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30 event(s), 30 uncited and 30 outside stories on this page

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  1. c. 262 BCE to c. 261 BCE Kalinga War 0 cit. no story The Mauryan emperor Ashoka conquers Kalinga at enormous human cost. Remorse over the slaughter leads him to embrace Buddhism and promote its spread across Asia. religion / war ●●●
  2. c. 3 September 301 Founding of San Marino legendary 0 cit. no story By tradition, the stonemason Marinus founds a monastic community on Mount Titano in 301 CE, the origin of the world's oldest surviving republic. politics / religion ●●
  3. c. 622 to c. 750 Early Muslim Conquests 0 cit. no story Arab armies united by Islam conquer the Sasanian Empire and strip Byzantium of Syria, Egypt, and North Africa, reaching Spain and Central Asia within a century. The conquests permanently reshape the religious and political map of the Old World. religion / war ●●●●●
  4. c. 718 to c. 1492 Reconquista 0 cit. no story Christian kingdoms gradually reconquer Muslim-ruled Iberia over nearly eight centuries, ending with the fall of Granada in 1492. The struggle forges the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal. religion / war ●●●●
  5. 772 to 804 Saxon Wars 0 cit. no story Charlemagne fights a three-decade campaign to conquer and forcibly Christianize the Saxons. The wars extend Frankish power across Germany. religion / war ●●●
  6. c. 965 Unification of Denmark 0 cit. no story Harald Bluetooth unifies the Danish kingdom and converts it to Christianity, an event recorded on the Jelling stones. politics / religion ●●●
  7. c. 25 December 1000 Foundation of the Kingdom of Hungary 0 cit. no story Stephen I is crowned as the first King of Hungary, founding a Christian kingdom that anchored the Hungarian state. politics / religion ●●●
  8. August 1096 to July 1099 First Crusade 0 cit. no story Western European armies answer the papal call to take Jerusalem, capturing it in 1099 amid great slaughter. The victory founds the Crusader states and opens two centuries of holy war in the Levant. religion / war ●●●●
  9. 1147 to 1150 Second Crusade 0 cit. no story Launched after the fall of Edessa, the crusade of the French and German kings fails disastrously outside Damascus. The failure emboldens Muslim reunification under Nur ad-Din. religion / war ●●●
  10. c. 1147 to c. 1290 Northern Crusades 0 cit. no story German and Scandinavian crusaders conquer and Christianize the pagan peoples of the Baltic. The campaigns create the Teutonic Order's state in Prussia and Livonia. religion / war ●●●
  11. 1189 to September 1192 Third Crusade 0 cit. no story Richard the Lionheart, Philip of France, and Frederick Barbarossa march against Saladin after his capture of Jerusalem. The crusade retakes the coast but not Jerusalem, ending in a negotiated truce. religion / war ●●●●
  12. 1202 to April 1204 Fourth Crusade 0 cit. no story A crusade bound for Egypt is diverted and sacks Christian Constantinople in 1204. The blow permanently weakens Byzantium and deepens the split between the Latin and Greek churches. religion / war ●●●●
  13. 1209 to 1229 Albigensian Crusade 0 cit. no story A crusade against the Cathar heresy devastates Languedoc over twenty years. It destroys Cathar society and brings southern France under the French crown. religion / war ●●●
  14. 1419 to 1434 Hussite Wars 0 cit. no story Followers of the executed reformer Jan Hus defeat five crusades sent against Bohemia, pioneering war-wagon tactics and handheld firearms. The wars foreshadow the Reformation a century later. religion / war ●●●
  15. 1524 to 1525 German Peasants' War 0 cit. no story Hundreds of thousands of peasants revolt across Germany, inspired partly by Reformation ideas. The princes crush the rising, killing perhaps 100,000, in Europe's largest popular revolt before the French Revolution. religion / society / war ●●●
  16. 1529 to 1543 Ethiopian-Adal War 0 cit. no story The Muslim Adal Sultanate under Ahmad Gran nearly conquers Christian Ethiopia before Portuguese aid helps turn the tide. The devastating war permanently weakens both sides ahead of the Oromo migrations. religion / war ●●●
  17. 1568 to 1648 Eighty Years' War 0 cit. no story The Dutch provinces revolt against Spanish rule in a war lasting eight decades. The Peace of Westphalia recognizes the independent Dutch Republic, by then a leading commercial power. politics / religion / war ●●●●
  18. May 1618 to October 1648 Thirty Years' War 0 cit. no story A revolt in Bohemia grows into a general European war fought largely on German soil, killing millions through battle, famine, and plague. The Peace of Westphalia reshapes Europe around sovereign states. politics / religion / war ●●●●●
  19. March 1689 to October 1691 Williamite War in Ireland 0 cit. no story The deposed James II fights William of Orange for the British thrones on Irish soil, losing at the Boyne and Aughrim. The Protestant victory shapes Irish politics for centuries. politics / religion / war ●●
  20. 1856 to 1873 Panthay Rebellion 0 cit. no story Hui Muslims in Yunnan rebel against Qing rule and establish a separate sultanate at Dali. The suppression kills up to a million people. religion / war ●●●
  21. 1862 to 1877 Dungan Revolt 0 cit. no story Hui Muslim communities in northwest China rise against Qing rule in a war entangled with famine and massacre. Millions die and whole regions are depopulated before the Qing reconquest. religion / war ●●●
  22. June 1881 to November 1899 Mahdist War 0 cit. no story Muhammad Ahmad declares himself the Mahdi and drives Egypt and Britain from Sudan, taking Khartoum in 1885. Britain reconquers Sudan at Omdurman in 1898 in a war that costs millions of lives through fighting and famine. religion / war ●●●
  23. November 1896 to October 1897 War of Canudos 0 cit. no story The Brazilian army destroys the millenarian settlement of Canudos after three failed expeditions. Tens of thousands die in one of Brazil's deadliest internal conflicts. religion / society / war ●●
  24. 11 February 1929 Formation of Vatican City 0 cit. no story The Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and Italy creates Vatican City as an independent state, resolving the Roman Question. politics / religion ●●●
  25. 13 April 1975 to 13 October 1990 Lebanese Civil War 0 cit. no story Lebanon's sectarian factions, Palestinian forces, Syria, and Israel fight a fifteen-year multi-sided war. Around 150,000 die and Beirut becomes a byword for urban warfare. politics / religion / war ●●●
  26. 1 April 1979 Proclamation of the Islamic Republic of Iran 0 cit. no story After the revolution that toppled the shah, a referendum establishes the Islamic Republic, the current form of the ancient Iranian state. politics / religion ●●●●
  27. 5 June 1983 to 9 January 2005 Second Sudanese Civil War 0 cit. no story The southern SPLA fights the Khartoum government in a war entwined with famine and slavery, killing around two million people. The 2005 peace deal leads to South Sudan's independence in 2011. religion / war ●●●
  28. 26 July 2009 Boko Haram Insurgency 0 cit. no story The jihadist group Boko Haram wages an insurgency across northeastern Nigeria and neighboring states, killing tens of thousands and displacing millions. The conflict continues despite regional military campaigns. religion / war ●●●
  29. 10 December 2012 Central African Republic Civil War 0 cit. no story Seleka rebels overthrow the government, triggering sectarian fighting between Muslim and Christian militias. Thousands die and much of the country remains outside state control. religion / war ●●
  30. April 2013 to 23 March 2019 War Against the Islamic State 0 cit. no story The Islamic State seizes a third of Iraq and much of Syria and declares a caliphate in 2014. A US-led coalition, Iraqi forces, and Kurdish fighters destroy its territorial state by 2019. religion / war ●●●●