “I asked him under what circumstances he would say that a ma rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I asked him under what circumstances he would say that a machine is conscious,” Jack Good recalled in 1956 ●●

1956 into those things which can be better done by machines and t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The best we can do is to divide all processes into those things which can be better done by machines and those which can be better done by humans,” h ●●

1956 “which we never did anything with.”2 On February 29 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “We had enormous numbers of ideas,” says Bigelow, “which we never did anything with.”2 On February 29, 1956, however, it was decided “that no new mach ●●

1956 Good to Sara Turing, December 9, 1956, AMT; Lyn Newman to An rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Good to Sara Turing, December 9, 1956, AMT; Lyn Newman to Antoinette Esher, June 24, 1949, AMT; I ●●

1956 Event of 1956 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Blacker wrote in The Eugenics Review in 1956, “the balance between the need for compulsions and the claims of freedom is one which every country an ●●

1956 Olawale Elias, The Nature of African Customary Law (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 195 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Olawale Elias, The Nature of African Customary Law (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1956), pp. ●●

1956 Taeuber to Osborn, March 18, 1956, RAC, RG IV3B4.2, Population Council, General Files, box 1, fol... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Taeuber to Osborn, March 18, 1956, RAC, RG IV3B4.2, Population Council, General Files, box 1, folder 7. ●●

1956 Osborn, “Talk with Father William Gibbons,” No- vember 16, 1956; “Concluding Statement by Chairma... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Osborn, “Talk with Father William Gibbons,” No- vember 16, 1956; “Concluding Statement by Chairman,” April 4, 1957; and Osborn to members of Ad Hoc committee, April 15, 1957; all in RAC, Population... ●●

1956 For Gamble’s role assisting the new associa- tions, see Williams and Williams, Every Child a Want... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For Gamble’s role assisting the new associa- tions, see Williams and Williams, Every Child a Wanted Child, 240–241, 291, 299; and Osborn, “Notes on Ad Hoc Meeting,” March 7, 1956. ●●

1956 Two: Years of Trial and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Two: Years of Trial and Hope, 1946-1953 (Great Britain, 1956), p ●●

1956 Eastern Europe 1948-1956: Operation Splinter rejected ai_extracted 4 cit. no story Eastern Europe 1948-1956: Operation Splinter Factor ●●

1956 Lebanese Muslims, who comprised most rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lebanese Muslims, who comprised most of Chamoun’s opposition, were also galled that the Christian president had once again placed the country outside the mainstream of the Arab world, as he had done in 1956 when he refused to break relations with Fra ●●

1956 Dwight Eisenhower, The White House rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dwight Eisenhower, The White House Years: Mandate for Change, 1953-1956 (New York, 1963) p ●●

1956 SYRIA 1956-1957 Department ofState Bulletin rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story SYRIA 1956-1957 Department ofState Bulletin (Washington), 18 June 1956, pp ●●

1956 82-6; New York Times, 17 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 82-6; New York Times, 17 March 1956, p ●●

1956 68 Iran, 1956 The following rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 68 Iran, 1956 The following day, 19 August, Roosevelt’s Iranian agents staged a parade through Teheran ●●

1956 The Geneva Accords specified that rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Geneva Accords specified that elections under international supervision were to be held in July 1956, with “consultations” to prepare for them to be held “from 20 July 1955 onwards” ●●

1956 Thailand and South Vietnam close Cambodia's borders ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In March 1956, after Sihanouk had visited Peking and criticized SEATO, the two coun- tries which sandwich Cambodia—Thailand and South Vietnam, both heavily dependent upon and allied with the United States—suddenly closed their borders ●●

1956 | travelled all over Syria rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story | travelled all over Syria without hindrance in November and December [1956] and found there were indeed “not more than 123 Migs” ●●

1956 The letter, purportedly from a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The letter, purportedly from a leading Costa Rican Communist, put him on record in opposition to the Party line on the [1956] Hungarian revolution ●●

1956 Testimony at “Hearings on the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Testimony at “Hearings on the Situation in the Middle East”, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, 24 February 1956, p ●●

1956 Indonesia 1957-1958 War and pornography rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Indonesia 1957-1958 War and pornography “I think it’s time we held Sukarno’s feet to the fire,” said Frank Wisner, the CIA’s Deputy Director of Plans (covert operations), one day in autumn 1956. ●●

1956 Between May and October 1981, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between May and October 1981, over 300,000 cases were reported in Cuba with 158 fatalities, 101 of which were children under 15.44 In 1956 and 1958, declassified documents have revealed, the US Army loosed swarms of specially bred mosquitos in Georgi ●●

1956 Dartmouth conference founds artificial intelligence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky organized a Dartmouth conference that founded the field of artificial intelligence. ●●

1956 Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain win the Nobel Prize ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The three inventors of the transistor share the Nobel Prize in Physics, though tensions among them remain. ●●

1956 Loi-Cadre sets French West and Equatorial Africa borders ai_extracted 1 cit. no story France's Loi-Cadre law fixed the borders that became the independent French-speaking states, a deliberate splitting of the old federations that Nkrumah cites as the template for African balkanisation. ●●

1957 to 1958 1957-1958 influenza pandemic wikidata 1 cit. no story pandemic of influenza virus (H2N2) ●●●

6 March 1957 Independence of Ghana 0 cit. no story The Gold Coast becomes Ghana, the first sub-Saharan African colony to gain independence, under Kwame Nkrumah. politics ●●●●

31 August 1957 Independence of Malaysia 0 cit. no story The Federation of Malaya becomes independent from Britain; Malaysia was formed in 1963 with Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore. politics ●●●

1957 Treaty of Rome establishes the Common Market ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The European Common Market was established by the Treaty of Rome of 1957 with six members. It planned to remove internal customs barriers by stages while adopting a common external tariff. ●●

1957 First American ICBM fired at Cape Canaveral ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first American intercontinental ballistic missile was fired from Cape Canaveral in December 1957, two months after Sputnik, and went full range in November 1958. ●●

1957 International Geophysical Year ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The International Geophysical Year of 1957-1958 brought together scientists from sixty-six countries in eighteen months of cooperation. Quigley cites it as the most amazing example of the scientific interchange that outlasted Stalin-era isolation. ●●

1957 Soviet economic reorganization law decentralizes industry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On May 10, 1957 Khrushchev pushed through a law abolishing twenty-five economic ministries and devolving their functions to twenty-nine regional economic councils (sovnarkhozy). Quigley presents it as a victory that made the party dominant in economic life. ●●

1957 Khrushchev defeats the 'anti-party group' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After his rivals tried to remove him, Khrushchev's July 23, 1957 reconstitution of the Presidium expelled Malenkov, Molotov, Kaganovich, and Shepilov and installed his supporters. Quigley calls it the most significant event in Russia's internal history after Stalin's death. ●●

1957 Eisenhower Doctrine announced ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In January 1957 the American position on the Near East was stated as the Eisenhower Doctrine, framing the region's problems solely as military opposition to Communism. It threatened US armed force to defend nations against aggression from any state controlled by international communism. ●●

1957 Launch of Sputnik I and Sputnik II ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union placed the 184-pound Sputnik I in orbit, and a month later orbited Sputnik II carrying a living dog. These successes gave the impression of Soviet leadership in applying science to technology. ●●

1957 Mao's request for nuclear warheads rebuffed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November 1957 Mao Tse-tung took a delegation to Moscow and formally requested nuclear warheads but was rebuffed. As a result, by 1958 Red China embarked on the long task of building its own atomic bomb. ●●

1957 Independence of Ghana, 1957 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After a six-year transition, the Gold Coast became independent Ghana under Kwame Nkrumah in March 1957, the first sub-Saharan British colony to win freedom. ●●

1957 Rome Treaty creates the Common Market, 1957 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Rome Treaty of March 1957 established the European Economic Community, or Common Market, along with Euratom for peaceful nuclear energy. Both took effect at the beginning of 1958. ●●

1957 Julian Huxley coins the word transhumanism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Julian Huxley first used the word transhumanism in his 1957 book New Bottles For New Wine. He is regarded by transhumanists as a founding father of the movement. ●●

1957 Year 1957: His influence did not diminish after his father’s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His influence did not diminish after his father’s fall, and in 1957 he married the Shah’s eldest daughter, Princess Shahnaz. Wary of his growing power, the Shah sent him off to gol... ●●

1957 5. “Set Up Is Revised at Anti-Red Radio,” New York rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 5. “Set Up Is Revised at Anti-Red Radio,” New York Times, April 29, 1957, p. 6. ●●

1957 On the evening of July 27, 1957, as he walked candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the evening of July 27, 1957, as he walked down a corridor toward dinner at his official residence, he was shot dead (1957) ●●

1957 Indonesia Crisis Threatens Foreign Policy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1957, the Indonesia situation threatened American foreign policy as the CIA-backed rebellion faltered. ●●

1957 By 1957, Siegmund had crafted rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1957, Siegmund had crafted the splendid fighting machine that would soon dominate London finance, but he still had second-rate clients. He now ran... ●●

1957 In 1957 a member bank rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1957 a member bank came up for sale for the first time in fifty years. Although the least prestigious member, Seligman Brothers provided the... ●●

1957 When the merger took place candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the merger took place in May 1957, S. G. ●●

1957 Spira trained as a chartered rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Spira trained as a chartered accountant, joining the firm in 1957. Spira was a nonobservant Jew with a Jewish wife. ●●

1957 17. WW. Series III. B19 F139. Letter to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 17. WW. Series III. B19 F139. Letter to Siegmund G. Warburg, August 29, 1957. ●●

1957 Reagan retells Hall's tale at Eureka College ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ronald Reagan, then a corporate spokesman for General Electric, spoke at a commencement address at his alma mater, Eureka College in Illinois, retelling Manly Hall's tale of the unknown speaker at the Declaration of Independence signing without attribution. ●●

1957 James Reston reports on television effects rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story James Reston publishes article about mouse attacking girl and cat after watching television, illustrating changing effects of new media ●●

1957 Soviet Union launches Sputnik satellite ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In October 1957, the Soviets launched Sputnik, an artificial satellite, into an earth orbit. Khrushchev interpreted this accomplishment as proof that the Soviet Union was outstripping the democracies in the scientific as well as the military field. ●●

1957 1957: He finally was hired in 1957 to work on magnetic storage sys... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story his planet, which made it difficult for him to get funding for his project. He finally was hired in 1957 to work on magnetic storage systems at the Stanford Research Institute, an independent nonprofi ●●

1957 1957: eaving his owner humiliated in front of the staff. Thus Beckman was at rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story eaving his owner humiliated in front of the staff. Thus Beckman was attentive when he was called in May 1957 by Gordon Moore, who had been tapped by o ●●

1957 1957: right people at the right place at the right time. The demand for tran rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story right people at the right place at the right time. The demand for transistors was growing because of the pocket radios that Pat Haggerty had launched ●●

1957 1957: CHAPTER FIVE THE MICROCHIP In a paper written to celebrate the tenth a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER FIVE THE MICROCHIP In a paper written to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the transistor, published in 1957 just when Fairchild Semiconducto ●●

1957 1957: 100 percent sure would succeed,” he later claimed. 31 When he had soug rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 100 percent sure would succeed,” he later claimed. 31 When he had sought a home for the traitorous eight in 1957, he pulled out a single piece of lega ●●

1957 1957: , Licklider became even more focused on computers. That led him in 195 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , Licklider became even more focused on computers. That led him in 1957 to sign on with the fledgling Cambridge-based firm of Bolt, Beranek and Newman ●●

1957 1957: Bush’s vision. It also had a more proximate cause. On October 4, 1957, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bush’s vision. It also had a more proximate cause. On October 4, 1957, the Russians launched Sputnik , the first man-made satellite. The connection th ●●

1957 1957: difficult for him to get funding for his project. He finally was hired rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story difficult for him to get funding for his project. He finally was hired in 1957 to work on magnetic storage systems at the Stanford Research Institute, ●●

1957 Information history in 1957 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ids. ” It was Seymour Benzer, said Stent, who established that definitively. ●●

1957 “Institute for Advanced Study Electronic Computer Project Mo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Institute for Advanced Study Electronic Computer Project Monthly Progress Report, January 1957,” p ●●

1957 Event of 1957 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gamble decided to go his own way and, in 1957, created a new organization: the Pathfinder Fund ●●

1957 from Geneva conference in 1927 to 1957,” MSP, Smith College Collec- tions, UPA, reel 70, frames 2... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story from Geneva conference in 1927 to 1957,” MSP, Smith College Collec- tions, UPA, reel 70, frames 270, 330, 335. ●●

1957 Osborn, “Talk with Father William Gibbons,” No- vember 16, 1956; “Concluding Statement by Chairma... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Osborn, “Talk with Father William Gibbons,” No- vember 16, 1956; “Concluding Statement by Chairman,” April 4, 1957; and Osborn to members of Ad Hoc committee, April 15, 1957; all in RAC, Population... ●●

1957 On Indonesia, see Nielsen, “Draft Recommendations for Foundation Ac- tivity,” May 28, 1953, FFA, ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On Indonesia, see Nielsen, “Draft Recommendations for Foundation Ac- tivity,” May 28, 1953, FFA, 1953 General Correspondence, C-1165A, “Popula- tion.” On fellowships, see Docket Item, “The Populati... ●●

1957 Osborn to Houghton, March 7, 1957, CMAC, C. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Osborn to Houghton, March 7, 1957, CMAC, C. ●●

1957 1957, UKNA, CO/859/1026; Begum Saida Waheed, “Report of the Family Planning Association of Pakist... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1957, UKNA, CO/859/1026; Begum Saida Waheed, “Report of the Family Planning Association of Pakistan,” in Sixth International Conference on Planned Parenthood, 363; Marshall C. ●●

1957 Martial law declared across Indonesia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the first general elections in 1955, Sukarno began an attack on parliamentary democracy as such, and with the outbreak of ethnic rebellions on the outer islands, martial law was declared in March 1957. ●●

1957 Syria 1956-1957: Purchasing a new rejected ai_extracted 3 cit. no story Syria 1956-1957: Purchasing a new government ●●

1957 The idea was abandoned “for candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The idea was abandoned “for pragmatic considerations rather than moral scruples.”32 After Magsaysay died in a plane crash in 1957, various other Filipino politicians and parties were sought out by the CIA as clients, or offered themselves as such ●●

1957 CIA funds Chamoun's candidates in Lebanese elections ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and in 1957 the Agency furnished generous sums of money to Chamoun to use in support of candidates in the Chamber of Deputies (Parliament) June elections who would 94 Middle East 1957-1958 back him and, presumably, US policies ●●

1957 | could find no clue rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story | could find no clue as to what the Masjumi did with the million dollars.” 10 In 1957, the CIA decided that the situation called for more direct action ●●

1957 South Vietnam mandates national ID cards ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the terms of a 1957 law, drawn up by the MSU group, every Vietnamese 15 years and older was required to register with the government and carry ID cards ●●

1957 “I fore-see perfectly well,” he rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I fore-see perfectly well,” he said at one time, “the collapse of an independent and neutral Cambodia after the complete triumph of Communism in Laos and South Vietnam.”4 In May 1957, a National Security Council (NSC) paper acknowledged that “the Un ●●

1957 Middle East 1957-1958 the CIA candidate ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Middle East 1957-1958 the CIA (see Iran chapter), later disclosed some of the background: The US Embassy in Syria connived at false reports issued in Washington and London through diplomatic and press channels to the effect that Russian arms were pou ●●

1957 Pathet Lao join Laos coalition government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1957 the Pathet Lao (“Lao nation”) held two ministerial posts in the coalition “gov- ernment of national union” ●●

1957 !4 In the same issue, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story !4 In the same issue, a Times editorial speculated upon other plausible-sounding explana-tions.!> Neither in its news report nor in its editorial did the New York Times seem to con- 88 Syria 1956-1957 sider even the possibility that the Syrian accus ●●