Events, Verisoph

1649 Revolution (1649) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” Comparative Strategy 3 (1982). Jones, E.L., and G. E. Mingay, eds. Land, Labour and Population of the Industrial Revolution. London, 1967. ______. The European Miracle: Environ ●●

1649 First English translation of the Qur'an published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story First English translation of Qur'an published, meeting storm of abuse from Parliament and clergy. ●●

1650 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If in 1650 most settlers on both con tinent and islands were white, by 1700 the white-black ratio was 7. 5-1 on the mainland, l-3 .6 in the West Indies. ●●

1650 Peace (1650) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story h Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole. Princeton, N.J., 1965. Baumgart, W. Imperialism: The Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion. Oxford, 1982. ______ ●●

1651 Hobbes publishes Leviathan ai_extracted 3 cit. no story Thomas Hobbes published Leviathan, his major work of political philosophy. The work was composed in Paris and dedicated to Francis Godolphin. It represents Hobbes's complete theory of the commonwealth and sovereignty. ●●

1651 Information history in 1651 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 240. ♦ “MEN LIVED UPON GROSS EXPERIENCE”: Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiasticall, and Civill, (1651; repr. ●●

1651 Baptist whipped for private worship candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Massachusetts leaders whip Baptist for organizing private worship, continuing religious repression. ●●

1652 to 1674 Anglo-Dutch Wars 0 cit. no story England and the Dutch Republic fight three naval wars over trade and sea power. The wars spur the rise of the Royal Navy and hand New Amsterdam to England as New York. economy / war ●●●

1654 In 1654, the Shunzi emperor seemed to backtrack rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1654, the Shunzi emperor seemed to backtrack on his support of Chinese, writing: "Reflecting on the study of Chinese writing, I think it may lead t... ●●

1654 This left for consideration the Habsburg possessions in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The war in the Netherlands,” observed one Spanish councillor, “has been the total ruin of this monarchy.” In fact, between 1566 and 1654 Spain sent at least 218 million ducats to the Military Treasur ●●

July 1655 to May 1660 Second Northern War 0 cit. no story Sweden invades Poland-Lithuania in the devastating occupation Poles call the Deluge, drawing in Russia, Denmark, and Brandenburg. Poland survives but loses perhaps a third of its population. war ●●●

1655 The conquest of an area as large as rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This left France and Spain engaged in a war which was all to do with national rivalries and nothing to do with religion—as Richelieu’s successor, the French minister, Mazarin, clearly demonstrated in ●●

1656 Information history in 1656 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story seen a dead crocodile; and little else is known. His Expositour appeared in 1616 and went through several editions in the succeeding decades. ●●

1657 Comenius's Orbis Pictus ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto references Comenius's 1657 Orbis Pictus, whose picture-based approach influenced later look-say reading methods. ●●

1657 Stockholms Banco founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Stockholms Banco was established in Stockholm as a bank that engaged in lending as well as payment facilitation, pioneering fractional reserve banking. ●●

1657 Bramhall publishes Castigations of Hobbes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Bramhall publishes his critical response to Hobbes on liberty and necessity. ●●

1657 Quakers arrive in Massachusetts ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quakers arrive in Massachusetts determined to spread message of freedom and inner light, raising fears. ●●

1658 Revolution (1658) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nalization of the French Army under the Ancien Régime,” in M. Duffy (ed.). The Military Revolution and the State 1500–1800 (Exeter Studies in History, no. 1, Exeter, 1980), pp. 29– ●●

1659 2The Habsburg Bid for Mastery, 1519–1659 By the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2The Habsburg Bid for Mastery, 1519–1659 By the sixteenth century, then, the power struggles within Europe were also helping it to rise, economically and militarily, above the other regions of the glo ●●

1659 Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication Acknowledgmen rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Habsburg Bid for Mastery, 1519–1659 The Meaning and Chronology of the Struggle Strengths and Weaknesses of the Habsburg Bloc International Comparisons War, Money, and the Nation-State Chapter 3. F ●●

1660 Then, in a remarkable rush of intellectual innovation, beginning in around 1660, that theoretical... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then, in a remarkable rush of intellectual innovation, beginning in around 1660, that theoretical basis was created. ●●

1660 Tables & Charts TABLES 1 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Increase in Military Manpower, 1470–1660 2. British Wartime Expenditure and Revenue, 1688–1815 3. Populations of the Powers, 1700–1800 4. ●●

1660 Introduction This is a book about national and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Great Power struggles which took place between 1660 and 1815, and are covered in Chapter 3, cannot be so easily summarized as a contest between one large bloc and its many rivals. It was in this c ●●

1660 Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication Acknowledgmen rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Finance, Geography, and the Winning of Wars, 1660–1815 The “Financial Revolution” Geopolitics The Winning of Wars, 1660–1763 The Winning of Wars, 1763–1815 STRATEGY AND ECONOMICS IN THE INDUSTRIAL ERA ●●

1660 3Finance, Geography, and the Winning of Wars, 1660–1815 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 3Finance, Geography, and the Winning of Wars, 1660–1815 The signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees did not, of course, bring to an end the rivalries of the European Great Powers, or their habit of sett ●●

1660 The Winning of Wars, 1660–1763 When Louis XIV rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Winning of Wars, 1660–1763 When Louis XIV took over full direction of the French government in March 1661, the European scene was particularly favorable to a monarch determined to impose his views ●●

1660 Economic (1660) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story eu and Olivares, ch. 6. CHAPTER THREEFinance, Geography, and the Winning of Wars, 1660–1815 1. For basic political narratives of this period, see D. McKay and H. M. Scott, The Ri ●●

1660 Naval (1660) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story __, “American Atomic Strategy and the Hydrogen Bomb Decision,” Journal of American History 66 (1979). ______, “The Origins of Overkill: Nuclear Weapons and American Strategy, 1945 ●●

1660 Revolution (1660) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 4 (1972). Schulin, E., ed. Gedenkschrift Martin Göhring: Studien zur europäischen Geschichte. Wiesbaden, 1968. Schulte, B.F. Die deutsche Armee. Düsseldorf, 1977. Schulzinger, R ●●

1660 1660: Sending around papers for comments is one reason why the Roy... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ng. Sending around papers for comments is one reason why the Royal Society was created in London in 1660 and why Benjamin Franklin founded the American Philosophical Society. At Time magazine, we had ●●

1660 1660: s on many of the chapters. This isn’t a new thing. Sending around pape rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s on many of the chapters. This isn’t a new thing. Sending around papers for comments is one reason why the Royal Society was created in London in 166 ●●

1660 The Great Elector established one by refusing to disband his army after the Peace of Oliva that ende candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Great Elector established one by refusing to disband his army after the Peace of Oliva that ended the Swedish-Polish War in 1660 in which Prussia had participated. ●●

1660 17: A House Divided (1517-1660) 1 Scholarly argument (and, for what it rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 17: A House Divided (1517-1660) 1 Scholarly argument (and, for what it is worth, my own opinion) sways on the fascinating but ultimately trivial question of whether the theses were actually nailed up on the door; Philipp Melanchthon asserted in 1546 ●●

1660 György II Rákóczi dies of battle wounds ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prince György II Rákóczi dies from battle wounds after failed campaigns, leading to principality's ruin. ●●

1661 Louis XIV takes personal control of France ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Winning of Wars, 1660–1763 When Louis XIV took over full direction of the French government in March 1661, the European scene was particularly favorable to a monarch determined to impose his views ●●

1661 Revolution (1661) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ite Weltkrieg, vol. 1, Ursachen und Voraussetzungen der deutschen Kriegspolitik. Stuttgart, 1979. De Gaulle, C. Mémoires de Guerre, 3 vols., Paris, 1954-59. DePorte, A. Europe Be ●●

1661 Event of 1661 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ation takes place. The Westphalian system met both tests in the eighteenth century, first by thwarting the thrust for hegemony by France’s Louis XIV, then by adjusting the system to the insistence of Prussia’s Frederick the Great for equal status. Lo ●●

1662 1662 law clarified older practices by making the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A 1662 law clarified older practices by making the children of a slave mother slaves, regardless of paternity (a sharp contrast to Islamic law) ; anot... ●●

1663 Thus, while the various wars against the Turks rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, while the various wars against the Turks (1663–1664, 1683–1699, 1716–1718,1737–1739,1788–1791) showed the Habsburg armies generally enhancing their position in the Balkans, this struggle against ●●

1663 and was getting letters from the same address rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Box 1663, Santa Fe, New Mexico, and was getting letters from the same address,” she remembers ●●

1663 with her birthplace certified as Post Office Box 1663 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Claire was born in July, with her birthplace certified as Post Office Box 1663, Santa Fe ●●

1664 Thus, while the various wars against the Turks rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, while the various wars against the Turks (1663–1664, 1683–1699, 1716–1718,1737–1739,1788–1791) showed the Habsburg armies generally enhancing their position in the Balkans, this struggle against ●●

1665 Great Plague strikes London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the bubonic plague outbreak in London, residents developed practical survival strategies including relocating to the countryside or isolating indoors. These intuitive approaches proved effective despite people's incorrect understanding of plague transmission. ●●

1665 s ideas before the outbreak of the Sabbatian movement (1665) rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story ropagation of Luria’s ideas before the outbreak of the Sabbatian movement (1665). Of special importa ●●

1666 ;; and Greeks; medieval and modern Christianity in; monasticism in; and prophecy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ;; and Greeks; medieval and modern Christianity in; monasticism in; and prophecy Assumption: see Mary Assyria Assyrian Christians; see also Dyophysites Astell, Mary (1666 - 1731) astrology astronomy Athanasius (293 - 373); Life of Antony atheism; see ●●

1667 Thomas Sprat publishes History of the Royal Society ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thomas Sprat publishes the authoritative History of the Royal Society with frontispiece designed by John Evelyn and engraved by Wenceslas Hollar. ●●

1667 Information history in 1667 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ters) In such busie, and active times, there arise more new thoughts of men, which must be signifi’d, and varied by new expressions. ●●

1668 Latin edition of Leviathan published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Latin edition of Leviathan is published, differing in some respects from the English version. ●●

1670 Kangxi issues the sixteen Sacred Maxims ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Kangxi emperor worked to integrate the Han cultural corpus into his official pronouncements, issuing sixteen Sacred Maxims in 1670. ●●

1672 to 1676 Polish, Ottoman War of 1672-1676 wikidata 0 cit. no story war in South-Eastern Europe (1672-1676) ●●●●

April 1672 to 1678 Franco-Dutch War 0 cit. no story Louis XIV invades the Dutch Republic, which survives by opening its dikes and building a European coalition. The war establishes France as the dominant continental power. war ●●●

1672 Under the Law of Ann (1672), the widow and children of a deceased minister of candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Under the Law of Ann (1672), the widow and children of a deceased minister of the Church of Scotland received only half a year’s stipend in the year of the minister’s death. ●●

1673 Event of 1673 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story y with Korea. Chinese traders were permitted to operate in select locations, though no official Sino-Japanese relations existed because no protocol could be worked out that satisfied both sides’ amour propre. Foreign trade with European countries was ●●

1675 to 1679 Scanian War wikidata 0 cit. no story part of the Northern Wars involving the union of Denmark-Norway, Brandenburg and Sweden ●●●●

June 1675 to 1678 King Philip's War 0 cit. no story Wampanoag leader Metacom leads a native coalition against the New England colonies in proportionally one of America's deadliest wars. The colonists' victory breaks native power in southern New England. war ●●

1678 Henry More writes to Glanvil about witches rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cambridge philosopher Henry More wrote a famous letter to author of Sadducismus Triumphatus in May 1678 defending the reality of witches against skeptics ●●

1680 to 1707 Mughal-Maratha Wars 0 cit. no story Emperor Aurangzeb spends 27 years trying to crush the Maratha state in the Deccan, at the cost of millions of lives. The unwinnable war exhausts the Mughal Empire and opens its decline. war ●●●●

1680 Treatise of the Three Impostors written in the Netherlands ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Anonymous Treatise of the Three Impostors written in Netherlands, circulated widely in manuscript. ●●

1682 Shackamaxon wikidata 0 cit. no story treaty between William Penn and the Delaware Indians ●●●

1682 War (1682) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in. Madison, Wi., 1981. Quimby, R.S. The Background of Napoleonic Warfare. New York, 1957. Quinn, D.B., and A. N. Ryan. England’s Sea Empire, 1550-1642. London, 1983. Radice, L. ●●

1682 Economic (1682) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story . 8, ch. 11; Kochan and Abraham, Making of Modern Russia, chs. 7–9; Duffy, Russia’s Military Way to the West, passim; P. Dukes, The Making of Russian Absolutism 1613–1801 (London, ●●

1682 Hobbes publishes Behemoth ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hobbes publishes Behemoth, a dialogue examining causes of the English Civil War. ●●

1682 ” In 1682, France’s North American territories were named “Louisiana rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That was one reason why he liked to give his ministers authority over the highest in the Land, even over the Princes of the Blood. In 1680, Louis symbolized the nature of his all-embracing rule by assuming the title “the Great” to go with his earlier ●●

1683 to 1699 Great Turkish War wikidata 0 cit. no story series of conflicts (1683-1699) between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League (Habsburg Empire, Poland-Lithuania, Venice, Russia), ending with the latter's victory ●●●●

1683 Thus, while the various wars against the Turks rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, while the various wars against the Turks (1663–1664, 1683–1699, 1716–1718,1737–1739,1788–1791) showed the Habsburg armies generally enhancing their position in the Balkans, this struggle against ●●

1683 Oxford University condemns Leviathan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 21, 1683, the University of Oxford formally passes a judgment condemning Leviathan as pernicious and destructive to princes and society. ●●

1683 “From thence [June] to this present Month [August] rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “From thence [June] to this present Month [August],” reported William Penn during his first summer on the Delaware River, in 1683, “we have had extrao ●●

1685 Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story King Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes, forcing Huguenots into continent-wide exile. ●●

c. 1687 to c. 1757 Dzungar-Qing Wars 0 cit. no story Qing China fights the Dzungar Mongol khanate for seventy years, ending with the destruction of the Dzungar people. The victory brings Xinjiang, Mongolia, and Tibet under Qing control. war ●●●

1687 from his office at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princ rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —Sir Robert Southwell to William Petty, 1687 In 1956, at the age of three, I was walking home with my father, physicist Freeman Dyson, from his offic ●●

1687 Isaac Newton's publication on mass and gravity rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Blavatsky references Newton's 1687 work demonstrating that mass and atoms are acted upon by innate activity, which modern atheistic idealists claimed to use as proof against the concept of Spirit or Divinity. ●●

September 1688 to September 1697 Nine Years' War wikidata 0 cit. no story war principally fought in Central Europe from 1688 to 1697 ●●●●

28 December 1688 to 1689 Glorious Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story British revolution of 1688 ●●●

1688 The Glorious Revolution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1688 James II, the last Catholic king of England and Scotland, was driven from the throne after trying to restore Roman Catholicism. Parliament invited the Protestants Mary and William of Orange to rule in his place. ●●

1688 Tables & Charts TABLES 1 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British Wartime Expenditure and Revenue, 1688–1815 3. Populations of the Powers, 1700–1800 4. Size of Armies, 1690–1814 5. ●●

1688 Glorious Revolution constitutional settlement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The former succeeded in fighting the latter to a standstill in the course of the seventeenth century, an impasse that eventually resulted in the constitutional settlement of 1688–1689, the Glorious Revolution. ●●

1688 The importance of legitimacy was illustrated in Volume 1 by the contrast between England and France rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The importance of legitimacy was illustrated in Volume 1 by the contrast between England and France following the Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689. ●●

1688 Glorious Revolution ejects a Catholic king ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Roman Catholic king ejected from British throne, securing Protestant settlement of British Isles. ●●

March 1689 to October 1691 Williamite War in Ireland 0 cit. no story The deposed James II fights William of Orange for the British thrones on Irish soil, losing at the Boyne and Aughrim. The Protestant victory shapes Irish politics for centuries. politics / religion / war ●●

1689 Peter and Catherine the Great as reformers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley identifies Peter the Great (1689-1725) and Catherine the Great (1762-1796) as the westernizing, reforming rulers in Russia's alternating cycle of reform and reaction. ●●

1689 Russia and the Qing sign the Treaty of Nerchinsk ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1689, with the help of the Qing's Jesuit advisors and Mongolian transla tors, Russian and Qing delegations signed a treaty at N erchinsk, drew up a... ●●

1689 This final round of the seven major Anglo-French wars fought rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This final round of the seven major Anglo-French wars fought between 1689 and 1815 was to last twelve years, and was the most severely testing of them all. Just as before, each combatant had different ●●

1689 The “Financial Revolution” The importance of finance and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The rise of the ancien régime monarchies of the eighteenth century, with their large military establishments and fleets of warships, simply increased the government’s need to nurture the economy and t ●●

1689 1689: , created a business to manufacture and sell them. As a young boy, Eck rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , created a business to manufacture and sell them. As a young boy, Eckert was driven by his family’s chauffeur to the William Penn private school, fou ●●

1689 While these new political orders established the principle of accountability, neither England in 168 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While these new political orders established the principle of accountability, neither England in 1689 nor the United States in 1789 could be considered a modern democracy. ●●

1690 Qing attack Galdan with rival Mongol leaders ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Qing attacked Galdan in 1690, with the help of rival Mongol tribal leaders . ●●

1690 Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Oxford, 1975; first published 1690), 525, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Oxford, 1975; first published 1690), 525, [Bk IV, Ch ●●

1691 Colonial law banishes those in interracial marriages ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1691 , a law required banishment from the colony of a white man or woman, of any status, who married "a negroe, mulatto or Indian man or woman bond... ●●

1693 The “Financial Revolution” The importance of finance and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That was the chronic shortage of specie, particularly in the years before the gold discoveries in Portuguese Brazil in 1693. The more European commerce with the Orient developed in the seventeenth and ●●

1693 Geopolitics Because of the inherently competitive nature of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Since this danger was even greater than that posed by Spain a century earlier, the Dutch were forced to expand their own army (it was 93,000 strong by 1693) and to devote ever more resources to garris ●●

1694 Founding of the Bank of England, 1694 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the 1694 founding of the Bank of England by William Paterson one of the great dates in world history, marking England's mastery of credit. ●●

1694 Founding of the Bank of England rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1694, near bankruptcy from war with France, England accepted an offer from City merchants to lend the government 1.2 million pounds in return for the right to issue banknotes. The Governor and Company of the Bank of England opened before the year was out. ●●

1694 Bank of England created ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Bank of England was created primarily to assist government war finance, becoming distinctive through its note-issuing privileges. ●●

1694 Creation of the Bank of England ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The creation of the Bank of England in 1694 (at first as a wartime expedient) and the slightly later regularization of the national debt on the one hand and the flourishing of the stock exchange and g ●●

1697 with a portrait of the duke on the reverse rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Nothing is a better analogy to, or even demonstration of such creation than the origin of numbers as here represented, using only unity and zero or n ●●

1698 mnan (1698) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Horovitz in mind 13% mnan (1698) f. 293a; Nehemyah Hayun in o77°R) ny (1713) f. 20d; oAIIs yan Max p ●●

1699 Ottoman losses to the Habsburgs, 1699 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as 1699 the sultan lost Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slavonia to the Habsburgs, western Balkan lands to Venice, and northern districts to Poland. ●●

1699 Savery patents the 'miner's friend' pump ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto traces the steam engine to coal mining's drainage problem. Savery patented the 'miner's friend' pump in 1699, which became Newcomen's steam pump for draining British coal mines. ●●

1699 For centuries the Habsburg family had been a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For centuries the Habsburg family had been a disruptive player on the European field-expanding through marriage politics, winning almost all of Hungar... ●●

1699 Juedenthumb und dessen Kabbala vergoetterte Welt (1699) rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story ie von dem heutigen Juedenthumb und dessen Kabbala vergoetterte Welt (1699), drew heavily upon Herre ●●