A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years

Diarmaid MacCulloch

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Even when they were suppressed in 1773 (see pp pp. 831-834
Even when they were suppressed in 1773 (see pp
804-5), the impulse to reform continued pp. 831-834
804-5), the impulse to reform continued
Not an especially profound writer, without any formal university training, but equipped pp. 835-838
Not an especially profound writer, without any formal university training, but equipped with charm,
When the chance came in 1789 to change the world, many looked pp. 835-838
When the chance came in 1789 to change the world, many looked to a future where love would dissolve
It was he who in a short essay of 1784 gave the pp. 839-842
It was he who in a short essay of 1784 gave the most celebrated answer to a question about this new
Portugal expels the Jesuits pp. 839-842
Accordingly, Catholic monarchs beginning with King José I of Portugal in 1759 brought mounting press
Pope suppresses the Society of Jesus pp. 839-842
After individual suppressions in various empires, they finally bullied the Pope into complete suppre
From 1789 events moved so quickly that, already in the 1790s, the pp. 843-846
From 1789 events moved so quickly that, already in the 1790s, the French were talking about the ‘anc
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1815) Few in 1789 could have predicted that France pp. 843-846
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1815) Few in 1789 could have predicted that France would be the seat of
Napoleon and Pius VII sign the Concordat pp. 847-850
Accordingly, in 1801, he and Pope Pius VII reached an agreement or Concordat, the model for many sim
Pope Pius VI dies in French captivity pp. 847-850
The marginalization of the pope begun by ‘Enlightened Despots’ had seemed to be complete when revolu
Pius VII attends Napoleon's imperial coronation pp. 847-850
The Pope’s new position was most effectively symbolized when in 1804 he agreed to be present at the
People who cared about the restructuring of Europe in the wake of pp. 851-855
People who cared about the restructuring of Europe in the wake of events from 1789 to 1815 respected
People who cared about the restructuring of Europe in the wake of pp. 851-855
People who cared about the restructuring of Europe in the wake of events from 1789 to 1815 respected
84 Robert Owen, one of the chief personalities in the movement, who pp. 851-855
84 Robert Owen, one of the chief personalities in the movement, who from 1816 turned theory into rem
791-4) that women were becoming more active than men in devotional practice pp. 856-859
791-4) that women were becoming more active than men in devotional practice
In the land which became Belgium, for instance, the proportion of women pp. 856-859
In the land which became Belgium, for instance, the proportion of women religious to men reversed fr
In the land which became Belgium, for instance, the proportion of women pp. 856-859
In the land which became Belgium, for instance, the proportion of women religious to men reversed fr
16 Then Britain and Ireland witnessed a gradual dismantling of public disabilities pp. 860-863
16 Then Britain and Ireland witnessed a gradual dismantling of public disabilities for Catholics (no
18 In the southern Netherlands, a revolution of unmistakably liberal character in pp. 860-863
18 In the southern Netherlands, a revolution of unmistakably liberal character in 1830 against the l
The sheer numbers of Bibles produced was staggering: between 1808 and 1901 pp. 864-868
The sheer numbers of Bibles produced was staggering: between 1808 and 1901 one Protestant anglophone
Holman Hunt paints The Light of the World pp. 864-868
One of the greatest successes was achieved by William Holman Hunt, an English ‘Pre-Raphaelite’ artis
That was a difficult concept for Protestants after the Reformation’s monastic dissolutions, pp. 864-868
That was a difficult concept for Protestants after the Reformation’s monastic dissolutions, although
Berlin’s university was intended to set new standards for both teaching and pp. 869-872
Berlin’s university was intended to set new standards for both teaching and research, and from its f
Kant had also sketched out a vision of world peace, without that pp. 873-876
Kant had also sketched out a vision of world peace, without that alarming corollary - but now after
Hohenzollern Prussia triumphed between 1867 and 1870 over first the Austrian and pp. 873-876
Hohenzollern Prussia triumphed between 1867 and 1870 over first the Austrian and then the French emp
Hohenzollern Prussia triumphed between 1867 and 1870 over first the Austrian and pp. 873-876
Hohenzollern Prussia triumphed between 1867 and 1870 over first the Austrian and then the French emp
In 1818 Parliament voted funds for a large number of new (and pp. 877-880
In 1818 Parliament voted funds for a large number of new (and remarkably joyless) urban churches, an
53 In 1828 the Tory government abolished restrictions on Protestant Dissenters holding pp. 877-880
53 In 1828 the Tory government abolished restrictions on Protestant Dissenters holding public office
In 1833 they proposed remedies for some of the greater absurdities in pp. 877-880
In 1833 they proposed remedies for some of the greater absurdities in the government of the Protesta
In John Henry Hobart, Bishop of New York from 1811, they had pp. 881-884
In John Henry Hobart, Bishop of New York from 1811, they had what one of the doyens of American Chur
Even those who were not High Churchpeople approved of the Church gradually pp. 881-884
Even those who were not High Churchpeople approved of the Church gradually gaining a forum for its o
Even those who were not High Churchpeople approved of the Church gradually pp. 881-884
Even those who were not High Churchpeople approved of the Church gradually gaining a forum for its o
From the time of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74, the victorious Russian pp. 885-888
From the time of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74, the victorious Russian tsars claimed to be protec
Given this ongoing home-grown crisis, the memories of 1789 which so agitated pp. 885-888
Given this ongoing home-grown crisis, the memories of 1789 which so agitated the Western Church were
1850 and 1912 to just over 21,000, the number of women in pp. 889-892
1850 and 1912 to just over 21,000, the number of women in monastic life had risen astonishingly from
1850 and 1912 to just over 21,000, the number of women in pp. 889-892
1850 and 1912 to just over 21,000, the number of women in monastic life had risen astonishingly from
1850 and 1912 to just over 21,000, the number of women in pp. 889-892
1850 and 1912 to just over 21,000, the number of women in monastic life had risen astonishingly from
Despite the fact that from its first expansion into the Balkans, Orthodoxy pp. 893-896
Despite the fact that from its first expansion into the Balkans, Orthodoxy has often become precisel
Ottoman Tanzimat reforms dismantle the millet system pp. 893-896
Earlier in the century, the Ottoman rulers’ pursuit of Tanzimat (‘reorganization’) brought modernizi
Earlier in the century, the Ottoman rulers’ pursuit of Tanzimat (‘reorganization’) brought pp. 893-896
Earlier in the century, the Ottoman rulers’ pursuit of Tanzimat (‘reorganization’) brought modernizi
James McCosh, an Ulsterman appointed president of that powerhouse of Reformed Protestantism, pp. 897-900
James McCosh, an Ulsterman appointed president of that powerhouse of Reformed Protestantism, Princet
Strauss publishes The Life of Jesus Critically Examined pp. 897-900
In 1835 he published the result, usually known by its shortened German title Leben Jesu, or in the E
It is not supported by evidence,’ he responded to uncourteously persistent questioning pp. 897-900
It is not supported by evidence,’ he responded to uncourteously persistent questioning a few months
One of the most dramatic of the many dramatic conversion experiences of pp. 901-905
One of the most dramatic of the many dramatic conversion experiences of the nineteenth century was t
In 1863 Renan produced a Life of Jesus which utterly denied that pp. 901-905
In 1863 Renan produced a Life of Jesus which utterly denied that this Jewish teacher had any divine
2 The trade taught him discipline, and formed the setting for his pp. 906-909
2 The trade taught him discipline, and formed the setting for his Evangelical Calvinist conversion i
A stroke, not any qualm of conscience about slavery, ended his career pp. 906-909
A stroke, not any qualm of conscience about slavery, ended his career at sea in 1754
‘I am bound in conscience,’ the old man said bravely in 1788, pp. 906-909
‘I am bound in conscience,’ the old man said bravely in 1788, ‘to take shame to myself by a public c
So in 1791, before that Revolution became a liability rather than a pp. 910-913
So in 1791, before that Revolution became a liability rather than a potential ally for English radic
Inaugurated in 1792 after a badly conceived false start in the same pp. 910-913
Inaugurated in 1792 after a badly conceived false start in the same area five years before, this was
The venture tried to learn lessons from a second previous failed colony pp. 910-913
The venture tried to learn lessons from a second previous failed colony of 1775 on the ominously (th
It was not until 1841 that the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Howley, pp. 914-917
It was not until 1841 that the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Howley, an aged High Churchman of d
30 So the Society planned an ambitious and imaginative project with its pp. 914-917
30 So the Society planned an ambitious and imaginative project with its first voyage to Tahiti and e
Christianity in its various missionary forms offered more promising paths into adjusting pp. 914-917
Christianity in its various missionary forms offered more promising paths into adjusting to the Euro
Taufa'ahau crowned King George I of Tonga pp. 918-921
In 1845 Thomas had the satisfaction of adapting English coronation rites for Taufa’ahau’s enthroneme
Methodist schism sparks persecution in Tonga pp. 918-921
Schism with Conference loyalists resulted, and between 1885 and 1887 there followed a brutal persecu
Schism with Conference loyalists resulted, and between 1885 and 1887 there followed pp. 918-921
Schism with Conference loyalists resulted, and between 1885 and 1887 there followed a brutal persecu
He said so in a pamphlet of 1862 addressed to the Archbishop pp. 922-925
He said so in a pamphlet of 1862 addressed to the Archbishop of Canterbury
Lambeth Conference condemns polygamy pp. 922-925
His fellow bishops worldwide were not going to agree with a heretical troublemaker, and the Lambeth
Among them had been an outstanding leader back in London, Henry Venn, pp. 922-925
Among them had been an outstanding leader back in London, Henry Venn, grandson of one of the origina
Bishop Crowther forced to resign pp. 926-931
Crowther was induced to resign in 1890, and died a couple of years later
Ranavalona II adopts Congregationalism in Madagascar pp. 926-931
Eventually in 1869 Queen Ranavalona II settled not on Anglicanism but on English Congregationalism:
France conquers Madagascar pp. 926-931
The colonial power which overthrew the monarchy, late in the colonial process in 1895, was not Brita
British expedition crushes Tewodros at Magdala pp. 932-935
His cruelty alienated his own people, and his imperial posturing led to a British expeditionary forc
Yohannes IV convenes Ethiopian Church council pp. 932-935
Yöhannes IV, another provincial governor turned Negus, imitated Constantine in presiding over a Chur
68 His less opinionated successor, Menelik II, brought the empire to an pp. 932-935
68 His less opinionated successor, Menelik II, brought the empire to an unprecedented size, and deli
1772-1833), who travelled across the oceans to Britain to defend the reforms pp. 936-939
1772-1833), who travelled across the oceans to Britain to defend the reforms of Hindu customs like w
1772-1833), who travelled across the oceans to Britain to defend the reforms pp. 936-939
1772-1833), who travelled across the oceans to Britain to defend the reforms of Hindu customs like w
openness of locals to outsiders: Amoy had been one of the earliest pp. 940-943
openness of locals to outsiders: Amoy had been one of the earliest entry points for Europeans three
Hudson Taylor founds the China Inland Mission pp. 940-943
Breaking with the floundering Christian missionary society which had brought him to China, in 1865 h
Behind it was Taylor’s generosity of spirit: for instance, when his Mission pp. 940-943
Behind it was Taylor’s generosity of spirit: for instance, when his Mission suffered alongside other
Struggling at the beginning of the nineteenth century to the extent that pp. 944-947
Struggling at the beginning of the nineteenth century to the extent that the British dealt a humilia
94 In 1815 active Church membership had grown to around a quarter pp. 944-947
94 In 1815 active Church membership had grown to around a quarter of the population; by 1914 it was
Even the laying down of the railroad could be part of God’s pp. 944-947
Even the laying down of the railroad could be part of God’s grand design - witness a paean to its pr
103 Shortly after Smith’s marriage in 1827, he had the first of pp. 948-951
103 Shortly after Smith’s marriage in 1827, he had the first of a series of visits from a heavenly b
It was published in 1830 pp. 948-951
It was published in 1830
The suddenness of the change in Southern society, the freeing of four pp. 952-956
The suddenness of the change in Southern society, the freeing of four million human beings, was a de
Winkler, that sense justified his defence of the Ku Klux Klan to pp. 952-956
Winkler, that sense justified his defence of the Ku Klux Klan to Northern Baptists in 1872 as an exa
Besides the revivals of the years around 1800, a ‘Holiness’ movement sprang pp. 952-956
Besides the revivals of the years around 1800, a ‘Holiness’ movement sprang out of the teaching of t
Britain fought ostensibly to enforce that neutrality under guarantees that it had pp. 957-960
Britain fought ostensibly to enforce that neutrality under guarantees that it had made to Belgium in
German Protestant theologians and academics, Harnack’s colleagues, had internalized the new imperial pp. 957-960
German Protestant theologians and academics, Harnack’s colleagues, had internalized the new imperial
When the German Kaiser’s armies invaded Belgium to strike at the Franco- pp. 957-960
When the German Kaiser’s armies invaded Belgium to strike at the Franco- Russian alliance, they were
623-4), Mennonites expressed their difference from the world around them by renouncing pp. 961-963
623-4), Mennonites expressed their difference from the world around them by renouncing all forms of
441-2), but in union with Roman Catholicism since the twelfth century pp. 967-970
441-2), but in union with Roman Catholicism since the twelfth century
’ A search for solidarity against Catholicism was an important element in pp. 972-975
’ A search for solidarity against Catholicism was an important element in a successful Reunion of 19
844), and Reunion was combined with calls to the government to legislate pp. 972-975
844), and Reunion was combined with calls to the government to legislate to reduce Scotland’s Irish
At first the appeal for funds had been associated with the futile pp. 976-979
At first the appeal for funds had been associated with the futile military effort to defend the pope
Vatican recognizes Colombia as independent republic pp. 976-979
Colombia, for instance, had been the first independent republic recognized by the Vatican after the
900-902), but on an enormously larger scale pp. 980-983
900-902), but on an enormously larger scale
900-902), but on an enormously larger scale pp. 980-983
900-902), but on an enormously larger scale
Franco’s regime reasserted the Spain of the 1492 expulsion, against all that pp. 984-987
Franco’s regime reasserted the Spain of the 1492 expulsion, against all that had happened in the pen
When in 1940 the French army fell to a devastating German attack, pp. 988-991
When in 1940 the French army fell to a devastating German attack, the Third French Republic was swif
827) was not slow to ally itself with the much more radical pp. 988-991
827) was not slow to ally itself with the much more radical anti-Semitism of the victorious Nazis
65 The Pope’s unhappy equivocations contrast with the conduct of a Catholic pp. 992-995
65 The Pope’s unhappy equivocations contrast with the conduct of a Catholic Church leader in an infi
851), but it had turned into little more than a means of pp. 996-999
851), but it had turned into little more than a means of disrupting Orthodox activity and parroting
In 1946 a puppet synod in Ukraine declared void the Union of pp. 996-999
In 1946 a puppet synod in Ukraine declared void the Union of Brest of 1596, and the Church disappear
Liberal Protestantism after 1900 chose a very different path from either the pp. 996-999
Liberal Protestantism after 1900 chose a very different path from either the Holiness/Keswick styles
86 Both rival candidates to fill the patriarchal vacancy in Constantinople now pp. 1000-1003
86 Both rival candidates to fill the patriarchal vacancy in Constantinople now made enthusiastic noi
648-50) had long before with crafty persistence engineered in early-seventeenth-century Scotland pp. 1004-1007
648-50) had long before with crafty persistence engineered in early-seventeenth-century Scotland
Anti-Saloon League founded pp. 1008-1011
Yet as the cleavage grew between liberal Protestants and conservative Evangelicals, the Anti- Saloon
Catholic in outlook and Spanish or Portuguese in language in 1900, from pp. 1012-1016
Catholic in outlook and Spanish or Portuguese in language in 1900, from the first few decades of the
There was so much that was positive in this humane and private pp. 1017-1020
There was so much that was positive in this humane and private man’s exercise of his leadership: not
414-15), was widely discountenanced by the clergy in an effort to concentrate pp. 1021-1024
414-15), was widely discountenanced by the clergy in an effort to concentrate the minds of the laity
When one young liberal Catholic Belgian academic in 1956 published a work pp. 1025-1028
When one young liberal Catholic Belgian academic in 1956 published a work proposing that the Belgian
963-5), beyond the European-initiated Churches there was now an extraordinary variety of pp. 1025-1028
963-5), beyond the European-initiated Churches there was now an extraordinary variety of African-ini
Indeed, as the twentieth century wore on, the Afrikaners turned their military pp. 1025-1028
Indeed, as the twentieth century wore on, the Afrikaners turned their military defeat by the British
Nelson Mandela as president symbolized the commitment to a Christian reconciliation when pp. 1029-1032
Nelson Mandela as president symbolized the commitment to a Christian reconciliation when he proclaim
In 1900, 55 per cent of British children attended Sunday School; the pp. 1033-1036
In 1900, 55 per cent of British children attended Sunday School; the figure was still 24 per cent in
793-4) had already provided the arguments which they were discovering from themselves pp. 1033-1036
793-4) had already provided the arguments which they were discovering from themselves
836-7), and which derived its particular premillennialist roots from the Millerites and pp. 1037-1040
836-7), and which derived its particular premillennialist roots from the Millerites and the dispensa
The youngest pope at election since Pius IX in 1846, and destined pp. 1041-1044
The youngest pope at election since Pius IX in 1846, and destined to have the second-longest pontifi
1001-2), the Pope was a good deal more generous towards its efforts pp. 1041-1044
1001-2), the Pope was a good deal more generous towards its efforts to rebuild its institutions and
639-40), witnessed an extraordinary ecclesiastical drama over a new bishop for the pp. 1045-1048
639-40), witnessed an extraordinary ecclesiastical drama over a new bishop for the diocese of Chur
479), and it was a cult much encouraged by members of the pp. 1049-1052
479), and it was a cult much encouraged by members of the Orthodox Theology Faculty of the Universit
In 1900, the Orthodox were estimated as 21 per cent of the pp. 1053-1056
In 1900, the Orthodox were estimated as 21 per cent of the world’s Christians; that had declined to
English politicians pioneered the uses of statistics in politics and economics in pp. 1053-1056
English politicians pioneered the uses of statistics in politics and economics in the later seventee
960- 61), the doctrine of this-worldly success which has over the last pp. 1053-1056
960- 61), the doctrine of this-worldly success which has over the last few decades leached sideways
101 The weapon of choice in this Anglican contest, as in so pp. 1057-1060
101 The weapon of choice in this Anglican contest, as in so many others within Christianity since th
F.D. Maurice dismissed from King's College London pp. 1061-1066
Maurice, a convert from Unitarianism to Anglicanism, lost his professorial chair at King’s College,
The traditionalist case seems unanswerable, and was well expressed by Christopher Wordsworth, pp. 1061-1066
The traditionalist case seems unanswerable, and was well expressed by Christopher Wordsworth, Bishop
Its words are much enhanced by a later tune, ‘Love Unknown’, written pp. 1068-1075
Its words are much enhanced by a later tune, ‘Love Unknown’, written by the British composer John Ir
Morris, The Sepulchre of Christ and the Medieval West: From the Beginning pp. 1068-1075
Morris, The Sepulchre of Christ and the Medieval West: From the Beginning to 1600 (Oxford, 2005)
1415-1642 (Oxford, 1987), 305-31 pp. 1068-1075
1415-1642 (Oxford, 1987), 305-31
), The Cambridge History of Judaism II: The Hellenistic Age (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 1076-1082
), The Cambridge History of Judaism II: The Hellenistic Age (Cambridge, 1989), 226, 294, 302, 422, 4
), The Cambridge History of Judaism II: The Hellenistic Age (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 1076-1082
), The Cambridge History of Judaism II: The Hellenistic Age (Cambridge, 1989), 226, 294, 302, 422, 4
, Tübingen, 1996), I, 501-10, esp pp. 1076-1082
, Tübingen, 1996), I, 501-10, esp
I, 1890), 158-9 (III pp. 1083-1088
I, 1890), 158-9 (III
Brent, ‘The Enigma of Ignatius of Antioch’, JEH, 57 (2006), 429- 56, pp. 1089-1094
Brent, ‘The Enigma of Ignatius of Antioch’, JEH, 57 (2006), 429- 56, at 429-32
56 Brent, ‘The Enigma of Ignatius of Antioch’, 433 pp. 1089-1094
56 Brent, ‘The Enigma of Ignatius of Antioch’, 433
McKechnie, ‘Christian Grave-inscriptions from the Familia Caesaris’, JEH, 50 (1999), 427-41, at pp. 1095-1101
McKechnie, ‘Christian Grave-inscriptions from the Familia Caesaris’, JEH, 50 (1999), 427-41, at 439,
McKechnie, ‘Christian Grave-inscriptions from the Familia Caesaris’, JEH, 50 (1999), 427-41, at pp. 1095-1101
McKechnie, ‘Christian Grave-inscriptions from the Familia Caesaris’, JEH, 50 (1999), 427-41, at 439,
, London, 1877-87), III, 99- 100 pp. 1095-1101
, London, 1877-87), III, 99- 100
), 552-67, at 561 and n pp. 1102-1107
), 552-67, at 561 and n
), 552-67, at 561 and n pp. 1102-1107
), 552-67, at 561 and n
Beulay, L’enseignement spirituel de Jean de Dalyatha: mystique syro-oriental du VIIIe siècle pp. 1108-1114
Beulay, L’enseignement spirituel de Jean de Dalyatha: mystique syro-oriental du VIIIe siècle (Paris,
Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity AD 200-1000 (Oxford, pp. 1108-1114
Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity AD 200-1000 (Oxford, 1997), 174, 192
Finn, Almsgiving in the Later Roman Empire: Christian Promotion and Practice 313-450 pp. 1115-1120
Finn, Almsgiving in the Later Roman Empire: Christian Promotion and Practice 313-450 (Oxford, 2006),
Bourne, ‘The Messianic Prophecy in Vergil’s Fourth Eclogue’, Classical Journal, II (1916), pp. 1115-1120
Bourne, ‘The Messianic Prophecy in Vergil’s Fourth Eclogue’, Classical Journal, II (1916), 390-400
, New English Hymnal, 613; excerpts from ‘Da puer plectrum, choreis ut pp. 1115-1120
, New English Hymnal, 613; excerpts from ‘Da puer plectrum, choreis ut canam fidelibus’, Cathemerino
Yeatman, 1066 and All That (London, 1975 edn), 14 pp. 1121-1126
Yeatman, 1066 and All That (London, 1975 edn), 14
Collins, Early Medieval Europe 300-1000 (Houndmills, 1991), 170 pp. 1121-1126
Collins, Early Medieval Europe 300-1000 (Houndmills, 1991), 170
40 See the emphasis on Hertford’s importance over against the more- often pp. 1121-1126
40 See the emphasis on Hertford’s importance over against the more- often celebrated Synod of Whitby
Duby, The Age of the Cathedrals: Art and Society 980-1420 (London, 1981), pp. 1127-1132
Duby, The Age of the Cathedrals: Art and Society 980-1420 (London, 1981), and see Doig, 169-96
Duby, The Age of the Cathedrals: Art and Society 980-1420 (London, 1981), pp. 1127-1132
Duby, The Age of the Cathedrals: Art and Society 980-1420 (London, 1981), and see Doig, 169-96
PART V: ORTHODOXY: THE IMPERIAL FAITH (451-1800) 13: Faith in a New pp. 1133-1139
PART V: ORTHODOXY: THE IMPERIAL FAITH (451-1800) 13: Faith in a New Rome (451-900) 1 Stevenson (ed
PART V: ORTHODOXY: THE IMPERIAL FAITH (451-1800) 13: Faith in a New pp. 1133-1139
PART V: ORTHODOXY: THE IMPERIAL FAITH (451-1800) 13: Faith in a New Rome (451-900) 1 Stevenson (ed
14: Orthodoxy: More Than an Empire (900- 1700) 1 Tyerman, 2-3 pp. 1140-1145
14: Orthodoxy: More Than an Empire (900- 1700) 1 Tyerman, 2-3
14: Orthodoxy: More Than an Empire (900- 1700) 1 Tyerman, 2-3 pp. 1140-1145
14: Orthodoxy: More Than an Empire (900- 1700) 1 Tyerman, 2-3
Holmes, Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976-1025) (Oxford, 2005), 60-61 pp. 1140-1145
Holmes, Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976-1025) (Oxford, 2005), 60-61
Senyk,A History of the Church in Ukraine, I: To the End of pp. 1146-1152
Senyk,A History of the Church in Ukraine, I: To the End of the Thirteenth Century (Orientalia Christ
Engel, The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 pp. 1146-1152
Engel, The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 (London and New York, 2001),
Engel, The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 pp. 1146-1152
Engel, The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 (London and New York, 2001),
Williman, ‘Schism within the Church: The Twin Papal Elections of 1378’, JEH, pp. 1153-1158
Williman, ‘Schism within the Church: The Twin Papal Elections of 1378’, JEH, 59 (2008), 29-47
Duffy, Marking the Hours: English People and Their Prayers, 1240-1570 (New Haven pp. 1153-1158
Duffy, Marking the Hours: English People and Their Prayers, 1240-1570 (New Haven and London, 2006);
Duffy, Marking the Hours: English People and Their Prayers, 1240-1570 (New Haven pp. 1153-1158
Duffy, Marking the Hours: English People and Their Prayers, 1240-1570 (New Haven and London, 2006);
17: A House Divided (1517-1660) 1 Scholarly argument (and, for what it pp. 1159-1163
17: A House Divided (1517-1660) 1 Scholarly argument (and, for what it is worth, my own opinion) swa
17: A House Divided (1517-1660) 1 Scholarly argument (and, for what it pp. 1159-1163
17: A House Divided (1517-1660) 1 Scholarly argument (and, for what it is worth, my own opinion) swa
17: A House Divided (1517-1660) 1 Scholarly argument (and, for what it pp. 1159-1163
17: A House Divided (1517-1660) 1 Scholarly argument (and, for what it is worth, my own opinion) swa
50 Commentary on Isaiah (published 1551), 211, qu pp. 1164-1168
50 Commentary on Isaiah (published 1551), 211, qu
McNeill and Battles, Institutes, II, 1379-1403 [Institutes IV pp. 1164-1168
McNeill and Battles, Institutes, II, 1379-1403 [Institutes IV
McNeill and Battles, Institutes, II, 1379-1403 [Institutes IV pp. 1164-1168
McNeill and Battles, Institutes, II, 1379-1403 [Institutes IV
1580 (New Haven and London, 1992), 524-63; see also essays in E pp. 1169-1174
1580 (New Haven and London, 1992), 524-63; see also essays in E
1580 (New Haven and London, 1992), 524-63; see also essays in E pp. 1169-1174
1580 (New Haven and London, 1992), 524-63; see also essays in E
Thornton, The Kingdom of Kongo: Civil War and Transition, 1641-1718 (Madison, 1983), pp. 1175-1180
Thornton, The Kingdom of Kongo: Civil War and Transition, 1641-1718 (Madison, 1983), esp
66 Letter of 1739: W pp. 1181-1187
66 Letter of 1739: W
), Journals and Diaries II (1738-43) (Works of John Wesley, 19, 1990), pp. 1181-1187
), Journals and Diaries II (1738-43) (Works of John Wesley, 19, 1990), 67
Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Oxford, 1975; first published 1690), 525, pp. 1188-1193
Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Oxford, 1975; first published 1690), 525, [Bk IV, Ch
Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Oxford, 1975; first published 1690), 525, pp. 1188-1193
Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Oxford, 1975; first published 1690), 525, [Bk IV, Ch
Hume, ‘Of Commerce’ (1752), qu pp. 1188-1193
Hume, ‘Of Commerce’ (1752), qu
Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity (London, 1881; first published 1841), 12 pp. 1194-1199
Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity (London, 1881; first published 1841), 12
Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity (London, 1881; first published 1841), 12 pp. 1194-1199
Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity (London, 1881; first published 1841), 12
5- 6, 102-3, 134-6, 308-16, 517-19 pp. 1194-1199
5- 6, 102-3, 134-6, 308-16, 517-19
(Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1988), 468 and n pp. 1200-1205
(Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1988), 468 and n
Schacht, Nietzsche, Genealogy, Morality: Essays on Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morals (Berkeley, CA, pp. 1200-1205
Schacht, Nietzsche, Genealogy, Morality: Essays on Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morals (Berkeley, CA, 19
23: To Make the World Protestant (1700-1914) 1 J pp. 1200-1205
23: To Make the World Protestant (1700-1914) 1 J
79 On positivism and Hinduism, see Bayly, The Birth of the Modern pp. 1206-1211
79 On positivism and Hinduism, see Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World 1780-1914, 308
Peires, The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle Killing pp. 1206-1211
Peires, The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement of 1856-57 (Joha
Owain Hughes, ‘Anti-Catholicism in Wales, 1900-60’, JEH, 53 (2002), 312-25, at 322 pp. 1212-1217
Owain Hughes, ‘Anti-Catholicism in Wales, 1900-60’, JEH, 53 (2002), 312-25, at 322
Pope, ‘Demythologising the Evan Roberts Revival, 1904- 1905’, JEH, 57 (2006), 515-34, pp. 1212-1217
Pope, ‘Demythologising the Evan Roberts Revival, 1904- 1905’, JEH, 57 (2006), 515-34, at 526, 530, a
Pope, ‘Demythologising the Evan Roberts Revival, 1904- 1905’, JEH, 57 (2006), 515-34, pp. 1212-1217
Pope, ‘Demythologising the Evan Roberts Revival, 1904- 1905’, JEH, 57 (2006), 515-34, at 526, 530, a
102 Sundkler and Steed, 408, 906 pp. 1218-1223
102 Sundkler and Steed, 408, 906
102 Sundkler and Steed, 408, 906 pp. 1218-1223
102 Sundkler and Steed, 408, 906
Chadwick, ‘Paul VI and Vatican II’, JEH, 41 (1990), 463 - 9, pp. 1218-1223
Chadwick, ‘Paul VI and Vatican II’, JEH, 41 (1990), 463 - 9, at 464
Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive II: The KGB and the World (London, 2005), pp. 1224-1229
Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive II: The KGB and the World (London, 2005), 490 - 91, and Pls
Hastings, The Church in Africa 1450-1950 (Oxford, 1994), which is unfair competition pp. 1230-1235
Hastings, The Church in Africa 1450-1950 (Oxford, 1994), which is unfair competition for a wise and
PART I: A MILLENNIUM OF BEGINNINGS (1000 BCE-100 CE) General Reading K pp. 1230-1235
PART I: A MILLENNIUM OF BEGINNINGS (1000 BCE-100 CE) General Reading K
6: The Imperial Church (300- 451) The turning point created by Constantine pp. 1236-1242
6: The Imperial Church (300- 451) The turning point created by Constantine is still best encountered
1600 (Cambridge, 2007) pp. 1236-1242
1600 (Cambridge, 2007)
Frend, Creeds, Councils and Controversies: Documents Illustrating the History of the Church pp. 1236-1242
Frend, Creeds, Councils and Controversies: Documents Illustrating the History of the Church AD 337-4
(900- 1200) After the general introductions to the whole period listed above, pp. 1243-1249
(900- 1200) After the general introductions to the whole period listed above, a refreshingly iconocl
(900- 1200) After the general introductions to the whole period listed above, pp. 1243-1249
(900- 1200) After the general introductions to the whole period listed above, a refreshingly iconocl
Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western pp. 1243-1249
Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950- 1250 (Oxfo
Marshall, Reformation England 1480- 1642 (London, 2003) pp. 1250-1255
Marshall, Reformation England 1480- 1642 (London, 2003)
Marshall, Reformation England 1480- 1642 (London, 2003) pp. 1250-1255
Marshall, Reformation England 1480- 1642 (London, 2003)
Woolrych, Britain in Revolution 1625- 1660 (Oxford, 2002) pp. 1250-1255
Woolrych, Britain in Revolution 1625- 1660 (Oxford, 2002)
23: To Make the World Protestant (1700- 1914) In addition to the pp. 1256-1261
23: To Make the World Protestant (1700- 1914) In addition to the surveys of particular regions liste
) Apologists; see also Justin Martyr apophatic Christianity; defined apostles (disciples); female; pp. 1262-1268
) Apologists; see also Justin Martyr apophatic Christianity; defined apostles (disciples); female; s
;; and Greeks; medieval and modern Christianity in; monasticism in; and prophecy pp. 1262-1268
;; and Greeks; medieval and modern Christianity in; monasticism in; and prophecy Assumption: see Mar
;; and Greeks; medieval and modern Christianity in; monasticism in; and prophecy pp. 1262-1268
;; and Greeks; medieval and modern Christianity in; monasticism in; and prophecy Assumption: see Mar
; in Central Europe; character; confraternities; as ‘Counter-Reformation’ 654, 667-88; in France; pp. 1269-1275
; in Central Europe; character; confraternities; as ‘Counter-Reformation’ 654, 667-88; in France; an
; in Central Europe; character; confraternities; as ‘Counter-Reformation’ 654, 667-88; in France; pp. 1269-1275
; in Central Europe; character; confraternities; as ‘Counter-Reformation’ 654, 667-88; in France; an
1300) celibacy; clerical ; see also homosexuality; marriage; monks; nuns Celsus (c pp. 1269-1275
1300) celibacy; clerical ; see also homosexuality; marriage; monks; nuns Celsus (c
BCE; ); Abgar (‘the Great’;) Edinburgh; Missionary Conference (1910) education; Protestant; Roman pp. 1276-1281
BCE; ); Abgar (‘the Great’;) Edinburgh; Missionary Conference (1910) education; Protestant; Roman Ca
BCE; ); Abgar (‘the Great’;) Edinburgh; Missionary Conference (1910) education; Protestant; Roman pp. 1276-1281
BCE; ); Abgar (‘the Great’;) Edinburgh; Missionary Conference (1910) education; Protestant; Roman Ca
BCE) see also Coptic Church 1848 Revolutions ekklēsia; see also Church; Greece, pp. 1276-1281
BCE) see also Coptic Church 1848 Revolutions ekklēsia; see also Church; Greece, democracy in El Salv
Kings: George I (Elector of Hanover, King of Ireland;; ); George(Elector of pp. 1282-1287
Kings: George I (Elector of Hanover, King of Ireland;; ); George(Elector of Hanover, King of Ireland
Kings: George I (Elector of Hanover, King of Ireland;; ); George(Elector of pp. 1282-1287
Kings: George I (Elector of Hanover, King of Ireland;; ); George(Elector of Hanover, King of Ireland
Kings: George I (Elector of Hanover, King of Ireland;; ); George(Elector of pp. 1282-1287
Kings: George I (Elector of Hanover, King of Ireland;; ); George(Elector of Hanover, King of Ireland
2; and ancient Greeks; in Babylon; conversion in Last Days; deicide; and pp. 1288-1293
2; and ancient Greeks; in Babylon; conversion in Last Days; deicide; and early Christians; in Englan
1135-1202) John the Baptist John Cassian (c pp. 1288-1293
1135-1202) John the Baptist John Cassian (c
1135-1202) John the Baptist John Cassian (c pp. 1288-1293
1135-1202) John the Baptist John Cassian (c
; see also Coptic Church; Ethiopia; Monophysite Controversy; Syriac Orthodox Church Michelangelo pp. 1294-1300
; see also Coptic Church; Ethiopia; Monophysite Controversy; Syriac Orthodox Church Michelangelo Buo
; see also Coptic Church; Ethiopia; Monophysite Controversy; Syriac Orthodox Church Michelangelo pp. 1294-1300
; see also Coptic Church; Ethiopia; Monophysite Controversy; Syriac Orthodox Church Michelangelo Buo
; see also Coptic Church; Ethiopia; Monophysite Controversy; Syriac Orthodox Church Michelangelo pp. 1294-1300
; see also Coptic Church; Ethiopia; Monophysite Controversy; Syriac Orthodox Church Michelangelo Buo
20 BCE-50 CE) philosophes Philosophy; Byzantine; and Christianity; Greek ; Jewish 66; pp. 1301-1306
20 BCE-50 CE) philosophes Philosophy; Byzantine; and Christianity; Greek ; Jewish 66; Latin; Western
20 BCE-50 CE) philosophes Philosophy; Byzantine; and Christianity; Greek ; Jewish 66; pp. 1301-1306
20 BCE-50 CE) philosophes Philosophy; Byzantine; and Christianity; Greek ; Jewish 66; Latin; Western
20 BCE-50 CE) philosophes Philosophy; Byzantine; and Christianity; Greek ; Jewish 66; pp. 1301-1306
20 BCE-50 CE) philosophes Philosophy; Byzantine; and Christianity; Greek ; Jewish 66; Latin; Western
492-6); Gregory(‘The Great’; c pp. 1307-1312
492-6); Gregory(‘The Great’; c
540; 590-604); Gregory VII (Hildebrand; Pope 1073-85); see also Gregorian Reform; Gregory pp. 1307-1312
540; 590-604); Gregory VII (Hildebrand; Pope 1073-85); see also Gregorian Reform; Gregory XI (Pierre
540; 590-604); Gregory VII (Hildebrand; Pope 1073-85); see also Gregorian Reform; Gregory pp. 1307-1312
540; 590-604); Gregory VII (Hildebrand; Pope 1073-85); see also Gregorian Reform; Gregory XI (Pierre
150) taxes; to Church; discriminatory; see also tithe teetotalism: see temperance television pp. 1313-1319
150) taxes; to Church; discriminatory; see also tithe teetotalism: see temperance television and tel
500-548), Plate Theodore of Mopsuestia (c pp. 1313-1319
500-548), Plate Theodore of Mopsuestia (c
500-548), Plate Theodore of Mopsuestia (c pp. 1313-1319
500-548), Plate Theodore of Mopsuestia (c
I - A Millennium of Beginnings (1000 BCE- 100 CE) Chapter 1 - Greece and Rome (c pp. 3-5
Table of Contents Title Page Dedication Copyright Page Acknowledgements Introduction PART I - A Millennium of Beginnings (1000 BCE- 100 CE)…
CE) Chapter 1 - Greece and Rome (c pp. 3-5
Table of Contents Title Page Dedication Copyright Page Acknowledgements Introduction PART I - A Millennium of Beginnings (1000 BCE- 100 CE)…
(1000 BCE- 100 CE) Chapter 1 - Greece and Rome (c pp. 3-5
Table of Contents Title Page Dedication Copyright Page Acknowledgements Introduction PART I - A Millennium of Beginnings (1000 BCE- 100 CE)…
Event from 1 CE pp. 26-31
Dates before 1 CE are given as BCE (‘before the Common Era’), which is equivalent to BC.
Event from 1000 BCE pp. 26-31
Biblical quotations are taken from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible unless otherwise stated. PART I A Millennium of Beginnings (100…
Event from 100 CE pp. 26-31
Biblical quotations are taken from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible unless otherwise stated. PART I A Millennium of Beginnings (100…
Event from 510 BCE pp. 37-40
A lead was taken by Athens, one of the most centrally positioned, dramatically sited and generally flamboyant of Greek cities, where, in 510…
Event from 399 BCE pp. 41-44
469-399 BCE), Plato (428/7-348/7 BCE) and Aristotle (384-322 BCE).
Event from 7 BCE pp. 41-44
469-399 BCE), Plato (428/7-348/7 BCE) and Aristotle (384-322 BCE).
Event from 322 BCE pp. 41-44
469-399 BCE), Plato (428/7-348/7 BCE) and Aristotle (384-322 BCE).
Event from 499 BCE pp. 45-48
Full-scale war broke out and lasted over a half- century from 499 BCE.
Event from 404 BCE pp. 45-48
After a bitter twenty- seven years of war (431-404 BCE), Sparta and its allies left Athenian power shattered.
Event from 338 BCE pp. 49-52
This non-Greek kingdom lay to the north of mainland Greece; King Philip II of Macedon launched a war of conquest southwards and in 338 BCE s…
Event from 188 BCE pp. 53-56
Rome’s eventual conquest of Greece and the Near East, still ruled by Seleucid descendants of one of Alexander the Great’s generals, was not…
Event from 100 BCE pp. 53-56
Rising poverty, land hunger and an accumulated popular sense of injustice came to a head around 100 BCE.
Event from 100 CE pp. 57-61
1000 BCE-100 CE) A PEOPLE AND THEIR LAND Along the south-eastern end of the Mediterranean coast lies a land difficult to name.
Event from 1800 BCE pp. 63-66
Using the Bible’s own internal points of reference, the promises to the Patriarchs would have been made in a period around 1800 BCE.
Event from 1050 BCE pp. 63-66
The Book of Judges at last provides stories which begin to sit more robustly and extensively amid conventional historical and archaeological…
Event from c. 930 BCE pp. 67-70
970-c. 930 BCE) the kingdom of Israel reached its greatest extent, and it might even have been seen as a regional power, a status which late…
Event from 167 BCE pp. 67-70
Judah survived for another century and a half, but once more Palestine/Israel had become the object of land-grabbing by external powers and,…
Event from 586 BCE pp. 71-74
The nation’s commitment to Yahweh, probably forged out of very miscellaneous materials, survived the destruction first of the northern kingd…
Event from 612 BCE pp. 75-78
The Babylonians, in alliance with other powers, sacked the Assyrian capital, Nineveh, in 612 BCE.
Event from 516 BCE pp. 75-78
Maybe if the exile in Babylon had lasted more than half a century, the impetus to preserve and enhance a Jewish identity might have been los…
Event from 450 BCE pp. 79-82
It is difficult to say exactly when this happened: in Jewish tradition the decision is said to have been made in a ‘Great Assembly’ in 450 B…
Event from 63 BCE pp. 83-88
At that stage, Rome was far away, a possible ally against the hated Seleucids, and relations remained friendly for about a century, until th…
Event from 37 BCE pp. 83-88
In Judaea, finding no convincing or compliant Hasmonean candidates for a Jewish throne, in 37 BCE the Romans displaced the last Hasmonean ru…
Crucified Messiah (4 BCE-100 CE) BEGINNINGS And so to Bethlehem of Judaea, where Jesus was born in a stable because there was no room at the inn pp. 89-92
3 A Crucified Messiah (4 BCE-100 CE) BEGINNINGS And so to Bethlehem of Judaea, where Jesus was born in a stable because there was no room at…
Crucified Messiah (4 BCE-100 CE) BEGINNINGS And so to Bethlehem of Judaea, where Jesus was born in a stable because there was no room at the inn pp. 89-92
3 A Crucified Messiah (4 BCE-100 CE) BEGINNINGS And so to Bethlehem of Judaea, where Jesus was born in a stable because there was no room at…
Event from 96 CE pp. 114-117
It is likely to have been written in the time of the Emperor Domitian (81-96 CE) and to be the product of Christian fury at his brutal campa…
Event from 62 CE pp. 118-121
98), the most important among these leaders was at first James the brother of Jesus. When the Jewish authorities executed James in 62 CE on…
Event from 70 CE pp. 122-126
When Jerusalem was wrecked by the Roman expeditionary force in 70 CE and the oldest and most prominent community of Christians was permanent…
Event from 367 CE pp. 144-147
47 The earliest surviving complete list of books that we would recognize as the New Testament comes as late as 367 CE, laid down in a pastor…
Event from 200 CE pp. 144-147
By 200 CE there was a mainstream Catholic Church which took for granted the existence of a threefold ministry of bishop, priest and deacon,…
Event from 66 CE pp. 210-213
15 Palestine had been a backwater of the empire since its miserable century of rebellion and destruction from 66 CE.
Event from 622 CE pp. 274-277
At first they were a beleaguered group suffering oppression and expulsion - their moment of withdrawal (‘Hijra’) from Mecca to Yathrib (Medi…
Event from 632 CE pp. 274-277
Within Muhammad’s lifetime - he is generally said to have died in 632 CE - Muslims in Mecca had become a victorious and self-confident commu…
Neolithic revolution pp. 681-684
He is now unfairly remembered only for the misguided humanist historical precision of his calculation that God created the world on the nigh…
Event from 4 BCE pp. 1076-1082
xviii, 8-10, 13, 19-26, 261-71. For samples from the Qumran literature, see Barrett (ed.), 218-51. PART II: ONE CHURCH, ONE FAITH, ONE LORD?…
Event from 451 CE pp. 1076-1082
xviii, 8-10, 13, 19-26, 261-71. For samples from the Qumran literature, see Barrett (ed.), 218-51. PART II: ONE CHURCH, ONE FAITH, ONE LORD?…
Event from 50 CE pp. 1083-1088
Ward- Perkins, The Shrine of St Peter and the Vatican Excavations (London, 1956), 127-8, 133, 155-61. 4: Boundaries Defined (50 CE-300) 1 Jo…
Event from 1386 AD pp. 1115-1120
Fletcher, The Conversion of Europe: From Paganism to Christianity 371-1386 AD (London, 1997), 104-5. 6 Stringer, 108. 7 For the interior of…
Event from c. 1000 BCE pp. 1230-1235
Muddiman (eds.), The Oxford Bible Commentary (Oxford, 2001). 1: Greece and Rome (c. 1000 BCE-100 CE) Recent starting points in understanding…
Event from 1386 AD pp. 1236-1242
Fletcher, The Conversion of Europe: From Paganism to Christianity 371-1386 AD (London, 1997).
Event from 850 BCE pp. 1282-1287
870 - 850 BCE); David (c.
Event from 970 BCE pp. 1282-1287
1037; 1000-970 BCE); Saul (c.
Event from 640 BCE pp. 1288-1293
642 - 640 BCE); Josiah (641; 649 - 609 BCE) Judaism 2, 4, Ch.
Event from 609 BCE pp. 1288-1293
642 - 640 BCE); Josiah (641; 649 - 609 BCE) Judaism 2, 4, Ch.
Berengar of Tours expresses theological concerns pp. 421-424
Berengar of Tours (c. 999-1088), who expressed his unease with the increasing precision with which his contemporaries asserted that eucharis…
Valdes founds the Waldensian movement in Lyons pp. 421-424
Such were the Waldensians, a movement started around 1170 in Lyons by a wealthy man called Valdes, who gave away all his wealth to the poor…
Papal decree condemns Waldensians and Cathars pp. 421-424
and from 1184 a solemn papal pronouncement (a bull) condemned them both
Muslims recapture Jerusalem from Latin Christians pp. 433-436
Carmelites started their existence as an informal group of hermits living on Mount Carmel in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, probably as ref…
Carmelites formalized as order of friars pp. 433-436
Dominican leaders had been involved in drawing up a rule for the new order which in 1247 turned the Carmelites into another grouping of fria…
Nicholas Gallicus writes first Carmelite defense pp. 433-436
In his first defence of the order in 1270, their Prior-General Nicholas Gallicus wrote with engaging delight
Gerardo Segarelli founds Order of Apostles in Parma pp. 433-436
instance, was founded in Parma by Gerardo Segarelli in the 1260s to promote apostolic poverty like the Franciscans
Gerardo Segarelli burned as a heretic pp. 433-436
but in 1300 Segarelli was burned as a heretic by a Dominican inquisitor
Pope condemns the Order of Apostles pp. 433-436
and in 1290 its members were collectively condemned by the Pope
Flagellant movement appears in Europe pp. 433-436
it was after all in 1260 that the flagellant movement first appeared in Europe
Pope John XXII condemns the Spiritual Franciscans pp. 433-436
Pope John XXII, a strong-minded and not always admirable cleric, was driven in 1318 to condemn the Spirituals as heretical
Franciscan preaching sparks Hungarian peasant revolt pp. 433-436
the preaching of maverick Franciscans inspired one of the last crusades in Hungary in 1514-15, but also led to angry mobs turning not on Mus…
Dominic gains permission to preach against Cathars pp. 425-428
In 1215 he got official permission from one of the bishops in the area affected by the Cathars to start a new effort: a campaign of preachin…
Francis of Assisi travels to Egypt pp. 425-428
in 1219 Francis travelled there to convert the Ayyubid sultan
Francis dictates his Testament before death pp. 425-428
In the last weeks of his life in 1226 he dictated a Testament expressing his fears that his commitment to poverty would be sidelined
Fourth Lateran Council pp. 429-432
In 1215 he called a council to his Lateran Palace which represented a gathering of bishops unprecedented in number in the Western Church
Juliana of Mont-Cornillon's Corpus Christi vision pp. 429-432
In 1208 Juliana of the nunnery of Mount-Cornillon near Liège first experienced a vision of Christ in which he urged her to seek the establis…
Pope Urban IV establishes the Corpus Christi feast pp. 429-432
After a good deal of lobbying led by the Dominicans, Juliana posthumously achieved the extraordinary accolade of a papal decree by Urban IV…
Joachim's apocalyptic deadline arrives pp. 437-440
The year 1260 did not bring the end of the world, as Joachim had predicted and so many had expected
Aquinas writes the Pange lingua hymn pp. 437-440
Aquinas wrote this as part of a devotional office for the new feast of Corpus Christi in 1264, at the request of Pope Urban IV himself
Council of Hieria condemns icon veneration pp. 467-470
the sole major iconoclast statement to survive is from the council of iconoclast bishops called by the Emperor Constantine V to his Hieria P…
Second Council of Nicaea affirms veneration of icons pp. 467-470
and this was preserved only in the proceedings of the later iconophile Council of Nicaea in 787 so that it could be systematically contradic…
Chora church restored in Constantinople pp. 508-511
lovingly restored from ruin after the expulsion of the Latins in 1261. Now its mosaics are exposed once more after their oblivion
Osman defeats Byzantines in Asia Minor pp. 508-511
who survived a determined effort by the Byzantines to dislodge them in a significant victory in 1301
Patriarch issues advice about Islamic rule pp. 508-511
Already in the 1330s, the shift to Islamic dominance seemed so irreversible that the Patriarch of Constantinople issued informal advice to C…
Mount Athos monks choose Ottoman overlordship pp. 508-511
when given the choice in 1423, the Athonian monks preferred the Muslim overlordship of the sultan to a chance which they were offered of rul…
Andrei Rublev icons flourish pp. 549-552
By the sixteenth century, a long-dead monk, Andrei Rublev (c. 1360-c. 1430), came to be seen as the greatest exponent of the style in fresco…
Russian Church canonizes Andrei Rublev pp. 549-552
The Russian Orthodox Church declared Rublev a saint amid the millennium celebrations for the conversion of Prince Vladimir of Kiev in 1988
Fall of Constantinople ends the Byzantine Empire pp. 549-552
The final collapse of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 had an ambiguous resonance in Moscow
Ivan III annexes Novgorod pp. 549-552
in 1478 he annexed the city-state of Novgorod, which had the effect of eliminating the model of a merchant republic from Russian society
Dormition Cathedral rebuilt in the Moscow Kremlin pp. 549-552
The grand princes encouraged their architects to scrutinize what survived from the pre-Tatar Kievan past and reproduce it, as in the rebuilt…
Sergius of Radonezh dies pp. 549-552
The growing power of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra and the immense reverence paid to Sergei in the pilgrimage cult which began very shortly afte…
Muscovy wins the Battle of Kulikovo pp. 549-552
It was said that he had blessed Grand Prince Dmitrii Donskoi when the Prince decided to attack his Tatar overlord; a victory in battle follo…
Last Days calculation in 1492 pp. 549-552
Much faith was placed in calculations that the seventh millennium since creation was about to be completed; this meant that the Last Days we…
John Wyclif dies pp. 596-599
Several decades elapsed after his death in 1384 before the Church authorities sent a commission to his Leicestershire grave to dig up his bo…
Jan Hus is excommunicated pp. 596-599
In 1412, by now rector of the university, Hus was excommunicated by one of the three claimants to the papacy and appealed to a coming genera…
Hussites restore communion in both kinds pp. 596-599
in 1414 they began offering consecrated wine as well as bread to the laity in their Eucharists, for the first time in centuries
Jan Hus burned at Constance pp. 596-599
Hus was burned at the stake. It was a powerful symbol that the institutional Church was no longer capable of dealing constructively with a m…
Erasmus dies in Basel pp. 631-634
When Erasmus died on a visit to Basel in 1536, his chaste red marble monument was placed in the former cathedral
Peace of Augsburg legalizes Protestantism pp. 672-675
the Peace of Augsburg between the Habsburgs and Protestants in 1555 established for the first time a reluctant recognition by a Catholic mon…
György II Rákóczi dies of battle wounds pp. 672-675
after his death from battle-wounds in 1660, the principality faced ruin
Racovian Catechism published in Latin pp. 672-675
the Catechism of Raków produced in 1609 became in its Latin version an internationally known statement of anti-Trinitarian belief
Union of Lublin forms the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth pp. 672-675
First came the restructuring of their polity in the Union of Lublin of 1569
Sigismund Augustus dies, ending the Jagiellon line pp. 672-675
King Sigismund Augustus died in 1572: after a tragically tumultuous marital history, he was the last of the Jagiellon male line
Warsaw Confederation guarantees religious freedom pp. 672-675
The result was a meeting of the Sejm (Diet or Assembly) in Warsaw in 1573, at which a clause on religious freedom was unanimously approved
Gunpowder Plot foiled in England pp. 713-716
foiling a Roman Catholic who tried to blow up the king and Parliament (1605)
Glorious Revolution ejects a Catholic king pp. 713-716
eventually ejecting a Roman Catholic king who appeared to threaten the whole Protestant settlement of the British Isles (1688)
Christian catacombs rediscovered beneath Rome pp. 713-716
In 1578 a large number of Christian catacombs (see p. 160), almost unknown for centuries, were rediscovered beneath the soil of Rome and see…
Carlo Maderno extends St Peter's Basilica pp. 713-716
Between 1602 and 1615, this was hugely extended by Carlo Maderno, westwards from the earlier centrally domed building
Gregory XIII establishes the Gregorian calendar pp. 713-716
An energetic and intellectually curious pope, Gregory XIII, took it upon himself, with the new-found papal confidence of the Counter-Reforma…
Harvard College is founded pp. 754-757
as early as 1636 they founded a university college in Massachusetts to train up new clergy
Anne Hutchinson banished from Massachusetts pp. 754-757
As early as 1635 an independent-minded Boston woman called Anne Hutchinson horrified the leadership by challenging the whole framework of Pu…
Roger Williams flees Massachusetts for Rhode Island pp. 754-757
a strict separatist minister, who had himself fled Massachusetts to escape arrest for his religious views in 1636
First pipe organ installed in New England pp. 754-757
in 1714 it acquired that engine of popery, a pipe organ, the first in New England
Baptist whipped for private worship pp. 754-757
Its leaders were responsible in 1651 for whipping a Baptist who had organized private worship
Quakers arrive in Massachusetts pp. 754-757
Quakers arrived in 1657, determined to spread their ecstatic message of freedom and inner light
First English translation of the Qur'an published pp. 818-821
English came first in 1649, not without incident in a turbulent year for England, the translation meeting a storm of abuse from all sides
Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes pp. 818-821
After Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685, the Huguenots had their own catastrophe to ponder as they followed the Jews into contin…
John Mill documents thirty thousand biblical variants pp. 818-821
by 1707 one distinguished mainstream English biblical scholar, John Mill, reckoned these to be around thirty thousand in number
Treatise of the Three Impostors written in the Netherlands pp. 818-821
Around 1680 there followed yet another work from the Netherlands. The anonymous Treatise of the three impostors was too shocking to put in p…
Treatise of the Three Impostors published in print pp. 818-821
The anonymous Treatise of the three impostors was too shocking to put in print until 1719
American colonies declare independence pp. 796-799
In the 1770s a gradual poisoning of relations between the British mother-country and the thirteen colonies became a political crisis, which…
Britain wins New France in the Seven Years War pp. 796-799
One element in it was paradoxically the British victory in the Seven Years War, which in 1763 delivered New France (Canada) into British con…
British Parliament passes the Quebec Act pp. 796-799
The British answer, embodied in the Quebec Act of 1774, imitated the success of a small-scale previous experiment
Continental Congress convenes in Philadelphia pp. 796-799
A Continental Congress summoned to Philadelphia in 1774, amid statements on many commercial and taxation grievances