Events, Verisoph

1933 Emergency Banking Act submitted to Congress ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 9, 1933, the Emergency Banking Act reached Congress, largely based on a draft by outgoing Treasury officials. It let banks reopen in stages and finally pushed the Fed to act as lender of last resort. ●●

1933 Roosevelt's first fireside chat ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the evening of March 12, 1933, Roosevelt gave the first of his fireside chats, explaining the banking crisis to millions of listeners. When banks reopened the next day, depositors returned their money instead of withdrawing it. ●●

1933 Economy Act cuts federal spending ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 20, 1933, Congress passed the Economy Act, cutting public employee salaries and department budgets. It was one of the first measures of Roosevelt's celebrated first hundred days. ●●

1933 Glass-Steagall Act separates banking ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Passed in June 1933, the Glass-Steagall Act split commercial and investment banking and guaranteed bank deposits. The same period produced the Truth-in-Securities Act governing new securities issues. ●●

1933 Roosevelt takes the dollar off gold ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 18, 1933, Roosevelt told his advisers he would back the Thomas amendment, which let him devalue the dollar against gold by up to 50 percent. The decision horrified his hard-money advisers. ●●

1933 Markets rally after dollar leaves gold ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the days after Roosevelt devalued the dollar, the stock market surged 15 percent, giving the move an overwhelming vote of confidence. Wholesale prices and industrial production climbed sharply over the following months. ●●

1933 Montagu Norman marries Priscilla Worsthorne ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 20, 1933, it emerged that Bank of England governor Montagu Norman had applied for a marriage license. The 61-year-old married the 33-year-old Priscilla Worsthorne amid a media scrum. ●●

1933 London World Economic Conference opens ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The World Economic Conference opened on June 12, 1933, in South Kensington, drawing delegates from 66 nations. Conceived under Hoover, it aimed to address the global Depression but ended in failure. ●●

1933 Roosevelt torpedoes currency stabilization ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Roosevelt cabled the London conference to reject a currency stabilization agreement, calling it a specious fallacy. He would not let international considerations block U.S. recovery through devaluation. ●●

1933 U.S. government begins buying gold ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After an October 22, 1933, fireside chat, the government began buying gold in the open market to push the dollar lower. Every one of Roosevelt's economic advisers opposed the policy, and several resigned or were fired. ●●

1933 Hitler appointed chancellor of Germany ai_extracted 2 cit. In January 1933, President von Hindenburg bowed to political pressure and appointed Adolf Hitler chancellor. Schacht had been a prominent supporter and fundraiser for the Nazi movement. ●●

1933 Schacht returns to the Reichsbank ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 16, 1933, Hjalmar Schacht returned as Reichsbank president after a three-year absence. He was given wide control over economic policy and launched a massive public-works and money-printing program. ●●

1933 Charles Mitchell examined over Crash losses ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1933 Charles Mitchell was the first to undergo examination for his role in the multimillion-dollar losses that took place during the Crash. He strode into the... ●●

1933 Mitchell resigns as chairman of National City Bank ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Humiliated before Congress; the press, which had once adored him for his vision; and the public, Mitchell resigned as chairman of National City Bank on February 26, 1933. James... ●●

1933 Pecora hearings investigate House of Morgan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The House of Morgan became the first private bank investigated by Special Counsel Ferdinand Pecora. The bank's leadership, including Jack Morgan, was subpoenaed for extended testimony about their financial practices and alleged improprieties. ●●

1933 Jack Morgan photographed with Lya Graf ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During Pecora hearings, photographers unexpectedly captured images of Jack Morgan with actress Lya Graf outside a restaurant. The photographs appeared on front pages across America, becoming among the best-known Depression-era images. ●●

1933 US introduces deposit insurance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The United States introduced deposit insurance to reduce the vulnerability of American banks to runs during financial crises. ●●

1933 Hitler takes office as Chancellor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Adolf Hitler took office in 1933 and gained power to rule by decree, creating uncertainty about German debt obligations that would concern American bankers. ●●

1933 Schacht sent to Washington over German debt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1933, Hitler dispatched Reichsbank president Hjalmar Schacht to Washington to negotiate about Germany's foreign debt crisis. ●●

1933 Ford retracts and apologizes for The International Jew ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Not only did Ford apologize to the Jews and retract the book, but he wrote to Fritsch, asking him to recall the German edition. Deaf to these pleas, Fritsch published The International Jew right until... ●●

1933 Carl Melchior resigns from the BIS ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After all, I have been in the trenches now for twenty years.”7 In March 1933, Melchior resigned as a German representative to the Bank for International Settlements before Schacht pushed him out and stepped down as chairman of the Beiersdorf supervisory board.8 He didn’t regard the Nazis as amenable to reason. ●●

1933 Nazi book burning at the Berlin Opera House ai_extracted 2 cit. On May 10, 1933, students hurled books by Mann, Einstein, Proust, and Freud on a pyre outside the Berlin Opera House, followed five days later by an SS bonfire of books near Altona. ●●

1933 Nazis arrest educator Kurt Hahn ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In March 1933, the Nazis arrested Kurt and forbid further contact between him and his students. ●●

1933 Einstein renounces German citizenship ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the most original physicist of the twentieth century once again renounced his German citizenship. ●●

1933 Von Neumann, Weyl, and Alexander join the IAS ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They were joined by John von Neumann, Hermann Weyl, and James Alexander in 1933, and Marston Morse in 1934 ●●

1933 IBM designs and runs Hitler's first census ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ws and all of Europe, IBM custom-designed the punch cards and other data processing solutions to streamline those campaigns into what the company described as “blitzkrieg efficiency. “111 It began in 1933, when the company designed and executed Hitler’s first census. From there, IBM’s involvement wi ●●

1933 Hitler gives first national radio address as Chancellor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ya ‘Every Worker his Work’ On 1 February 1933, two days after his appointment as Chancellor, sweating with anticipation, Hitler recorded the first national radio address of his life.’ The unifying thread of his speech was the determin- ation of his g ●●

1933 Todt appointed inspector general for German roads ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the last days of June 1933, z 46 “EVERY WORKER HIS WORK’ Todt was appointed as general inspector for German roads, with auth- ority over both the autobahns and major provincial roads. ●●

1933 Cabinet grants Schacht power to declare debt moratorium ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1933 the cabinet gave Schacht carte blanche to instigate a moratorium on Germany’s international debts, at a moment of his choosing.” At first, Schacht hoped to exploit the confused situation in the United States by announcing an immediate d ●●

1933 Schacht convenes German creditors conference in Berlin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of May 1933 Schacht convoked a §i THE WAGES OF DESTRUCTION conference of Germany’s creditors in Berlin where he sought to persuade them of the need for at least a partial moratorium. ●●

1933 Mefo bills first issued to finance rearmament ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Small numbers of Mefo $ 54 “EVERY WORKER HIS WORK’ bills were issued in the autumn of 1933 to tide the early Luftwaffe contractors over a cash crisis.°* Large-scale disbursement began in April 1934, conveniently timed to coincide with the renewed pr ●●

1933 Rearmament budget set to triple civilian job spending ai_extracted 1 cit. no story According to the agreement of June 1933, military spending was to be almost three times larger than the combined total of all of the civilian work creation measures announced in 1932 and 1933. ●●

1933 Britain launches new disarmament proposals ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The opportunity presented itself in October 1933 when the British launched a new round of disarmament proposals. ●●

1933 Berlin conference sets Nazi aircraft industry policy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The new dispensation was spelled out to the German aircraft industry at a conference held in Berlin on 20 October 1933, two days after the Junkers expropriation.”’ Greeting the aircraft industrialists in solemn silence with arm raised in salute, Goer ●●

1933 German advertising council restricts use of 'Volk' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In fact, by 1933 the use of the term ‘Volk’ had become so inflationary that the newly established German advertising council was forced to ban the unlicensed use of the term. ●●

1933 Propaganda Ministry commissions the People's Radio ai_extracted 1 cit. In May 1933 the Propaganda Ministry took the initiative by coming to an agreement with a group of radio manufacturers to push through the large-scale production of a new standard radio.*’ This was to be cheaper than any radio previously on the market ●●

1933 Nazi regime abolishes tax on newly bought cars ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1933, the regime also announced the elimination of car tax on all newly acquired vehicles. ●●

1933 US troops leave Nicaragua, empowering Somoza's Guard ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the American military forces left Nicaragua for the last time, in 1933, they left behind a souvenir by which the Nicaraguan people could remember them: the National Guard, placed under the direction of one Anastasio Somoza (just as in 1924 the U ●●

26 April 1933 Gestapo established as Nazi Germany's secret police 0 cit. Hermann Göring created the Geheime Staatspolizei, or Gestapo, initially in Prussia, to suppress political opposition to the Nazi regime. Under Heinrich Himmler it was absorbed into the SS security apparatus and given sweeping powers to arrest and detain people without judicial review, sending opponents to concentration camps. The Gestapo relied heavily on a network of civilian informants and became a defining instrument of Nazi terror. politics ●●●

27 May 1933 Century of Progress International Exposition 0 cit. Held during the Great Depression, this fair marked Chicago's centennial and emphasized scientific and technological progress as a message of optimism, with exhibits on new consumer technology, aviation, and industrial design. It ran for two seasons due to strong public demand despite the economic downturn. economy / science ●●

1933 Southern Rhodesia buys back its mineral rights ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Southern Rhodesia government purchased the British South Africa Company's mineral rights using money raised from African taxpayers, a transaction Nkrumah highlights as a burden shifted onto the colonised. ●●

27 February 1933 The Reichstag Fire is used to justify emergency powers contested 0 cit. A fire destroys the German parliament building weeks after Hitler becomes chancellor. The Nazi government blames Communists and uses the fire to persuade President Hindenburg to sign the Reichstag Fire Decree the next day, suspending civil liberties and enabling mass arrests of political opponents. Historians still debate exactly who set the fire, but its use as a pretext for emergency rule is documented fact, not conspiracy theory. politics ●●●

23 March 1933 The Enabling Act lets the Reichstag vote away its own power 0 cit. With Communist deputies already arrested and the chamber ringed by intimidating SA paramilitaries, the Reichstag passes the Enabling Act by the required two-thirds majority, allowing Hitler's cabinet to enact laws without parliamentary approval. It is the clearest documented case in modern history of a parliament legally dissolving its own authority, and it is the founding case study for later scholarship on how democracies collapse from within. politics ●●●

c. September 1933 Libyan Concentration Camps Closed 0 cit. Italian authorities began closing the Cyrenaican concentration camps after the resistance had been crushed and much of the pre-war population had died from disease, starvation, and executions. Survivors were resettled under continued Italian control, and colonization by Italian settlers accelerated in the following years. The episode remained largely absent from Italian public memory for decades after the war. society / war ●

November 1933 Fiorello La Guardia elected mayor 0 cit. Fiorello La Guardia, running as a Fusion reform candidate against Tammany, was elected mayor of New York City. His three terms in office reduced Tammany's control over city jobs and contracts through civil service reform and federal relief programs that bypassed the machine's patronage system. politics ●●●

c. 4 October 1933 San Joaquin Valley Cotton Strike 0 cit. About 18,000 cotton pickers, most of them Mexican and Mexican American, walked off the fields across California's San Joaquin Valley demanding higher piece rates, organized by the Cannery and Agricultural Workers Industrial Union. Growers and local vigilantes responded with armed attacks on strikers and their camps; at least three strikers were killed during the month-long strike before growers agreed to a partial wage increase. economy / society ●●

c. 1 March 1933 North Carolina Establishes Eugenics Board 0 cit. North Carolina created a state Eugenics Board with authority to approve sterilizations of people in state custody and, eventually, people receiving public welfare assistance outside institutions. Unlike many states, North Carolina's program grew after World War II and increasingly targeted poor women and Black women referred by county welfare departments and social workers, sterilizing more than 7,600 people before it ended. politics / society ●●

14 July 1933 Nazi Germany Passes Sterilization Law 0 cit. The Nazi government enacted the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring, mandating compulsory sterilization of people with conditions including schizophrenia, epilepsy, and hereditary blindness or deafness. German eugenicists, including Eugen Fischer and Ernst Rudin, had studied American sterilization statutes and cited California's program in particular as proof such a law could be implemented at scale. The law took effect January 1, 1934, and roughly 400,000 people were sterilized under it. politics / science / war ●●●

27 February 1933 Reichstag Fire 0 cit. The German parliament building was set ablaze weeks after Hitler became chancellor, and the Nazi government blamed a lone Dutch communist, Marinus van der Lubbe, who was tried and executed. The fire was used to suspend civil liberties and consolidate Nazi power. Whether the Nazis themselves secretly set the fire as a false-flag pretext, or opportunistically exploited a fire genuinely set by van der Lubbe acting alone, has been debated by historians for decades and remains formally unresolved; this event should be treated as contested, not settled. politics / war ●●●

15 June 1933 National Defense Act amendments create the dual-status Guard 0 cit. Amendments to the National Defense Act created the National Guard of the United States as a distinct federal reserve component, so that Guard members simultaneously held membership in their state militia and in a reserve of the United States Army. The change let the president order Guard units into federal active duty without going through the older, more cumbersome militia-draft process. It fixed the modern dual state-federal legal status that still governs the Guard. politics / war ●●●

5 December 1933 Prohibition repealed, enforcement bureau dissolved 0 cit. Ratification of the Twenty-First Amendment ended national Prohibition and, with it, the rationale for the Bureau of Prohibition, which was dissolved the following year. Its residual alcohol-tax functions passed to a Treasury unit that evolved into the Alcohol Tax Unit, the direct institutional ancestor of the later Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. economy / politics ●●

27 February 1933 Reichstag Fire and the emergency decree 1 cit. The Reichstag building burns and the Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe is arrested at the scene. The Nazis blame a communist plot and the next day issue the Reichstag Fire Decree suspending civil liberties, opening a wave of arrests. Historians still debate whether van der Lubbe acted alone or the fire served Nazi aims, but its use to crush opposition is clear. politics ●●●

23 March 1933 Enabling Act passed in Germany 1 cit. With communist deputies barred and SA men filling the hall, the Reichstag passes the Enabling Act, letting the cabinet make laws without parliament. The act gives Hitler dictatorial powers under a veneer of legality and marks the legal end of the Weimar Republic. politics ●●●●

1933 Zemurray seizes control of United Fruit 0 cit. After selling his Cuyamel company to United Fruit, Sam Zemurray watches his stock lose value as the firm stumbles in the Depression. He storms a board meeting, reportedly declaring the directors were ruining the business, and takes over as the company's driving force. Under him United Fruit deepened its political meddling in Central America. economy ●●

1933 American oil wins the Saudi concession 0 cit. Standard Oil of California secured the concession to explore Saudi Arabia's oil, and struck commercial quantities in 1938. The venture grew into the Arabian American Oil Company, or Aramco, jointly owned by American firms. For its early decades Aramco set output and prices and kept most of the profit, with the Saudi state receiving royalties on terms the company controlled. diplomacy / economy ●●

1933 The 1933 identity cards fix ethnicity in law 1 cit. The Belgian administration carried out a census and issued identity cards that stamped every Rwandan as Hutu, Tutsi, or Twa, often using crude measures like cattle counts and physical features. What had been a shifting social category became a fixed, inherited, state-recorded race that a person could not escape. These cards followed families for generations and were later used at roadblocks in 1994 to sort who would live and who would die. Scholars widely name this colonial race classification as the documented engine of later ethnic violence. politics / society ●●●

c. 1933 The documented driver was colonial policy, not any secret lodge unproven 2 cit. Fringe conspiracy writing sometimes blames Masonic or secret-society plots for Rwanda's ethnic engineering. There is no credible evidence for any such claim, and serious historians do not entertain it. The documented driver is plain and well-recorded: Belgian colonial administration and Church thinking turned a fluid social order into a racial hierarchy through census, identity cards, and Hamitic race theory. Naming a hidden lodge only distracts from the real, traceable chain of colonial policy. politics / society ●

1933 The International Relief Association is founded at Einstein's suggestion 0 cit. American activists set up the International Relief Association to help Germans suffering under Adolf Hitler's new regime, at the urging of Albert Einstein, who had just fled Germany himself. This body was the direct ancestor of the International Rescue Committee. Its first work was aiding anti-Nazi refugees, trade unionists and Jews. politics / society ●●●

1933 The Nazis weaponize the Jewish finance lie legendary 1 cit. Nazi propaganda made the myth of Jewish financial and world control a core message, casting Jews as the hidden power behind both banking and communism to justify persecution. This lie helped pave the road to the Holocaust, in which six million Jews were murdered. The trope of international Jewish finance is not a harmless exaggeration; it was central to the deadliest genocide of the modern era and is false in every part. politics / war ●●●

1933 The Estado Novo and the drive to hold the colonies 0 cit. Antonio de Oliveira Salazar builds an authoritarian regime, the Estado Novo, and binds its legitimacy to keeping the African empire. As other powers began to let their colonies go, Portugal recast Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea as overseas provinces and refused to give them up. politics ●●

29 May 1933 Standard Oil of California wins the Saudi concession 0 cit. The new kingdom of Saudi Arabia grants an American company the right to explore its eastern desert for oil, a venture that became Aramco. The deal tied the United States to Saudi oil and marked American entry into a region Britain had dominated. diplomacy / economy ●●●

August 1933 Leaving Moscow as Padmore breaks with the Comintern 0 cit. The Comintern dissolved the ITUC-NW and Padmore resigned from the Communist Party in protest, later attacked in the Soviet press. Kenyatta left the Soviet Union and returned to London in August 1933. Biographers read his Moscow period as more tactical than doctrinaire, and he never joined the Communist Party; how deep his communism ever ran is still debated. politics ●●

c. 1933 MI5 Keeps a File on Kenyatta 0 cit. British intelligence treated Kenyatta as a subversive to be watched, not an asset to be groomed. The Security Service (MI5) opened and kept a file on him, now in the KV 2 series at the National Archives, tracking his contacts with the Communist Party, the League Against Imperialism, and his 1932-33 study in Moscow. The surveillance, and the later rigged Kapenguria trial, are the documented evidence that the colonial establishment feared him rather than cultivated him, a point that cuts against the theory that the British quietly built his career from the start. politics / society ●●

c. 1933 MI5 opens a file on Jomo Kenyatta 0 cit. MI5 began tracking the Kenyan nationalist Jomo Kenyatta in the 1930s, when he lived in Britain and visited Moscow. His personal file in the released KV series runs across decades of surveillance. The future first president of Kenya was watched as a suspected subversive long before Britain negotiated the handover of power to him. politics / society ●●●

1933 Arrested by the Nazis and deported from Germany 0 cit. After Hitler took power in 1933, Padmore was arrested in Hamburg, held in prison, and then deported. The Nazi crackdown shut down his base of operations in Germany. He made his way to Britain, where he would spend most of the rest of his life. politics / society ●●

c. 1933 The Comintern winds down its anti-colonial work 0 cit. As Moscow shifted toward a popular front against fascism, it sought alliances with Britain and France and softened its attacks on their empires. The International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers was scaled back and effectively dissolved. Historian Leslie James argues that Padmore saw anti-colonial work being sacrificed to Soviet foreign policy, which drove his break. diplomacy / politics ●●●

20 February 1933 German industrialists back Hitler at a private meeting 1 cit. Three weeks after Hitler became chancellor, some two dozen leading German industrialists met privately with him and Hermann Goering. Hitler promised to crush the labor movement and rebuild the military, and the businessmen pledged large sums for the coming election. The meeting, arranged with Hjalmar Schacht, tied big German business to the new regime. economy / politics ●●●●

1933 German business pays into the Adolf Hitler Endowment 1 cit. After Hitler took power, major companies paid regular contributions into a fund known as the Adolf Hitler Endowment of German Industry. It channeled business money to the Nazi leadership on an ongoing basis. The arrangement bound German industry to the regime and bought a measure of quiet cooperation. economy / politics ●●

c. 1933 IBM's German subsidiary supplies punch-card machines 1 cit. IBM's German subsidiary Dehomag leased and serviced Hollerith punch-card tabulating machines used in German censuses and record-keeping. In his book IBM and the Holocaust, Edwin Black argues this data technology helped the regime identify and track victims. Black's charge of knowing complicity is his interpretation; the machines and the business relationship are documented. economy / technology ●●●

c. 1933 Luhya families are displaced and given token compensation 4 cit. Luhya families whose land fell inside the mining area were moved aside so prospecting and mining could go ahead. Compensation was small and set by the administration, not by the people who lost the use of their land. The reserve had been redrawn around European interests, and its residents had little say in the outcome. economy / society ●●●

December 1933 A US court clears Ulysses of obscenity 0 cit. In United States v. One Book Called Ulysses, a federal judge ruled James Joyce's novel not obscene, judging a work as a whole and by its literary intent rather than by isolated passages. It began the retreat of the Hicklin test in America. ●●

c. 1933 Kalecki sketches a demand-led theory of output 1 cit. Michal Kalecki developed an independent demand-led macroeconomics in the early 1930s, before The General Theory appeared in English. His work is a useful warning against treating Keynesian economics as one man inventing the whole field from nothing; similar problems were pushing several economists toward aggregate-demand explanations. economy / science ●●●

1934 Balkan Pact wikidata 0 cit. no story Balkan international cooperation organization ●●●

12 September 1934 Baltic Entente wikidata 0 cit. no story Baltic 1934-1940 cooperation organization ●●●

6 June 1934 Founding of the SEC 0 cit. The Securities Exchange Act creates the Securities and Exchange Commission to police stock markets after the 1929 crash, with Joseph P. Kennedy as its first chairman. Mandatory disclosure and fraud enforcement become the rules of American finance. economy ●●●

October 1934 to 1935 The Long March 0 cit. Chinese communist forces retreat some 9,000 kilometers from Jiangxi to Shaanxi under Nationalist attack. The march secures Mao Zedong's leadership and becomes the founding legend of Chinese communism. politics / war ●●●

July 1934 to 1968 Hays Code enforced in Hollywood 0 cit. Hollywood's Motion Picture Production Code, written in 1930, gained real enforcement in July 1934 through the Production Code Administration. For decades it set moral limits on what American films could show. culture / society ●●●

19 June 1934 Communications Act of 1934 creates the FCC 0 cit. The Communications Act merged oversight of radio, telephone and telegraph under a new Federal Communications Commission. The FCC became the main federal regulator of American media. politics / technology ●●●●

c. 1934 to c. 1975 Sweden runs decades-long sterilization program 1 cit. Sweden forcibly or coercively sterilized around 60,000 people, mostly women, under eugenic and social policy. The program showed that eugenics took hold in democracies, not only under the Nazis. politics / society ●

November 1934 Marriner Eccles becomes head of the Federal Reserve 0 cit. Marriner Eccles, a Utah banker who backed government spending to fight the Depression, took charge of the Federal Reserve. Under the Banking Act of 1935 he reshaped the Fed into a stronger, more centralized institution. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1934 Schacht creates the Mefo bills to fund rearmament 0 cit. Schacht devised the Mefo bills, credit notes drawn on a dummy company and guaranteed by the Reichsbank, to hide the scale of German rearmament. The scheme let the state pay for weapons off the books until the bills came due. economy / war ●●●●

August 1934 Schacht becomes Minister of Economics and launches the New Plan 0 cit. Schacht took over the Economics Ministry and imposed the New Plan, using trade deals and exchange controls to steer resources toward rearmament. His management kept Germany's war buildup financed despite scarce foreign currency. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1934 L. Ron Hubbard builds a career as a pulp fiction writer 0 cit. Through the 1930s Hubbard wrote prolifically for pulp magazines, turning out adventure, western and science fiction stories. The output made him a fast and confident writer well before he devised Dianetics. culture ●●

1934 Canon began as Kwanon, named for a Buddhist deity 0 cit. The Japanese camera maker's first camera in 1934 was called Kwanon, after Kannon, also known as Guanyin, the Buddhist deity of mercy. The name was soon anglicized to Canon. economy / religion / technology ●●●

c. 1934 Cult of personality around a leader 0 cit. Dictators such as Stalin built cults that portrayed the leader as wise, heroic, and almost superhuman. The personality cult became a common tool of personalist dictatorship. culture / politics ●●●

1934 Shifting membership of the League of Nations Council ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Germany joined the League in 1926 and withdrew with Japan in 1933; the Soviet Union was admitted in 1934 and expelled in 1939 after attacking Finland. ●●

1934 German budget reveals rearmament (March 1934) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German budget released in March 1934 showed 210 million marks for an air force forbidden by Versailles and a sharp increase in the army appropriation. ●●

1934 United States returns to gold at a devalued dollar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On February 1, 1934, the United States went back on the gold standard at a large devaluation, cutting the gold content to 59.06 percent of the 1932 figure and offering to buy gold at $35 an ounce. ●●

1934 Hull Reciprocal Trade Program enacted ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The reciprocal trade act of 1934, renewed thereafter, let the US executive negotiate tariff cuts of up to 50 percent in exchange for concessions. Through most-favored-nation clauses these bilateral deals worked multilaterally. ●●

1934 Night of the Long Knives (blood purge) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 30, 1934, Hitler had the SS arrest SA leaders gathered at Bad Wiessee and shot most at once. Several thousand were killed, making the Nazi movement a counterrevolution of the Right protecting the economic status quo. ●●

1934 Hitler combines presidency and chancellorship ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Hindenburg's death in August 1934, the army let Hitler become president. Combining the two offices gave him the power to rule by decree and supreme command of the army, secured by a personal oath from every soldier. ●●

1934 Charter of Labor reshapes German industrial relations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Charter of Labor of January 20, 1934, declared the plant leader decided against the followers in all statutory matters. Quigley argues it stripped workers of collective agreements and any defense against employers. ●●

1934 The Chinese Communist Long March ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Chinese Communist army, its exactions having disillusioned peasant supporters, retreated in an orderly withdrawal on a six-thousand-mile route to northwestern China in 1934-1935. ●●

1934 Nazi coup and murder of Dollfuss in Austria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hitler attempted a Nazi coup in Austria, murdering Chancellor Dollfuss in July 1934, but was blocked when Mussolini mobilized Italian troops on the Brenner frontier and issued a stern warning. ●●

1934 Assassination of King Alexander and Barthou at Marseilles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An assassination plot condoned by Mussolini and carried out by revisionist elements murdered King Alexander of Yugoslavia and French foreign minister Jean Louis Barthou at Marseilles in October 1934. ●●

1934 Spanish conspirators' arms agreement with Mussolini ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Four men representing the officers, Carlists, and Alfonsist party signed an agreement with Mussolini on 31 March 1934, receiving money, rifles, grenades, and machine guns for the revolutionary movement against the Spanish republic. ●●

1934 Austria's corporative constitution of 1934 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Using the emergency decree power of 1917, a new constitution was declared on 24 April 1934, changing Austria from a democratic republic into a Christian, German, corporative, federal state, though the government continued to rule by decree. ●●

1934 German army adopts armored warfare theory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The new theory of concentrated armored warfare, rejected in France where its advocate Colonel de Gaulle remained a colonel, was accepted in the German army notably by Heinz Guderian in 1934 and used effectively against Poland and the Western Front in 1940. ●●

1934 Nye Committee investigates arms sales and WWI ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1934 a U.S. Senate committee, which fell under isolationist control, investigated the role of foreign loans and munitions sales in drawing America into World War I. Its findings fed the belief that bankers and 'merchants of death' had pushed intervention. ●●

1934 Fermi splits uranium atoms in Rome ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as 1934 Enrico Fermi and Emilio Segre in Rome split uranium atoms with neutrons without realizing they had done so, an early step toward fission. ●●