Overthrow - Americas century of regime change from Hawaii

Stephen Kinzer

trusted · 102 citation(s)

Attached file

Source files are not served on the public archive. Metadata and citations remain available.

Cited by (102)

Among them are the world’s first photograph, which was printed whole source
Among them are the world’s first photograph, which was printed on a pewter plate in 1826; a Gutenberg Bible, one of five in the United State…
(In this last capacity, he worked with Lorrin Thurston in whole source
(In this last capacity, he worked with Lorrin Thurston in 1893 on the unsuccessful campaign to annex Hawaii.) Young Dulles often stayed at h…
Wilson names Robert Lansing secretary of state whole source
In the spring of 1915, President Wilson named Dulles’s uncle, Robert Lansing, to succeed William Jennings Bryan as secretary of state.
Since 1901 a single corporation, the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, pri... whole source
Since 1901 a single corporation, the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, principally owned by the British government, had held a monopoly on the extr…
Anglo-Iranian made more profit in 1950 alone than it had whole source
Anglo-Iranian made more profit in 1950 alone than it had paid Iran in royalties over the previous half century.
Mohammad Mossadegh comes to power in Iran whole source
They carried an outspokenly idealistic Iranian, Mohammad Mossadegh, to power in the spring of 1951.
CIA created to replace the wartime OSS whole source
It was still a new agency, created in 1947 to replace the wartime Office of Strategic Services.
The American diplomat in Tehran assigned to monitor Tudeh recognized whole source
The American diplomat in Tehran assigned to monitor Tudeh recognized all this, and reported to Washington that the party was “well-organized…
United Fruit wins Guatemala concession negotiated by Dulles whole source
Ubico showered United Fruit with concession agreements, including one in 1936 that his agents negotiated personally with Dulles.
“Afterwards, people began dying.” Jacobo Arbenz Guzman was the second whole source
“Afterwards, people began dying.” Jacobo Arbenz Guzman was the second of two presidents who governed Guatemala during the country’s “democra…
Arevalo delivers inaugural address in Guatemala whole source
In his inaugural address, delivered to an expectant nation on March 15, 1945, Arévalo cited Roosevelt as his inspiration, and vowed to follo…
United Fruit rose to its mythical status in Guatemala under whole source
United Fruit rose to its mythical status in Guatemala under the leadership of Sam Zemurray, the visionary “Banana Man” who had organized the…
Soon after Guatemala turned democratic, in 1944, Zemurray sensed that whole source
Soon after Guatemala turned democratic, in 1944, Zemurray sensed that its reformist government would give the company trouble.
In the spring of 1954, he told a South American whole source
In the spring of 1954, he told a South American diplomat that although it was “impossible to produce evidence clearly tying the Guatemalan g…
Until Guatemala turned to democracy, in 1944, the United States whole source
Until Guatemala turned to democracy, in 1944, the United States had been its main arms supplier.
Arms freighter Alfhelm docks at Puerto Barrios whole source
On May 15, 1954, a freighter called the Alfhelm docked at Puerto Barrios and workers began unloading crates labeled “Optical and Laboratory…
Before the summer of 1945 whole source
On September 2, 1945, before a large crowd in the northern city of Hanoi, he delivered a speech that any American would have found familiar.
Celmins entered the United States whole source
In 1950 he traveled to the United States, where he spent two years living an ascetic life at Maryknoll seminaries in Lakewood, New Jersey, a…
That war was reaching its climax when Dwight Eisenhower assumed whole source
That war was reaching its climax when Dwight Eisenhower assumed the presidency in 1953.
Diem deposes Bao Dai to become chief of state whole source
At the end of 1955, after a referendum that he won with a reported 98.2 percent of the vote, Diem deposed Bao Dai and made himself chief of…
Diem cancels the scheduled 1956 Vietnam election whole source
THAT changed after Diem and Dulles decided not to hold the scheduled 1956 election.
John Foster Dulles retires and dies whole source
Secretary of State Dulles fell ill, retired, and died in 1958.
Kennedy defeats Lodge for Massachusetts Senate seat whole source
Lodge had represented Massachusetts in the Senate until 1952, when he lost his seat to Kennedy.
In 1960, Lodge was Richard Nixon’s running mate on the whole source
In 1960, Lodge was Richard Nixon’s running mate on the Republican ticket that Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson defeated.
Lodge arrives as ambassador to South Vietnam whole source
Lodge found South Vietnam in turmoil when he arrived on Friday evening, August 23,1963.
“What is remarkable about the discussion on October 29, 1963 whole source
“What is remarkable about the discussion on October 29, 1963, is that a broad array of top officials voiced doubts about the coup, including…
In the 139 years after its first constitution took effect whole source
In the 139 years after its first constitution took effect in 1833, its democratic order was interrupted only three times.
Braden Copper Company begins mining at El Teniente whole source
In 1905 the Braden Copper Company, which would later be absorbed into Kennecott Copper Corporation, began mining at El Teniente, a mountain…
ITT buys majority of the Chile Telephone Company whole source
In 1930, when ITT was a cuttingedge telecommunications firm, it bought a majority share of the British-owned Chile Telephone Company, and wi…
Between 1950 and 1969, nearly four thousand Chilean officers were whole source
Between 1950 and 1969, nearly four thousand Chilean officers were trained at American military bases, most at the U.S.
His good looks and media-conscious style even led reporters and whole source
His good looks and media-conscious style even led reporters and columnists to call him the “Chilean Kennedy.” When he ran for president in 1…
Over the next four years the CIA spent $2 million whole source
Over the next four years the CIA spent $2 million on covert projects aimed at supporting Frei, along with $175,000 in covert aid to twenty-t…
Planters stage overthrow of Hawaii's monarchy whole source
A few dozen sugar planters and descendants of missionaries, led by the firebrand lawyer Lorrin Thurston (left), staged Hawaii’s modest “revo…
Roosevelt called his critics “futile sentimentalists of the interna... whole source
Roosevelt called his critics “futile sentimentalists of the international arbitration type” who exhibited “a flabby type of character which…
His attempts to regulate American mining and lumber companies, and whole source
His attempts to regulate American mining and lumber companies, and his insistence on seeking loans from European rather than American banks,…
policy making toward Chile for the period from September to whole source
policy making toward Chile for the period from September to November 1970 as we do about policy making in any period in recent American hist…
CIA covert operations against Allende in Chile whole source
Between 1970 and 1973, the CIA carried out a wide-ranging series of covert operations in Chile.
Chile authorizes nationalization of its copper industry whole source
On July 11, 1971, the Chilean Congress, meeting in joint session, unanimously approved a constitutional amendment authorizing the nationaliz…
By the end of 1972, Allende’s divisive policies and the whole source
By the end of 1972, Allende’s divisive policies and the American destabilization campaign had combined to throw Chile into grave crisis.
An investigation by the United States Senate later put the whole source
An investigation by the United States Senate later put the figure at $8 million, “with over three million dollars expended in fiscal year 19…
Allende, in a desperate attempt to head off the inevitable whole source
Allende, in a desperate attempt to head off the inevitable, had begun naming military commanders to his cabinet, and by midsummer of 1973 Ge…
Presidents, cabinet secretaries, national security advisers, and CI... whole source
Presidents, cabinet secretaries, national security advisers, and CIA directors approved them, authorized by the 1947 law that created the CI…
“They stank in my nostrils in Czechoslovakia in 1948, and whole source
“They stank in my nostrils in Czechoslovakia in 1948, and they are no less sickening today.” American leaders were convinced that the Soviet…
Eisenhower commissions the Doolittle report on the CIA whole source
In 1954, President Eisenhower secretly named James Doolittle, a celebrated air force general who had retired and become a Shell Oil executiv…
Shah executes officers after the 1953 Iran coup whole source
AFTER THE 1953 COUP IN IRAN, THE TRIUMPHANT SHAH ORDERED THE execution of several dozen military officers and student leaders who had been c…
GUATEMALA IS A FAR SMALLER, WEAKER, AND MORE ISOLATED COUNTRY whole source
GUATEMALA IS A FAR SMALLER, WEAKER, AND MORE ISOLATED COUNTRY THAN Iran, but the leader the United States imposed after the 1954 coup, Colon…
On the evening of July 27, 1957, as he walked whole source
On the evening of July 27, 1957, as he walked down a corridor toward dinner at his official residence, he was shot dead.
[American] officials had only a dim idea of what had whole source
[American] officials had only a dim idea of what had occurred in Guatemala before Jacobo Arbenz Guzman came to power in 1950.
In 1960, groups of soldiers and young officers seized two whole source
In 1960, groups of soldiers and young officers seized two mid-size barracks in a coordinated uprising.
Sam Zemurray, the visionary who dominated United Fruit for so whole source
Sam Zemurray, the visionary who dominated United Fruit for so long, was ailing—he died in 1961—and without him, the company seemed to lose i…
His refusal to negotiate at Geneva in 1954, based on whole source
His refusal to negotiate at Geneva in 1954, based on his mistaken view of world Communism, set the tragedy in motion.
It created consternation in Paris and London and contributed anew whole source
It created consternation in Paris and London and contributed anew to the growing public image of Dulles as a maladroit, intuitive cold warri…
The victory of Popular Unity and President Allende in 1970 whole source
The victory of Popular Unity and President Allende in 1970 was regarded as the triumph of one of the contending superpowers, the USSR, and a…
The covert coups of the Cold War era were carried whole source
The covert coups of the Cold War era were carried out quite differently from the invasions and stagemanaged revolutions that the United Stat…
“Then came a series of jolts, starting with Iran in whole source
“Then came a series of jolts, starting with Iran in 1953, Guatemala in 1954, and Vietnam.
“Then came a series of jolts, starting with Iran in whole source
“Then came a series of jolts, starting with Iran in 1953, Guatemala in 1954, and Vietnam.
Grenadians say they live “just south of paradise, just north whole source
Grenadians say they live “just south of paradise, just north of frustration.” A British trader brought nutmeg to Grenada in 1843, and it thr…
General strike paralyzes colonial Grenada whole source
Grenada had been a relatively quiet British colony for more than a century when, at the beginning of 1951, it was paralyzed by a general str…
Grenada gains independence from Britain whole source
He dominated Grenada for most of the next quarter century, led it to independence in 1974 (though it remained part of the British Commonweal…
We think of the days when gunboats ruled the world whole source
We think of the days when gunboats ruled the world, when you landed Marines in somebody’s country: Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954, Dominican Re…
We think of the days when gunboats ruled the world whole source
We think of the days when gunboats ruled the world, when you landed Marines in somebody’s country: Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954, Dominican Re…
Gairy flies to New York to discuss cosmic phenomena whole source
On March 11, 1979, Gairy flew to New York to discuss “cosmic phenomena” with United Nations Secretary General Kurt Waldheim.
Panama Canal opens whole source
The canal, which opened in 1914, gave the United States sovereignty over the Canal Zone and a unique stake in the new nation.
Panamanian students riot over Canal Zone flag whole source
The bloodiest outburst came in 1964, when several hundred Panamanian students marched toward the canal carrying their flag and a banner read…
Panamanian military seizes power in bloodless coup whole source
In 1968, Panamanian military officers seized power in a bloodless coup.
The 1964 uprising marked the emergence of a new form whole source
The 1964 uprising marked the emergence of a new form of Panamanian nationalism.
The 1968 military coup in which Torrijos seized power was whole source
The 1968 military coup in which Torrijos seized power was its triumph.
Bush during a visit to Washington in 1976 whole source
Bush during a visit to Washington in 1976.
Florida grand juries indict Noriega on drug charges whole source
Then, early in 1988, two grand juries in Florida handed up criminal indictments charging Noriega and more than a dozen others, including Pab…
Noriega annuls Endara's election victory whole source
When an opposition figure, Guillermo Endara, won the presidential election held in May 1989, Noriega simply ignored the result and imposed h…
Barely twenty-four hours into the standoff, some frustrated America... whole source
Barely twenty-four hours into the standoff, some frustrated American officials began invoking the specter of Josef Cardinal Mindszenty, who…
Eagleburger mediates the Noriega standoff in Panama whole source
On January 2, Deputy Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger arrived in Panama.
Noriega surrenders to US forces in Panama whole source
On the afternoon of January 3, eleven days after entering the nunciatura, Noriega finally realized that he had, as the song said, nowhere to…
Abdul Haq leads resistance mission into Afghanistan whole source
All of the twenty Afghan fighters who crossed from Pakistan into their homeland on the afternoon of October 21, 2001, should have been ready…
US launches Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan whole source
On October 7, however, American cruise missiles began falling on Afghanistan.
Abdul Haq's wife and children murdered whole source
In 1999 they sent a squad to assassinate him at his home in Peshawar, but the killers managed only to gun down his wife and eleven-year-old…
Military coup overthrows the Afghan monarchy whole source
Young officers who overthrew the monarchy in 1973 accepted aid from both the neighboring Soviet Union and the faraway United States.
British army destroyed retreating from Kabul whole source
a British-led column that comprised more than 16,000 soldiers and camp followers when it was forced to flee Kabul in 1842, and was reduced t…
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan whole source
On November 26, the Politburo secretly decided to send troops to Kabul, kill Amin, and impose a friendlier regime.
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan whole source
On Christmas Eve, thousands of Soviet troops marched over pontoon bridges across the Amu Darya river into Afghanistan, and others landed at…
Soviet Troops Withdraw from Afghanistan whole source
On February 15,1989, the last Red Army units crossed the Amu Darya back into Soviet territory.
Najibullah agrees to resign in Afghanistan whole source
On April 25,1992, under an agreement brokered by the United Nations, he agreed to resign.
Taliban Captures Kabul and Takes Control of Afghanistan whole source
On September 27, 1996, propelled by four powerful friends—Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, the United States, and bin Laden—Taliban forces rolled tri…
Al Qaeda Bombs U.S. Embassies in East Africa whole source
On August 7, 1998, terror squads acting at his direction blew up the American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, killing more than two hundred…
September 11 attacks on the United States whole source
Two days later, in the bloodiest attack on American soil since the Civil War, Al Qaeda terrorists flew hijacked airplanes into the Pentagon…
CIA team deploys to the Northern Alliance with cash whole source
A ten-man team of CIA officers carrying $3 million in cash for its commanders set off from Washington on September 20.
Iraq Becomes Priority for Bush Administration whole source
Iraq was at the top of the White House agenda from the moment Bush took office in January 2001.
Coalition begins bombing Iraq in the Gulf War whole source
On January 16, 1991, the Americanled coalition launched a bombing campaign against Iraq and Iraqi positions in Kuwait.
US invades Iraq to topple Saddam Hussein whole source
On the evening of March 19, 2003, shortly before announcing that the United States was about to launch its long-expected invasion of Iraq, P…
United States invades Grenada whole source
On the very weekend that Reagan ordered the invasion of Grenada, Islamic militants dealt the United States a devastating blow in Beirut.
Overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy whole source
Starting with the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893 and continuing through the entire twentieth century and into our own time, the…
Invasion of Iraq begins whole source
The invasion of Iraq in 2003 is the latest, though perhaps not the last, example of these high-stakes operations.
Hawaii Overthrow Plot Meeting whole source
Stevens and the men who visited him on the evening of January 14, 1893, fully understood the seriousness of their mission, but they could no…
USS Maine Explosion whole source
Then, on the night of February 15, 1898, she was torn apart by a tremendous explosion. More than 250 American sailors perished.
CIA overthrows Guatemala's government for United Fruit whole source
Before the CIA deposed the government of Guatemala in 1954, for example, United Fruit was not free to operate as it wished in that country;…
Theodore Roosevelt launches the Great White Fleet whole source
The most powerful fleet of warships ever to sail under one flag lined up for a glorious procession off the coast of Virginia on the cool, cl…
United Brands bribery scandal and Eli Black's suicide whole source
On the morning of February 3, 1975, he smashed a hole in the window of his office on the forty-fourth floor of the Pan Am building and jumpe…
Puerto Rico becomes a free associated state whole source
At a glittering ceremony on July 25, 1952, exactly fifty-four years after marines landed on the beach at Guánica, the Puerto Rican flag was…
US-backed overthrow of Nicaragua's President Zelaya whole source
He entered the capital and was sworn in as president on August 21, 1910.
USS Nashville blocks Colombia during Panama revolt whole source
On November 2, 1903, the commander of the American gunboat Nashville, anchored at Colón on Panama’s Caribbean coast, received an order from…
People Power revolution ousts Marcos whole source
The assassination of Aquino proved too much for Filipinos to bear.
Congress apologizes for the 1893 Hawaii overthrow whole source
In 1993, one hundred years after the American-backed revolution that brought down Hawaii’s monarchy, this movement achieved a remarkable suc…