Events, Verisoph

July 1944 Financial primacy passes to the United States 0 cit. At the Bretton Woods conference in 1944, the delegates built a postwar monetary system around the US dollar, backed by American gold. Britain, deep in war debt and reliant on American aid, could no longer anchor the world's finances. Across the two world wars, naval and financial leadership passed from Britain to the United States. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●●●

July 1944 Bretton Woods sets the postwar dollar order 0 cit. Allied nations meet at Bretton Woods and agree a new financial system built around the US dollar, backed by gold, with the International Monetary Fund and World Bank to police it. Keynes argued for a more neutral international currency but the American plan won out. The postwar world would run on dollars, and the levers sat in Washington. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●●

c. 1944 The name Kalenjin spreads through wartime radio and school circles 0 cit. Before the 1940s the British lumped these communities together as the Nandi-speaking tribes. Broadcaster John arap Chemallan popularised the phrase kalenjin, meaning roughly I tell you, in his Second World War radio talks. In 1944 a group of students at Alliance High School adopted Kalenjin as a shared name, and it took hold as a common identity for Nandi, Kipsigis, Pokot, Marakwet, Tugen, Keiyo, Sabaot, Terik and others. culture / politics / society ●●

1944 Kibaki learns masonry and carpentry at Mathari Boarding School 1 cit. Between 1944 and 1946, Kibaki attended Mathari Boarding School, now Nyeri High School. The school taught vocational skills alongside academics, including masonry and carpentry used to repair furniture and maintain school buildings. This gives a concrete answer to the masonry question: Kibaki learned practical building skills at school, but his later career was economics and politics, not professional masonry. society ●●●

7 April 1945 Battle of Struth wikidata 0 cit. no story 1945 battle in World War II on Thuringian soil ●●

17 July 1945 to 2 August 1945 Potsdam Conference wikidata 0 cit. meeting of the Allied heads of state near the end of World War II ●●●

26 July 1945 Potsdam Declaration wikidata 0 cit. no story document defining the terms for Japanese surrender during World War II ●●●

16 August 1945 to 30 August 1945 August Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story 1945 uprising led by Viet Minh ●●●

17 August 1945 to 27 December 1949 Indonesian National Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between Indonesia and the Dutch Empire ●●●

8 May 1945 Victory in Europe 0 cit. Germany surrenders unconditionally a week after Hitler kills himself in the ruins of Berlin. war ●●●●●

6 August 1945 to 9 August 1945 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 0 cit. Two atomic bombs destroy two cities; the nuclear age begins. science / war ●●●●●

2 September 1945 Surrender of Japan 0 cit. Japan signs the instrument of surrender aboard USS Missouri. The Second World War is over; some sixty million people are dead. politics / war ●●●●●

August 1945 Japan's defeat in World War II ai_extracted 1 cit. Japan's defeat in 1945 is widely regarded as a watershed heralding a new Japan, with burned-down cities and destroyed factories marking the end of the war in August 1945. ●●●●●

1945 to 1952 U.S. occupation of Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. The U.S. occupation, officially in charge until 1952, implemented reeducation and democratization, providing Japan with a new constitution, political parties, free elections including for women, and a market-oriented capitalist system. ●●●●

September 1945 Occupation Order No. 3 continues economic controls ai_extracted 1 cit. Order No. 3 of the occupation forces of September 1945 declared the continuation of Japan's wartime economic controls, and foreign currency rationing was reintroduced immediately. ●●●

December 1945 Munitions Ministry and Home Ministry broken up ai_extracted 1 cit. In December 1945 the occupation broke up the Munitions Ministry, the heart of the war economy, along with the powerful Home Ministry and its police apparatus including the Thought Police. ●●●

August 1945 to October 1945 Araki appointed BoJ deputy governor, then governor ai_extracted 1 cit. Immediately after Japan's defeat in August 1945, Eikichi Araki, former wartime head of the Banking Department, was appointed deputy governor of the Bank of Japan, and two months later governor. ●●

30 August 1945 MacArthur arrives at Atsugi; BoJ money accepted ai_extracted 1 cit. General MacArthur arrived at Atsugi naval airdrome on August 30, 1945, where Bank of Japan officials reportedly met him with banknotes; MacArthur accepted BoJ money rather than issuing military currency. ●●●●

11 February 1945 Yalta Far East Agreement 0 cit. Secret protocol of the Yalta Conference in which Roosevelt and Churchill promised Stalin territorial and railway concessions in East Asia in return for Soviet entry into the war against Japan. China was not consulted. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

22 March 1945 Pact of the League of Arab States 0 cit. Founding charter of the Arab League, joining seven Arab states in a regional organization for political and economic coordination. It was among the first postwar regional pacts. diplomacy / politics ●●●

26 June 1945 United Nations Charter 0 cit. Founding treaty of the United Nations, signed by fifty nations, establishing the Security Council, General Assembly, and a general ban on aggressive war. It is the cornerstone of the postwar international order. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●●●

24 October 1945 Founding of the United Nations 0 cit. The UN Charter, signed by 50 nations in San Francisco in June 1945, enters into force, creating the world organization for peace, security and cooperation that replaced the League of Nations. diplomacy / politics ●●●●●

16 October 1945 Founding of the Food and Agriculture Organization 0 cit. Delegates from 44 nations meeting in Quebec City establish the FAO to fight hunger and improve nutrition and agriculture worldwide. It later became the first specialized agency of the United Nations, based in Rome. diplomacy / economy / society ●●●

16 November 1945 Founding of UNESCO 0 cit. Representatives of 37 countries sign the UNESCO constitution in London, creating the UN agency for education, science and culture. The constitution entered into force in November 1946 and the agency set up its headquarters in Paris. culture / diplomacy / science ●●●●

26 June 1945 Founding of the International Court of Justice 0 cit. The UN Charter establishes the International Court of Justice as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, succeeding the League's Permanent Court of International Justice. The court held its first sitting at The Hague in April 1946. diplomacy / politics ●●●

27 December 1945 Founding of the International Monetary Fund 0 cit. The IMF's Articles of Agreement, drawn up at the 1944 Bretton Woods conference, enter into force when 29 countries sign, creating the institution charged with stabilizing exchange rates and the international monetary system. diplomacy / economy ●●●●

27 December 1945 Founding of the World Bank 0 cit. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, designed at Bretton Woods in 1944, formally comes into existence to finance postwar reconstruction and later development lending worldwide. diplomacy / economy ●●●●

22 March 1945 Founding of the Arab League 0 cit. Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Yemen sign the pact of the League of Arab States in Cairo, creating a regional organization to coordinate Arab political and economic affairs. diplomacy / politics ●●●

3 October 1945 Founding of the World Federation of Trade Unions 0 cit. Trade union centers from 56 countries, including Soviet and Western unions, found the World Federation of Trade Unions in Paris. Cold War splits soon left it aligned with the communist bloc. diplomacy / politics / society ●●

27 November 1945 Founding of CARE 0 cit. Twenty-two American charities found the Cooperative for American Remittances to Europe, whose CARE Packages fed millions in postwar Europe. It became one of the world's largest humanitarian organizations. diplomacy / society ●●

17 August 1945 Independence of Indonesia 0 cit. no story Sukarno and Hatta proclaim Indonesian independence; the Netherlands recognized it in 1949 after a four-year armed struggle. politics / war ●●●●

2 September 1945 Independence of Vietnam 0 cit. no story Ho Chi Minh proclaims the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi; independence was secured through wars against France and later the United States. politics / war ●●●●

c. 1945 Zurich as a global banking center 0 cit. Switzerland's neutrality, stable franc and bank secrecy draw international capital to Zurich after the Second World War. The city remains a leading center for private banking and wealth management, home to UBS. economy ●●●

16 July 1945 Trinity test 1 cit. The first nuclear device detonates in the New Mexico desert; the plutonium implosion design vindicates the Manhattan Project weeks before Hiroshima. science / war ●●●●●

c. May 1945 Defeat of the Axis and the fall of fascism 1 cit. The Allied defeat of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy destroys fascism as a governing ideology and discredits it worldwide. The revealed crimes of the regimes make fascism a byword for political evil. politics / war ●●●●

15 October 1945 Fifth Pan-African Congress 0 cit. Delegates including Kwame Nkrumah and Jomo Kenyatta meet in Manchester and demand an end to colonial rule in Africa. The congress turns Pan-Africanism toward mass anticolonial politics. politics ●●●

1945 The ENIAC electronic computer 0 cit. ENIAC was among the first general purpose electronic digital computers, using thousands of vacuum tubes. It showed that machines could compute at electronic speed and pointed the way to the computer age. technology ●●●●●

c. 1945 The United States builds a global network of bases 0 cit. After the Second World War the United States kept and expanded military bases around the world. The network gave it the ability to project force on every continent. politics / war ●●●

February 1945 Yalta Conference 0 cit. Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill met in Crimea to plan the final defeat of Germany and the shape of postwar Europe. The agreements left much of Eastern Europe within the Soviet sphere. politics / war ●●●●

9 May 1945 Victory in the Great Patriotic War 0 cit. The Soviet Union accepted Germany's surrender after the fall of Berlin, ending the war in Europe. Victory Day on May 9 became a central date in Soviet and later Russian national memory, marking losses of around 27 million Soviet citizens. society / war ●●●●●

24 October 1945 United Nations founded 0 cit. The United Nations came into existence when its Charter, signed in San Francisco in June, entered into force. It replaced the League of Nations as the principal global body for peace, security, and international cooperation. politics / war ●●●●●

1945 End of World War II and Japanese surrender 0 cit. Japan surrendered in 1945, ending eight years of war that devastated China. Fighting soon resumed between Nationalists and Communists. war ●●●●

1945 Rise of American Global Power 0 cit. The end of the Second World War left the United States as the world's dominant economic and military power. Its influence shaped global politics for the rest of the century. economy / politics ●●●●●

8 May 1945 Setif and Guelma massacre 0 cit. French forces and settlers killed thousands of Algerians after nationalist protests turned violent on the day Europe celebrated victory in the war. The killings hardened Algerian demands for independence. politics / war ●●

1945 to 1989 The Church under communism 0 cit. Communist governments across Eastern Europe suppressed the Church, jailing clergy such as Cardinal Mindszenty of Hungary and restricting worship. The Church became a center of resistance to state atheism. politics / religion / society ●●●

1945 to 1952 The U.S. reforms Japanese education after World War II 0 cit. During the postwar occupation the United States led a remaking of Japanese schooling, removing militarist textbooks and building a new democratic curriculum. It is a documented case of re-education in an occupied country. politics / society ●●●

1945 to 1949 Allied powers re-educate postwar Germany 0 cit. After 1945 the Allied occupiers ran denazification and rewrote German schooling to remove Nazi ideology and teach democratic values. It stands with occupied Japan as a major case of state-led re-education. politics / war ●●●

c. 1945 The Great Invocation and the UN 0 cit. Lucis Trust supporters promote a prayer called the Great Invocation and have long linked their work to UN ideals of peace and goodwill. The prayer is a Lucis Trust text, not a UN document, and the connection is one of shared vocabulary about world unity rather than official endorsement. politics / religion ●

c. 1945 Operation Paperclip begins 2 cit. The United States secretly recruited Wernher von Braun and hundreds of German rocket scientists at the end of World War II. Their knowledge fed the American missile and space programs. politics / technology / war ●●●●

2 May 1945 Von Braun surrenders to American forces 0 cit. Wernher von Braun and his core rocket team gave themselves up to United States troops in the Alps. They chose the Americans over the advancing Soviet army. politics / technology / war ●●●

c. August 1945 L. Ron Hubbard moves into the Parsonage 0 cit. Navy officer and pulp writer L. Ron Hubbard came to live at Parsons's house after the war. The two men became close friends and collaborators in Parsons's magical work. religion ●●●

c. 1945 The rules-based liberal international order as doctrine 0 cit. From 1945 the United States and its allies openly built and named a 'liberal' and later 'rules-based' international order, the establishment term for the managed global system that the phrase 'world order' most accurately describes. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●●●

16 November 1945 UNESCO is founded with an education mandate 0 cit. UNESCO was created after the Second World War to promote education, science and culture as a basis for peace. It became the main global forum for setting shared education goals. politics / society ●●●●

1945 Quigley: Britain was the world's greatest plutocracy until 1945 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues restrictions on democracy in Britain rested almost entirely on wealth and drew only mild objection, because even the masses accepted that wealth entitled its holder to privilege. This concealed that Britain until 1945 was the world's greatest plutocracy. ●●

1945 Kilgore Committee report on I. G. Farben ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites a 1945 US Senate committee finding, based on captured records, that I. G. Farben and United Steel Works together could dominate the entire German industrial system. ●●

1945 Capture of the Remagen bridge across the Rhine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 7, 1945, the American 8th Armored Division seized the Ludendorff Railway Bridge at Remagen just before the Germans could blow it up. The intact crossing let many Allied divisions get across the Rhine. ●●

1945 Hungary concludes an armistice with Russia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Germany seized control of the Hungarian government to prevent a surrender, only on January 20, 1945 could General Miklos's provisional government conclude an armistice with the Russians. The agreement left Hungary largely under Soviet military control. ●●

1945 Russia recognizes the Lublin committee as Poland's government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 5, 1945, Russia recognized the Communist Committee of National Liberation as the government of Poland, while the Western Powers still recognized the London government. The rival recognitions set up the Polish dispute at Yalta. ●●

1945 Greece kept from Communist domination ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the British defeated Communist ELAS forces in Athens, the guerrillas accepted disarmament and amnesty on February 13, 1945, under the regency of Archbishop Damaskinos with Plastiras as prime minister. Greece was saved because it was accessible to British forces by sea. ●●

1945 Mussolini captured and killed by Italian guerrillas ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 28, 1945, Mussolini was caught fleeing toward Switzerland with treasure and killed by Italian guerrillas. His body was hung by the heels in a public square in Milan alongside that of his mistress. ●●

1945 Hitler's suicide in Berlin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the afternoon of April 30, 1945, with Russian soldiers only a block away, Eva Braun took poison and Hitler shot himself. Subordinates burned the bodies in a shell-hole in the Chancellery garden. ●●

1945 V-E Day and the toll of Nazi bestiality ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By V-E Day, May 8, 1945, Quigley says Nazi bestiality had brought death to more than 30,000,000 people. Advancing armies overran concentration camps with ovens still hot and thousands of murdered inmates. ●●

1945 Firebombing of Tokyo ai_extracted 2 cit. On March 9, 1945, 279 stripped-down B-29s carrying fire bombs made a low-level attack on Tokyo. The result, Quigley says, was the most devastating air attack in all history, burning out sixteen square miles and killing 84,793 people. ●●

1945 Invasion of Okinawa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On Easter morning, April 1, 1945, an assault force of over 1,200 vessels landed four divisions on Okinawa. The three-month campaign was the most severe of the Pacific War, with heavy losses from mass kamikaze attacks. ●●

1945 Death of President Roosevelt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Roosevelt died suddenly on April 12, 1945, with great and incalculable effect on postwar policy. Vice-President Truman had been kept so far outside the war effort that he knew nothing of the atomic program until Stimson told him. ●●

1945 Yalta secret Far East agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Yalta the powers agreed to undo the results of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 as the price of Soviet entry into the war on Japan. Southern Sakhalin, a lease on Port Arthur, and the Kurile Islands would go to the Soviet Union, with Outer Mongolia's autonomy made permanent. ●●

1945 Trinity test: first atomic bomb detonated ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 16, 1945, at Alamogordo, New Mexico, the first atomic bomb, an implosion-type plutonium device, was detonated at 5:30 A.M. The explosion far exceeded expectations and stunned the scientists who had built it. ●●

1945 Truman orders the atomic bomb used and picks targets ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On July 18, 1945, Truman ordered the next bomb dropped on Japan as soon as it was ready, and on July 24th he chose the target list of Hiroshima, Kokura, Nigata, and Nagasaki. Stimson had persuaded him to spare Kyoto for its cultural treasures. ●●

1945 Potsdam ultimatum to Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 26 July 1945 Truman, Attlee, and Chiang Kai-shek issued the Potsdam ultimatum demanding Japan's unconditional surrender. Quigley notes its atomic threat was left unspecified and thus meaningless to the Japanese. ●●

1945 Atomic bombing of Hiroshima ai_extracted 2 cit. no story The first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima in August 1945. Quigley records the immediate and eventual death tolls under the mushroom cloud. ●●

1945 Japanese surrender signed on the Missouri ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Japan's final surrender was signed on 2 September 1945 aboard the battleship Missouri, ending the Second World War. ●●

1945 Atomic bomb secrets passed to the Soviet Union ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley states that by June 1945 the key information for making the bomb had already been passed to the Soviet Union through Klaus Fuchs and David Greenglass via Harry Gold and Anatoli Yakovlev. ●●

1945 Groves report names Japan as bomb target ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In a report of 23 April 1945, presented to Truman by Stimson, Groves stated that Japan had always been the intended target for the atomic bomb. ●●

1945 Quigley: nuclear stalemate rooted in two 1945 decisions ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that the postwar stalemate of nuclear terror stems directly from two decisions made in 1945: to continue the bomb project after Germany's defeat and to use the bomb on Japan. ●●

1945 American atomic monopoly, 1945-1949 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley dates the American atomic monopoly from the Alamogordo test of July 1945 to the first Soviet atom bomb, 'Joe I,' in August 1949. ●●

1945 Free elections defeat Communists in Austria and Hungary ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November 1945 Austria and Hungary held relatively free elections under Soviet occupation; both resulted in sharp defeats for the local Communist parties. ●●

1945 American Communist Party membership collapses ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By FBI figures cited by Quigley, U.S. Communist Party membership fell from about 75,000 in 1945 to 50,000 in 1950 and to only 3,000 by 1960. ●●

1945 Soviet extraction of wealth from eastern Europe ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley estimates the Soviet Union extracted goods worth about $20 billion from eastern Europe in 1945-1946 through reparations and joint corporations. Satellite economies were subordinated to Russia's benefit. ●●

1945 Sino-Soviet Treaty of August 1945 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Sino-Soviet Treaty of August 14, 1945 secured Chiang Kai-shek's consent to the concessions made on his behalf by Churchill and Roosevelt at Yalta. Molotov's accompanying note promised Soviet support to the Nationalist government of China. ●●

1945 Truman requests admission of 100,000 Jews to Palestine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In August 1945 President Truman asked Britain to admit 100,000 European Jews into Palestine, but his repeated requests were refused. Large-scale efforts to smuggle refugees in led to quasi-warfare between Britain and Zionist groups. ●●

c. 1945 Pax Americana: the postwar American order 0 cit. From 1945 the United States underwrites a global order it leads: a worldwide network of military bases, the dollar as the world's reserve currency, and a web of alliances from NATO to Japan. Pax Americana is the standard term for this American-kept peace, the geopolitical counterpart of the military-industrial complex. diplomacy / politics ●●●●

1945 1945 election removes the Milner Group from power in India ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The general election that ousted the Conservatives also, Quigley asserts, stripped the Milner Group of its influence over Indian policy just before independence. ●●

1945 Quigley: Helmuth von Moltke tied to the Milner Group ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the executed German resistance leader Helmuth von Moltke, head of the Kreisau Circle, was a member of the Milner Group, a connection he says was revealed in The Round Table after Moltke's death. ●●

1945 1945 election ends the Milner Group's ascendancy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says Labour's election victory jolted the Group's postwar plans and began its eclipse, after which its control of The Times, Chatham House, and Oxford was exercised without conviction. ●●

1945 Skinner rears his daughter in a box, 1945 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto references B.F. Skinner's practice of rearing his infant daughter in a closed container, described in the September 1945 Ladies Home Journal article 'Baby in a Box.' ●●

1945 Harrison sends the Trinity test cable ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Former New York Fed president George Harrison served on the Manhattan Project's Interim Committee. On July 16, 1945, after the first nuclear detonation in New Mexico, he authored the famous cable to Stimson and Truman at Potsdam. ●●

1945 Pierre Laval executed for treason ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After joining Vichy and collaborating with the Nazis, Pierre Laval was tried for treason after the war. Following a botched cyanide suicide attempt, he was executed by firing squad in October 1945. ●●

1945 US Third Army captures Vlasov, hands him to Soviets ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Third Army in early May 1945. The Americans, operating under wartime orders to cooperate with the Red Army in POW matters, turned Vlasov over to the Russians shortly after his capture. There are several versions of how Vlasov passed from American into Soviet hands. ●●

1945 CROWCASS war-crimes registry launched ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The CROWCASS operation began in May 1945, following a call by General Dwight Eisenhower, then supreme Allied commander in Europe, for international cooperation in hunting and prosecuting war criminals. ●●

1945 Ukrainian SS division surrenders, interned at Rimini ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Ukrainian SS division surrendered to British troops in early 1945 and was interned at the Rimini POW camp north of Rome. Most of them were facing forced repatriation to the USSR under a clause of the Yalta agreements governing return of POWs who had been captured in enemy uniform. ●●

1945 Vanagis founded for Latvian SS veterans ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in this country as well. The Vanagis began as a self-help and welfare society for Latvian SS veterans in Germany in 1945; many of its leaders had been involved in Fascist activity ... ●●

1945 FDR takes his fourth oath of office ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On January 20, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt took his fourth and final presidential oath of office, then traveled to Yalta to meet with Stalin and Churchill. This would be his last major diplomatic engagement. ●●

1945 Congress approves the Bretton Woods agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 20, 1945, Congress approved the Bretton Woods agreement establishing the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. Twenty-seven other Allied nations joined, though the Soviet Union notably did not. ●●

1945 Roosevelt dies and Truman becomes president ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 12, 1945, President Franklin D. Roosevelt died suddenly at his Warm Springs retreat in Georgia. His death ended the Roosevelt era in foreign policy and elevated Vice President Harry Truman to the presidency. ●●

1945 Truman authorizes atomic bombing of Japan ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On August 6, 1945, President Truman authorized dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, instantly killing approximately 70,000 people. Days later a second bomb destroyed Nagasaki, establishing American nuclear weapons dominance. ●●

1945 Ho Chi Minh proclaims Democratic Republic of Vietnam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ho Chi Minh proclaims Democratic Republic of Vietnam ●●

1945 Arevalo delivers inaugural address in Guatemala ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his inaugural address, delivered to an expectant nation on March 15, 1945, Arévalo cited Roosevelt as his inspiration, and vowed to follow his exam (1945) ●●

1945 Franklin Roosevelt dies; Truman becomes president ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Franklin D. Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945. Vice President Harry Truman assumed the presidency with minimal briefing on nuclear weapons or Soviet intentions. ●●

1945 Joint Chiefs shelve Donovan's intelligence agency plan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Military leadership rejected Donovan's intelligence proposal, fearing it would be too independent and powerful. ●●

1945 Truman dissolves the OSS and fires Donovan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Truman fired Donovan and ordered the OSS disbanded, believing the spy agency resembled a Gestapo. ●●