Political Order and Political Decay

Francis Fukuyama

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Cited by (334)

NATO helps oust Qaddafi in Libya whole source
opposition to Libya’s longtime dictator, Muammar Qaddafi, whom they ousted, with significant help from NATO, in the first year of the Arab S…
Prior to the financial crisis of 2008, there were nearly a dozen federal agencies with regulatory au whole source
This is exactly the scenario that occurred in the wake of the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy in September 2008, leading to a near collapse of th…
Lehman Brothers bankruptcy triggers global crisis whole source
This is exactly the scenario that occurred in the wake of the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy in September 2008, leading to a near collapse of th…
These principles—no taxation without representation and consent of the governed—would become the ral whole source
ent of the governed—would become the rallying cry of the American colonists when they revolted against British authority less than a century…
Thomas Jefferson incorporated Locke’s ideas of natural rights into the American Declaration of Indep whole source
ts into the American Declaration of Independence, and the idea of popular sovereignty would become the basis of the Constitution that was ra…
While these new political orders established the principle of accountability, neither England in 168 whole source
While these new political orders established the principle of accountability, neither England in 1689 nor the United States in 1789 could be…
In China, the state collapsed and the tradition was severely disrupted during the revolutions, wars, whole source
ed during the revolutions, wars, and occupations of the twentieth century, but it has been rebuilt by the Communist Party in a more modern f…
No country in Europe qualified as even an electoral democracy at the time of the Congress of Vienna whole source
No country in Europe qualified as even an electoral democracy at the time of the Congress of Vienna in 1815 that brought to an end the Napol…
Revolutions break out across continental Europe whole source
The year 1848 saw the outbreak of revolutions in virtually every continental European country and has been compared to the 2011 Arab Spring.
2 THE DIMENSIONS OF DEVELOPMENT How political development fits into the larger picture of developm whole source
FIGURE 1 HOW THE WORLD CHANGED AFTER 1800 The rate of economic growth accelerated dramatically around the year 1800 with the takeoff of the…
FIGURE 1 HOW THE WORLD CHANGED AFTER 1800 The rate of economic growth accelerated dramatically aro whole source
FIGURE 1 HOW THE WORLD CHANGED AFTER 1800 The rate of economic growth accelerated dramatically around the year 1800 with the takeoff of the…
Greece and Italy, by contrast, have been known for high levels of clientelistic and corrupt governme whole source
trast, have been known for high levels of clientelistic and corrupt government, and both have had problematic public finances that erupted d…
It took two devastating world wars and the division of the country for the western part of Germany t whole source
k two devastating world wars and the division of the country for the western part of Germany to finally emerge as a consolidated liberal dem…
Warlordism is probably an appropriate term to describe the state of much of Germany at the time of t whole source
Warlordism is probably an appropriate term to describe the state of much of Germany at the time of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 that brou…
The Great Elector established one by refusing to disband his army after the Peace of Oliva that ende whole source
The Great Elector established one by refusing to disband his army after the Peace of Oliva that ended the Swedish-Polish War in 1660 in whic…
Prussian civil service reform introduces exams whole source
The groundwork for a modern state had already begun in the years before the Battle of Jena, with the 1770 civil service reform that introduc…
October Edict abolishes nobility's legal privileges whole source
The October Edict of 1807 abolished the legal privileges of the nobility, following the example of the French Revolution.
Prussia requires law study for higher civil service whole source
The employment regulations of 1817 required a classical secondary education as well as university study in law for recruitment into the high…
West German law reinstates former Nazi civil servants whole source
A federal law passed in 1951 granted all regular civil servants, including those with Nazi backgrounds and those expelled by East Germany, a…
6 THE BIRTHPLACE OF DEMOCRACY How Greece and Italy came to be at the center of the European financ whole source
The EU financial crisis, like the crisis that hit the United States in 2008–2009, is a complex one that has many contributing causes.
The EU financial crisis, like the crisis that hit the United States in 2008–2009, is a complex one t whole source
The EU financial crisis, like the crisis that hit the United States in 2008–2009, is a complex one that has many contributing causes.
There is no generic “crisis of the welfare state” in Europe: Germany, the Netherlands, and Scandinav whole source
The EU financial crisis, like the crisis that hit the United States in 2008–2009, is a complex one that has many contributing causes.
Greeks declare independence and revolt against Turkish rule whole source
The Greeks, inspired in part by the ideals of the French Revolution, declared independence in 1821 and began a revolt against Turkish rule.
Foreigners continued to dominate Greek politics long after it achieved formal independence in 1830, whole source
Foreigners continued to dominate Greek politics long after it achieved formal independence in 1830, with the Great Powers placing Otto, prin…
All of this changed when PASOK came to power in 1993, and the party took control of temporary teache whole source
All of this changed when PASOK came to power in 1993, and the party took control of temporary teacher postings and used them to reward its o…
A report by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development on the Greek public sector aft whole source
public sector after the onset of the euro crisis noted that Greece had more than seven hundred thousand public employees, a fivefold increas…
) Even if one considers the Hohenstaufens a continuation of the earlier Norman tradition—Emperor Fre whole source
ers the Hohenstaufens a continuation of the earlier Norman tradition—Emperor Frederick II was indeed a great centralizer—this dynasty itself…
Italian Christian Democratic party (DC) founded whole source
All of these parties were banned under Mussolini, but they reemerged quickly after the fall of fascism in 1943.
This changed suddenly with the end of the cold war in 1989. whole source
This changed suddenly with the end of the cold war in 1989.
28 All of this exploded in the 1992 “Tangentopoli” scandal. whole source
28 All of this exploded in the 1992 “Tangentopoli” scandal.
The independence of the Italian judiciary had been reinforced by the recruitment of a generation of whole source
pendence of the Italian judiciary had been reinforced by the recruitment of a generation of idealistic lawyers in the wake of the global upr…
University of London founded whole source
In addition, the University of London was founded in 1836; it as well as other schools increased competition for Oxford and Cambridge and co…
Britain establishes Civil Service Commission whole source
In 1855, an Order of Council established a Civil Service Commission that authorized competition for a small number of jobs.
History textbooks traditionally date the rise of the patronage system from the election of Andrew Ja whole source
History textbooks traditionally date the rise of the patronage system from the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828.
THE JACKSONIAN REVOLUTION Andrew Jackson came from what was then frontier Tennessee and won militar whole source
drew Jackson came from what was then frontier Tennessee and won military fame by defeating the British at the Battle of New Orleans during t…
Jackson’s presidency was the foundation of what Walter Russell Mead has labeled the Jacksonian tradi whole source
tradition of populism in American politics that continues up to the present day and finds echoes in groups like the Tea Party that emerged a…
46 Perhaps the most famous was New York’s Tammany Hall, established in 1789 as a charitable organiza whole source
46 Perhaps the most famous was New York’s Tammany Hall, established in 1789 as a charitable organization formally known as the Society of Sa…
By 1862, the building had not been completed and Tweed authorized an additional $1 million toward it whole source
By 1862, the building had not been completed and Tweed authorized an additional $1 million toward its construction.
BIRTH OF BUREAUCRACY Prior to the landmark 1883 Pendleton Act, there were a number of efforts at pu whole source
BIRTH OF BUREAUCRACY Prior to the landmark 1883 Pendleton Act, there were a number of efforts at public-sector reform.
McKinley wins the realigning 1896 election whole source
The first was the election of 1896 that brought William McKinley to the presidency and gave the Republican Party a dominating majority in Co…
27 The 1896 defeat of Democrat/Populist William Jennings Bryan was a so-called realigning election t whole source
The first was the election of 1896 that brought William McKinley to the presidency and gave the Republican Party a dominating majority in Co…
Roosevelt becomes president after McKinley's assassination whole source
Roosevelt came into office initially in 1901 on McKinley’s assassination, but he and his party won a decisive majority in the 1904 election,…
Pendleton Act creates merit-based civil service whole source
The Pendleton Act was passed in 1883, but it was not until the 1920s that a large majority of public servants were put under the merit class…
Interstate Commerce Act Regulation whole source
This tension was embodied in the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, in which Congress finally authorized the creation of the ICC as a permanen…
In contrast to the post–Civil War decades of shifting control of Congress between the two parties, t whole source
When Pinchot went traveling with Sierra Club founder John Muir through the Crater Lake country of Oregon in 1896, Muir wrote in his journal,…
Similarly, the European Union has been trying to construct a postnational sense of European citizens whole source
stnational sense of European citizenship since the 1950s, a project that has run up against clear limits in the wake of the euro crisis that…
The most recent of these imperial dissolutions was that of the former Soviet Union, a country built whole source
And yet, when the USSR broke up into its constituent union republics in 1991, older national identities thought to be long dead reasserted t…
Greek-Turkish War and population exchange in Asia Minor whole source
Minor and the eastern Aegean who had lived side by side since the time of the Byzantine Empire sorted themselves out during the Greek-Turkis…
Prussia's defeat by Napoleon triggers Stein-Hardenberg reforms whole source
Prussia’s defeat by Napoleon in 1806 forced the opening of the bureaucracy to the middle classes under the Stein-Hardenberg reforms.
His book praised not just existing Communist regimes for their ability to expand political participa whole source
created by Mexico’s Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institutional, or PRI), which ruled the country from the 1940s…
Nigeria gains independence from Britain whole source
When Nigeria was granted independence from Britain in 1960, it was bequeathed a democratic constitution that provided for regular elections.
Nigerian democracy collapses after contested 1964 election whole source
But democracy did not last long: after a violent and contested election in 1964 that led to a breakdown of order throughout the country, the…
Nigerian military seizes power after 1983 election whole source
Another chaotic and contested election in 1983 led the military to take over again.
Treaty of Tordesillas grants Portugal claim to Brazil whole source
When the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 gave Portugal possession of what would become Brazil, this system of labor would prove to be exportab…
Defeat of Comunero revolt centralizes Spanish power whole source
The Spanish monarch, beginning with the defeat of the Comunero revolt in 1520, emasculated the Spanish estates (the Cortes) and centralized…
The council, along with the Casa de Contratación overseeing economic matters, wrote laws and issued whole source
cil, along with the Casa de Contratación overseeing economic matters, wrote laws and issued autocratic decrees—some four hundred thousand by…
British Parliament abolishes the slave trade whole source
The British Parliament ended the slave trade in 1807, and the British navy was deployed over the succeeding decades to enforce the ban on sl…
Mexican Revolution overthrows Porfirio Diaz whole source
He ruled the country for a total of thirty-five years (1876–1911), in a dictatorship known as the Porfiriato.
In the year 1808, when the Latin American wars of independence began, few societies in any part of t whole source
occupation of the Iberian peninsula and Napoleon’s placing his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne in place of the Bourbon royal family in…
Napoleon's occupation of Spain sparks Latin American independence wars whole source
occupation of the Iberian peninsula and Napoleon’s placing his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne in place of the Bourbon royal family in…
In this regard, they were simply following the pattern set by Latin America’s colonial master, Spain whole source
ain, which was itself perpetually unable to raise sufficient tax revenues from its own people, and was forced to declare bankruptcy ten time…
Rather, it has been a stable democracy since 1948 with competitive elections and regular turnovers o whole source
Rather, it has been a stable democracy since 1948 with competitive elections and regular turnovers of power between political parties.
4 While African slaves constituted one-sixth of the population in 1800, both they and the indigenous whole source
4 While African slaves constituted one-sixth of the population in 1800, both they and the indigenous inhabitants soon died out or were assim…
While Costa Ricans date their democracy to the election of 1889, there was a subsequent military cou whole source
While Costa Ricans date their democracy to the election of 1889, there was a subsequent military coup in 1914 and increasing political polar…
Argentina abandons dollar peg amid economic crisis whole source
But then Argentina succumbed to a major economic crisis in 2000–2001 as the dollar peg was abandoned, and the country fell into a huge depre…
Argentina adopts its national constitution whole source
Argentina did not get a constitution until 1853, and it was not until 1880 that the final regional rebellions and Indian uprisings had been…
Hipolito Yrigoyen elected president of Argentina whole source
This vastly expanded the voter rolls (though immigrants remained excluded) and resulted in the election in 1916 of Hipólito Yrigoyen, whose…
Black Thursday stock market crash whole source
The 1929 stock market crash in New York and the beginning of the Great Depression had reduced demand for Argentina’s exports and brought on…
Argentina's 'infamous decade' follows 1930 coup whole source
This is in fact exactly what happened in Argentina between 1880 and 1930.
South Sudan gains independence from Sudan whole source
6 percent per year in the period from 2000 to 2011, according to the World Bank.
Zaire's army collapses under AFDL invasion whole source
pressive on paper, but when the country was invaded from the east by troops of the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo…
Phase three began with the Anglo-Burmese War of 1824 and culminated in the “scramble for Africa” tha whole source
Phase three began with the Anglo-Burmese War of 1824 and culminated in the “scramble for Africa” that began in the last decades of the centu…
Abernethy points out that while thirty-nine of forty-eight Europeans died in Macgregor Laird’s exped whole source
Abernethy points out that while thirty-nine of forty-eight Europeans died in Macgregor Laird’s expedition up the Niger in 1832, not a single…
Kenya's contested 2007 election deepens ethnic divisions whole source
Kenya today, particularly since the contested presidential election of 2007, is fractured along ethnic lines that have pitted groups like th…
Dahomey soldiers revolt in German Cameroon whole source
perial chancellor of the protectorate, Leist, had the wives of Dahomey soldiers whipped in the presence of their husbands, which resulted in…
When the country received its independence in 1961, there was no modern state to speak of. whole source
When the country received its independence in 1961, there was no modern state to speak of.
Most of the colonial empires were dismantled in the three decades following World War II; one of the whole source
onial empires were dismantled in the three decades following World War II; one of the last large ones, that of the former Soviet Union, fell…
East Timor votes for independence from Indonesia whole source
East Timor had been a province of Indonesia when it voted for independence and became a sovereign state in 1999.
US invasion topples Saddam Hussein's Iraqi state whole source
Similarly, Iraq had a functioning state under Saddam Hussein, which collapsed following the American invasion in March 2003 and the early de…
He points to the relative success of Japanese administration in building institutions in Taiwan in t whole source
of Japanese administration in building institutions in Taiwan in the years that it was ruled as a colonial dependency (from the Sino-Japanes…
Lagos Colony merges with Niger Delta Protectorate whole source
ectorate of Southern Nigeria, the latter itself the product of a merger that had taken place between Lagos Colony and the Niger Delta Protec…
Sukarno publishes Nationalism, Islam, and Marxism whole source
the most important forces behind the idea of Indonesia was the country’s first postindependence president, Sukarno, who published a short pa…
Indonesia's 1950 constitution sidelines Sukarno whole source
Indonesia’s original constitution upon independence in 1950 provided for multiparty democracy and sidelined President Sukarno as a weak figu…
East Timor votes for independence whole source
Timor Leste nonetheless voted for independence in a 1999 referendum, and became, despite terrible violence by pro-Indonesian militias, an in…
”18 For the first two decades after gaining independence in 1963, Kenya grew substantially faster th whole source
15 West Papua and Timor Leste are both substantially Melanesian by ethnicity, largely non-Muslim, and were formally annexed by Indonesia onl…
This culminated in mass killings in the wake of the 2007 presidential election between Mwai Kibaki, whole source
This culminated in mass killings in the wake of the 2007 presidential election between Mwai Kibaki, a Kikuyu, and Raila Odinga, a Luo.
Japan abolishes the feudal domains whole source
All of the domains were abolished in a single stroke in 1871 and ordered to incorporate their military forces into a national army.
Satsuma Rebellion suppressed by conscript army whole source
These changes led to a samurai revolt known as the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877, which was militarily suppressed in short order by the new cons…
Japanese domains become centralized prefectures whole source
7 These traditions had existed for centuries but were simply given greater emphasis after 1868.
Japan creates a civil service career track whole source
A civil service career track was created in 1884 with a pension system that rewarded long service.
Japan establishes civil service examinations whole source
The examination system was established in 1887 and strengthened in 1893 to put strong emphasis on jurisprudence and law.
Former samurai staged half a dozen armed uprisings after the restoration, but with the military defe whole source
Former samurai staged half a dozen armed uprisings after the restoration, but with the military defeat of the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877 they…
Manchurian Incident and seizure of Manchuria whole source
Lower-ranking officers of the Kwantung Army there assassinated the warlord Chang Tso-lin, and after the September 1931 Manchurian Incident s…
This system was brought back in 1941 to Japan itself and became the core of the wartime resource all whole source
This system was brought back in 1941 to Japan itself and became the core of the wartime resource allocation system.
First Opium War begins over opium ban whole source
China’s “century of humiliation” began in 1839 when the Qing government tried to ban imports of opium and were forced by the British to open…
Japan defeats China in Sino-Japanese War whole source
Japan defeated China in the 1895 Sino-Japanese War, which led to the loss of Taiwan, and of Korea as a vassal state.
Shen Jiaben commission revises the Qing Code whole source
rn criticisms of traditional Chinese law, particularly with respect to the cruelty of punishments, a commission led by Shen Jiaben was estab…
First modern law school opens in Beijing whole source
Two Japanese scholars, Okada Asataro and Matsuoka Yoshitada, established the first modern law school in Beijing in 1906.
On the one hand, Deng Xiaoping asserted in 1978 that “democracy has to be institutionalized and writ whole source
ce Mao’s death in 1976 and the fall of the so-called Gang of Four, there have been new constitutions or major constitutional revisions promu…
China scholar Kenneth Lieberthal notes that in the decades after 1978, the NPC has played a greater whole source
ce Mao’s death in 1976 and the fall of the so-called Gang of Four, there have been new constitutions or major constitutional revisions promu…
I would argue that the state that has emerged in China since the beginning of reforms in 1978 bears whole source
The changes in the nature of Chinese government after 1978 were at least as great as those that took place in economic policy.
China reintroduces civil service examinations whole source
The changes in the nature of Chinese government after 1978 were at least as great as those that took place in economic policy.
Tiananmen protests and the 1989 crackdown whole source
he contemporaneous Gorbachev reforms in the former Soviet Union inspired the Tiananmen protest movement and the government’s bloody crackdow…
China's 1994 tax reform reshapes local finance whole source
13 Dingxin Zhao and Hongxing Yang argue that the 1994 tax reform was a good illustration of the autonomy of the Chinese state.
13 Dingxin Zhao and Hongxing Yang argue that the 1994 tax reform was a good illustration of the aut whole source
13 Dingxin Zhao and Hongxing Yang argue that the 1994 tax reform was a good illustration of the autonomy of the Chinese state.
China permits village elections whole source
The Chinese government has permitted village elections in rural areas since 1989 to elect village committees and village leaders with certai…
Chinese Communist Party reestablishes central state whole source
lordism, civil war, and Japanese occupation, a strong centralized state was soon reestablished under the leadership of the Chinese Communist…
Vendee uprising against the revolutionary government whole source
One of the earliest counterrevolutionary movements was the peasant uprising of the Vendée in 1793 that opposed the revolutionary government…
Those conservative parties that failed to adapt to these new conditions of electoral politics were t whole source
to these new conditions of electoral politics were tempted to resort to nondemocratic methods for preserving their power, like the Argentine…
Glorious Revolution constitutional settlement whole source
fighting the latter to a standstill in the course of the seventeenth century, an impasse that eventually resulted in the constitutional sett…
Prussia adopts three-tier male suffrage whole source
Prussia, for example, adopted universal male suffrage in 1849, but under a three-tier voting system and an open ballot that wasn’t abolished…
2 The second great surge toward democracy occurred with the Revolutions of 1848, raising hopes that whole source
2 The second great surge toward democracy occurred with the Revolutions of 1848, raising hopes that were just as quickly dashed.
Hobsbawm’s judgment about the completeness of the failure of the Revolutions of 1848 is therefore to whole source
Hobsbawm’s judgment about the completeness of the failure of the Revolutions of 1848 is therefore too severe.
Many of the moves toward more liberal societies and greater democracy were thus the work of conserva whole source
Hobsbawm’s judgment about the completeness of the failure of the Revolutions of 1848 is therefore too severe.
Mill publishes Thoughts on Parliamentary Government whole source
In Thoughts on Parliamentary Government, published in 1861 before the Second Reform Act, Mill made several arguments against a universal and…
British franchise expands through three Reform Acts whole source
Franchise expansion stretched out over three major reform bills in 1832, 1867, and 1884.
18 The 1832 Reform Act could indeed be seen as a worried conservative response to threats and agitat whole source
Franchise expansion stretched out over three major reform bills in 1832, 1867, and 1884.
But the 1867 and 1884 Acts, which genuinely democratized Britain, were the work of a Conservative pr whole source
Franchise expansion stretched out over three major reform bills in 1832, 1867, and 1884.
29 FROM 1848 TO THE ARAB SPRING Origins of the Arab Spring; differences and similarities between t whole source
In both the Arab world and in the European Revolutions of 1848, the middle classes were the key actors in organizing the revolution and pres…
Any simple arguments that the Arabs were exceptional and would passively accept dictatorship ended w whole source
Any simple arguments that the Arabs were exceptional and would passively accept dictatorship ended with the events of early 2011.
US invades Iraq and removes Saddam Hussein whole source
The American architects of the 2003 Iraq invasion expected that democracy would appear spontaneously in the wake of their removal of Saddam…
The European experience in 1848 indicates, however, that the initial toppling of an authoritarian re whole source
The liberal revolutionaries of 1848 failed to do either in the short period they had before they were overwhelmed by the military counter-mo…
The liberal revolutionaries of 1848 failed to do either in the short period they had before they wer whole source
The liberal revolutionaries of 1848 failed to do either in the short period they had before they were overwhelmed by the military counter-mo…
Military coup ousts Thaksin in Thailand whole source
had strongly supported the democratic opening in the early 1990s, turned against Thaksin and supported a military coup that forced him from…
The EU financial crisis, like the crisis that hit the United States in 2008–2009, is a complex one t whole source
The financial crisis of 2008–2009 was one consequence of this trend.
Yellowstone fire burns nearly 800,000 acres whole source
The public began to take notice after the huge Yellowstone fire in 1988, which ended up burning nearly eight hundred thousand acres and took…
25 million since the end of World War II, and subject to repeated bouts of downsizing; in 2005 it nu whole source
25 million since the end of World War II, and subject to repeated bouts of downsizing; in 2005 it numbered about 1.
”12 According to the 2003 National Commission on the Public Service, “Those who enter the civil ser whole source
9 This conclusion is supported by the work of the two Volcker Commissions on public service in 1989 and 2003.
NSA mass surveillance of Americans after 9/11 whole source
National Security Agency has been given broad leave to collect data not just on foreign activities but also on American citizens since Septe…
European sovereign debt crisis whole source
These weaknesses were made painfully evident in the European debt crisis of 2010–2013.
The importance of legitimacy was illustrated in Volume 1 by the contrast between England and France whole source
The importance of legitimacy was illustrated in Volume 1 by the contrast between England and France following the Glorious Revolution of 168…
Administrative Procedure Act passed whole source
Finally, there are mechanisms like the landmark Administrative Procedure Act, passed in 1946, that forces federal agencies to publicly post…
Hong Kong reverts to Chinese sovereignty whole source
settle or annex their territories in the nineteenth century were all defeated or reversed, up to the reversion of Hong Kong to Chinese sover…
” This was the failure of the 2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine, which toppled Viktor Yanukovich fo whole source
” This was the failure of the 2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine, which toppled Viktor Yanukovich for the first time.
Instead, the Orange Coalition wasted its energy on internal squabbling and shady deals, paving the w whole source
Instead, the Orange Coalition wasted its energy on internal squabbling and shady deals, paving the way for Yanukovich’s return in 2010 and t…
A third of 2014 Indian election winners face charges whole source
wasted its energy on internal squabbling and shady deals, paving the way for Yanukovich’s return in 2010 and the crisis following on his dep…
For a broader account of how politics affected banking regulation after the financial crisis, see Si whole source
ter the financial crisis, see Simon Johnson and James Kwak, 13 Bankers: The Wall Street Takeover and the Next Financial Meltdown (New York:…
Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001 whole source
Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001); Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime…
1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); François Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution ( whole source
1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); François Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution (New York: Cambridge University Press, 19…
Hans-Eberhard Mueller, Bureaucracy, Education, and Monopoly: Civil Service Reforms in Prussia and En whole source
Hans-Eberhard Mueller, Bureaucracy, Education, and Monopoly: Civil Service Reforms in Prussia and England (Berkeley: University of Californi…
René David, French Law: Its Structure, Sources, and Methodology (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univer whole source
René David, French Law: Its Structure, Sources, and Methodology (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972), p.
David Schoenbaum, Hitler’s Social Revolution (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1966), pp. whole source
David Schoenbaum, Hitler’s Social Revolution (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1966), pp.
Mavrogordatos, Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936 (Berk whole source
Mavrogordatos, Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 19…
19–21; James Walston, The Mafia and Clientelism: Roads to Rome in Post-War Calabria (New York: Routl whole source
19–21; James Walston, The Mafia and Clientelism: Roads to Rome in Post-War Calabria (New York: Routledge, 1988), pp.
Bourne, Patronage and Society in Nineteenth-Century England (Baltimore: Edward Arnold, 1986), pp. whole source
Bourne, Patronage and Society in Nineteenth-Century England (Baltimore: Edward Arnold, 1986), pp.
Miller, Reforming Bureaucracy: The Politics of Institutional Choice (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- whole source
Miller, Reforming Bureaucracy: The Politics of Institutional Choice (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1987), p.
Schultz and Robert Maranto, The Politics of Civil Service Reform (New York: Peter Lang, 1998), p. whole source
Schultz and Robert Maranto, The Politics of Civil Service Reform (New York: Peter Lang, 1998), p.
James Duane Bolin, Bossism and Reform in a Southern City: Lexington, Kentucky, 1880–1940 (Lexington: whole source
James Duane Bolin, Bossism and Reform in a Southern City: Lexington, Kentucky, 1880–1940 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2000), pp…
Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ whole source
Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962).
Peter Cunliffe-Jones, My Nigeria: Five Decades of Independence (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), whole source
is region, see Dan Slater, Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia (New York: Cambridge Universi…
Osaghae, Crippled Giant: Nigeria Since Independence (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), p whole source
Osaghae, Crippled Giant: Nigeria Since Independence (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), pp.
The Mexican Economy, 1870–1930: Essays on the Economic History of Institutions, Revolution, and Grow whole source
The Mexican Economy, 1870–1930: Essays on the Economic History of Institutions, Revolution, and Growth (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Pr…
Miguel Angel Centeno, Blood and Debt: War and the Nation-State in Latin America (University Park: Pe whole source
The Mexican Economy, 1870–1930: Essays on the Economic History of Institutions, Revolution, and Growth (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Pr…
Paige, Coffee and Power: Revolution and the Rise of Democracy in Central America (Cambridge, MA: Har whole source
Paige, Coffee and Power: Revolution and the Rise of Democracy in Central America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), pp.
Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post Cold War (New York: Random House, 2000 whole source
Abernethy, The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), pp.
Lansana Gberie, A Dirty War in West Africa: The RUF and the Destruction of Sierra Leone (Bloomington whole source
Lansana Gberie, A Dirty War in West Africa: The RUF and the Destruction of Sierra Leone (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), p.
Olawale Elias, The Nature of African Customary Law (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 195 whole source
Olawale Elias, The Nature of African Customary Law (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1956), pp.
, Towards Socialism in Tanzania (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979), pp. whole source
, Towards Socialism in Tanzania (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979), pp.
Harrison, Jews, Confucians, and Protestants: Cultural Capital and the End of Multiculturalism (Lanha whole source
Harrison, Jews, Confucians, and Protestants: Cultural Capital and the End of Multiculturalism (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2013).
, Japan in Crisis: Essays on Taishō Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974). whole source
, Japan in Crisis: Essays on Taishō Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974).
, Civil Law in Qing and Republican China (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994). whole source
, Civil Law in Qing and Republican China (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994).
Jianfu Chen, Chinese Law: Towards an Understanding of Chinese Law, Its Nature and Development (Bosto whole source
Jianfu Chen, Chinese Law: Towards an Understanding of Chinese Law, Its Nature and Development (Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1999), p.
These laws were further extended and modified in a major revision that was passed by the NPC in 2007 whole source
These laws were further extended and modified in a major revision that was passed by the NPC in 2007.
Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848–1851, 2nd ed. whole source
Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848–1851, 2nd ed.
See Kurt Weyland, “The Diffusion of Revolution: ‘1848’ in Europe and Latin America,” International O whole source
Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848–1851, 2nd ed.
On the level of development in Europe in the early nineteenth century, see Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of whole source
On the level of development in Europe in the early nineteenth century, see Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution, 1789–1848 (New York: Vintag…
Friedman and Michael Mandelbaum, That Used to Be Us: How America Fell Behind in the World It Invente whole source
Lawrence Lessig, Republic, Lost: How Money Corrupts Congress—and a Plan to Stop It (New York: Twelve, 2011), pp.
Kagan, Adversarial Legalism: The American Way of Law (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001) whole source
Kagan, Adversarial Legalism: The American Way of Law (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001).
See also Mary Ann Glendon, A Nation Under Lawyers: How the Crisis in the Legal Profession Is Transfo whole source
ry Ann Glendon, A Nation Under Lawyers: How the Crisis in the Legal Profession Is Transforming American Society (New York: Farrar, Straus an…
Bossism and Reform in a Southern City: Lexington, Kentucky, 1880–1940. whole source
Bossism and Reform in a Southern City: Lexington, Kentucky, 1880–1940.
The Great Chinese Revolution, 1800–1985. whole source
The Great Chinese Revolution, 1800–1985.
“Sir Charles Trevelyan and Civil Service Reform, 1853–5. whole source
“Sir Charles Trevelyan and Civil Service Reform, 1853–5.
“Judicial Independence in Unstable Environments, Argentina 1935–1998. whole source
“Judicial Independence in Unstable Environments, Argentina 1935–1998.
Freemasons in the French Revolution whole source
The Coming of the French Revolution, 1789.
Mavrogordatos, Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936 (Berk whole source
Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936.
Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars, 1816–1980. whole source
Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars, 1816–1980.
African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999. whole source
African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999.
“The Diffusion of Revolution: ‘1848’ in Europe and Latin America. whole source
“The Diffusion of Revolution: ‘1848’ in Europe and Latin America.
Indonesia holds its first general elections whole source
After the first general elections in 1955, Sukarno began an attack on parliamentary democracy as such, and with the outbreak of ethnic rebel…
Martial law declared across Indonesia whole source
After the first general elections in 1955, Sukarno began an attack on parliamentary democracy as such, and with the outbreak of ethnic rebel…
25 Uhuru Kenyatta, son of the country’s founder, was elected president in 2013 but is under indictme whole source
25 Uhuru Kenyatta, son of the country’s founder, was elected president in 2013 but is under indictment by the International Criminal Court f…
In the period from independence through the early 1990s, Julius Nyerere’s effort to build African so whole source
In the period from independence through the early 1990s, Julius Nyerere’s effort to build African socialism in Tanzania was an utter disaste…
During the Tokugawa Shogunate (1608–1868), the shogun, while nominally a vassal of the emperor, in f whole source
During the Tokugawa Shogunate (1608–1868), the shogun, while nominally a vassal of the emperor, in fact exercised real authority in the latt…
Commodore Perry's black ships reach Japan whole source
Commodore Matthew Perry’s “black ships” in 1853 and presents a paradigmatic case of what Samuel Huntington labeled “defensive modernization.
5 Japan’s political development occurred with astonishing rapidity during the decade of the 1870s whole source
5 Japan’s political development occurred with astonishing rapidity during the decade of the 1870s.
7 These traditions had existed for centuries but were simply given greater emphasis after 1868 whole source
7 These traditions had existed for centuries but were simply given greater emphasis after 1868.
These local governments lost their independence in the period 1868–1878 and were turned into prefect whole source
These local governments lost their independence in the period 1868–1878 and were turned into prefectural administrative units subordinate to…
By 1937, over 73 percent of higher bureaucrats were Tokyo University graduates whole source
By 1937, over 73 percent of higher bureaucrats were Tokyo University graduates.
So the question that needs to be asked about Japan’s constitution is, Who were the social and politi whole source
So the question that needs to be asked about Japan’s constitution is, Who were the social and political actors that were pushing for limitat…
They staged a number of protests during the 1870s, but in the end discontent remained local and the whole source
They staged a number of protests during the 1870s, but in the end discontent remained local and the group was never organized into a nationa…
Japan adopts American-drafted postwar constitution whole source
A genuine rule of law finally arrived in Japan with its defeat in the Pacific War and adoption of an American-drafted constitution in 1947 t…
Japan announces acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration whole source
There were a number of important legal steps leading up to this result, including the August 16, 1945, announcement by the emperor that Japa…
There were a number of important legal steps leading up to this result, including the August 16, 194 whole source
There were a number of important legal steps leading up to this result, including the August 16, 1945, announcement by the emperor that Japa…
The China that the European colonial powers encountered was ruled by the Qing (1644–1911), a foreign whole source
The China that the European colonial powers encountered was ruled by the Qing (1644–1911), a foreign dynasty from Manchuria, late in its dyn…
Toward the end of the nineteenth century, a small middle class began to appear in Chinese cities, fr whole source
Toward the end of the nineteenth century, a small middle class began to appear in Chinese cities, from which many of the leaders of the 1912…
Members of the commission traveled to Japan, Europe, and the United States to study alternative cons whole source
Members of the commission traveled to Japan, Europe, and the United States to study alternative constitutional models, and by 1911 they had…
The PRC’s first constitution, which was adopted in 1954, enshrined the Socialist principles from the whole source
The PRC’s first constitution, which was adopted in 1954, enshrined the Socialist principles from the CCP’s 1949 Common Program and imported…
The PRC’s first constitution, which was adopted in 1954, enshrined the Socialist principles from the whole source
The PRC’s first constitution, which was adopted in 1954, enshrined the Socialist principles from the CCP’s 1949 Common Program and imported…
China adopts leftist Cultural Revolution constitution whole source
The gradual implementation of “social transformation” noted in this document was then rejected in favor of a more leftist constitution draft…
The Chinese constitution specifies that senior leaders will serve maximum terms of ten years, and si whole source
The Chinese constitution specifies that senior leaders will serve maximum terms of ten years, and since Deng Xiaoping’s retirement there hav…
The Chinese constitution specifies that senior leaders will serve maximum terms of ten years, and si whole source
The Chinese constitution specifies that senior leaders will serve maximum terms of ten years, and since Deng Xiaoping’s retirement there hav…
At the height of China’s “Soviet” period in the 1950s, the state had greatest autonomy from the part whole source
At the height of China’s “Soviet” period in the 1950s, the state had greatest autonomy from the party at the level of the higher centralized…
Stalin purges the Soviet officer corps whole source
This control was cemented in the bloody purges of the 1930s, when a quarter to a half of the officer corps were purged by Stalin.
Chongqing split from Sichuan as a municipality whole source
The city of Chongqing, which was split off from Sichuan Province as a separate administrative unit in 1997, by itself has a population of al…
Political scientist Minxin Pei puts the number at over forty million officials in the year 2000, tho whole source
Political scientist Minxin Pei puts the number at over forty million officials in the year 2000, though he notes that accurate statistics ar…
These SOEs during the 2000s gained in relative power over their private-sector rivals and foreign in whole source
These SOEs during the 2000s gained in relative power over their private-sector rivals and foreign investors, and have been able to use their…
Wenzhou high-speed rail crash and cover-up whole source
Following the highly publicized crash of a new high-speed rail train near Wenzhou in mid-2011, the ministry tried to hide evidence of malfea…
This happened most recently following the 18th Party Congress in 2012 in the early pronouncements of whole source
This happened most recently following the 18th Party Congress in 2012 in the early pronouncements of the new leadership of General Secretary…
This reflects the fact that although all regions saw increases in the number of democracies during t whole source
This reflects the fact that although all regions saw increases in the number of democracies during the Third Wave of democratization that be…
The only such country in the western hemisphere is Cuba, though there has been significant backslidi whole source
The only such country in the western hemisphere is Cuba, though there has been significant backsliding on democracy in the 2000s in Venezuel…
Growth Rates and GDP Per Capita Growth Rate, 1961–2011 (%) Per Capita GDP, 2011* East Asia 7 whole source
Growth Rates and GDP Per Capita Growth Rate, 1961–2011 (%) Per Capita GDP, 2011* East Asia 7.
While state authority did break down briefly in the 1920s, ’30s, and ’40s during the period of warlo whole source
While state authority did break down briefly in the 1920s, ’30s, and ’40s during the period of warlordism, civil war, and Japanese occupatio…
Between 1970 and 2010, the number of democracies around the world increased from about 35 to nearly whole source
Between 1970 and 2010, the number of democracies around the world increased from about 35 to nearly 120, or some 60 percent of the world’s c…
Between 1970 and 2010, the number of democracies around the world increased from about 35 to nearly whole source
Between 1970 and 2010, the number of democracies around the world increased from about 35 to nearly 120, or some 60 percent of the world’s c…
According to him, the first long wave began in the 1820s and continued through the end of the ninete whole source
According to him, the first long wave began in the 1820s and continued through the end of the nineteenth century, while the second short wav…
Those sitting in Parliament were elected by a small, well-to-do part of the country, no more than 3 whole source
Those sitting in Parliament were elected by a small, well-to-do part of the country, no more than 3 percent of the whole population as late…
Though most Americans assume democracy arrived with the adoption of the Constitution in the late eig whole source
Though most Americans assume democracy arrived with the adoption of the Constitution in the late eighteenth century, the franchise was sever…
Though most Americans assume democracy arrived with the adoption of the Constitution in the late eig whole source
Though most Americans assume democracy arrived with the adoption of the Constitution in the late eighteenth century, the franchise was sever…
Prussia, for example, put in place a universal franchise between 1847 and 1867, albeit with an open whole source
Prussia, for example, put in place a universal franchise between 1847 and 1867, albeit with an open ballot and tiered voting.
Prussia, for example, put in place a universal franchise between 1847 and 1867, albeit with an open whole source
Prussia, for example, put in place a universal franchise between 1847 and 1867, albeit with an open ballot and tiered voting.
British franchise expands through three Reform Acts whole source
Franchise expansion stretched out over three major reform bills in 1832, 1867, and 1884.
Franchise expansion stretched out over three major reform bills in 1832, 1867, and 1884 whole source
Franchise expansion stretched out over three major reform bills in 1832, 1867, and 1884.
Franchise expansion stretched out over three major reform bills in 1832, 1867, and 1884 whole source
Franchise expansion stretched out over three major reform bills in 1832, 1867, and 1884.
The middle classes, whose savings and security were destroyed in the postwar inflation and economic whole source
The middle classes, whose savings and security were destroyed in the postwar inflation and economic turmoil, were ripe for recruitment into…
It was not until the second half of the twentieth century that stable liberal democracy finally spre whole source
It was not until the second half of the twentieth century that stable liberal democracy finally spread throughout Western Europe, and not un…
It was not until the second half of the twentieth century that stable liberal democracy finally spre whole source
It was not until the second half of the twentieth century that stable liberal democracy finally spread throughout Western Europe, and not un…
29 FROM 1848 TO THE ARAB SPRING Origins of the Arab Spring; differences and similarities between t whole source
29 FROM 1848 TO THE ARAB SPRING Origins of the Arab Spring; differences and similarities between the contemporary Middle East and nineteenth…
29 FROM 1848 TO THE ARAB SPRING Origins of the Arab Spring; differences and similarities between t whole source
29 FROM 1848 TO THE ARAB SPRING Origins of the Arab Spring; differences and similarities between the contemporary Middle East and nineteenth…
Egyptian military ousts President Morsi whole source
In Egypt, the formerly banned Muslim Brotherhood was elected and dominated the new parliament and presidency for a year, until the military…
For a generation after independence from colonialism, secular nationalism worked as a source of iden whole source
For a generation after independence from colonialism, secular nationalism worked as a source of identity, but it was discredited by the late…
In Denmark, the middle-class groups aligned with the peasantry (or, more properly, farmers, since th whole source
In Denmark, the middle-class groups aligned with the peasantry (or, more properly, farmers, since the old peasantry had largely disappeared…
To avoid this problem, some economists choose an absolute level of consumption, ranging from a low o whole source
To avoid this problem, some economists choose an absolute level of consumption, ranging from a low of US$5 a day, or $1,800 in parity purcha…
The Thai political system went from an authoritarian military regime to a reasonably open democracy whole source
The Thai political system went from an authoritarian military regime to a reasonably open democracy between 1992 and 1997, preparing the way…
The Thai political system went from an authoritarian military regime to a reasonably open democracy whole source
The Thai political system went from an authoritarian military regime to a reasonably open democracy between 1992 and 1997, preparing the way…
The middle classes, who had strongly supported the democratic opening in the early 1990s, turned aga whole source
The middle classes, who had strongly supported the democratic opening in the early 1990s, turned against Thaksin and supported a military co…
But what happens to liberal democracy if the middle class reverses course and starts to shrink whole source
But what happens to liberal democracy if the middle class reverses course and starts to shrink? There is unfortunately a lot of evidence tha…
This is most notable in the United States, where the top 1 percent of families took home 9 percent o whole source
This is most notable in the United States, where the top 1 percent of families took home 9 percent of GDP in 1970 and 23.
The EU financial crisis, like the crisis that hit the United States in 2008–2009, is a complex one t whole source
The financial crisis of 2008–2009 was one consequence of this trend.
The countries that came through the 2008–2009 crisis the most successfully were those like Germany a whole source
The countries that came through the 2008–2009 crisis the most successfully were those like Germany and the Scandinavian nations that steered…
The countries that came through the 2008–2009 crisis the most successfully were those like Germany a whole source
The countries that came through the 2008–2009 crisis the most successfully were those like Germany and the Scandinavian nations that steered…
Pendleton Act reforms the US civil service whole source
Prior to passage of the 1883 Pendleton Act and the spread of merit-based bureaucracy, American government was a cli-entelistic system in whi…
Great Idaho Fire burns three million acres whole source
The evolution in the Forest Service’s mission began with the Great Idaho Fire of 1910, which burned some three million acres in Idaho and Mo…
3 By the 1980s, this mission had ballooned in size in what one observer called a “war on fire whole source
3 By the 1980s, this mission had ballooned in size in what one observer called a “war on fire.
Congress, which had been excluded from the micromanagement of land sales back in 1905, reinserted it whole source
Congress, which had been excluded from the micromanagement of land sales back in 1905, reinserted itself.
This came about not through old-style corruption typified by the Ballinger affair in 1908 that led t whole source
This came about not through old-style corruption typified by the Ballinger affair in 1908 that led to Pinchot’s firing by President Taft; ra…
In the words of Paul Light, “The federal government has become a destination of last resort for [you whole source
In the words of Paul Light, “The federal government has become a destination of last resort for [young people wanting to make] a difference”…
The creation of a modern, centralized, merit-based bureaucracy capable of exercising jurisdiction ov whole source
The creation of a modern, centralized, merit-based bureaucracy capable of exercising jurisdiction over the whole territory of the country be…
Table 7 indicates that the overall levels of taxes have for the most part continued to grow since th whole source
Table 7 indicates that the overall levels of taxes have for the most part continued to grow since the 1970s despite the Reagan and Thatcher…
Government Revenue, Spending, and Deficits as a Percentage of GDP, 2011 SOURCE: World Bank; OECD (F whole source
Government Revenue, Spending, and Deficits as a Percentage of GDP, 2011 SOURCE: World Bank; OECD (Figures for Australia, New Zealand, and OE…
Shep Melnick has described the way that the federal courts rewrote Title VII of the 1964 Civil Right whole source
Shep Melnick has described the way that the federal courts rewrote Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, “turning a weak law focusing prim…
” Across the board, private enforcement cases grew from fewer than 100 per year in the late 1960s to whole source
” Across the board, private enforcement cases grew from fewer than 100 per year in the late 1960s to 10,000 in the 1980s, and more than 22,0…
” Across the board, private enforcement cases grew from fewer than 100 per year in the late 1960s to whole source
” Across the board, private enforcement cases grew from fewer than 100 per year in the late 1960s to 10,000 in the 1980s, and more than 22,0…
Congressman Randy Cunningham convicted of corruption whole source
There have of course been egregious cases of outright individual corruption, such as those leading to the convictions of California congress…
Governor Rod Blagojevich convicted of corruption whole source
There have of course been egregious cases of outright individual corruption, such as those leading to the convictions of California congress…
2 The explosion of interest groups and lobbying in Washington has been astonishing, with 175 regist whole source
2 The explosion of interest groups and lobbying in Washington has been astonishing, with 175 registered lobbying firms in 1971 rising to 2,5…
19 Congress mandated consultation in the landmark 1946 Administrative Procedure Act, which required whole source
19 Congress mandated consultation in the landmark 1946 Administrative Procedure Act, which required regulatory agencies to publicly post pro…
1 Sweden, Finland, and other Scandinavian countries found their large welfare states in crisis durin whole source
1 Sweden, Finland, and other Scandinavian countries found their large welfare states in crisis during the 1990s and were able to make adjust…
Australia succeeded in eliminating almost all of its external debt, even prior to the huge resource whole source
Australia succeeded in eliminating almost all of its external debt, even prior to the huge resource boom of the 2000s.
There has been a large geographical sorting of the parties that began in the 1960s, with virtually t whole source
There has been a large geographical sorting of the parties that began in the 1960s, with virtually the entire South moving from the Democrat…
Congressional Budget Office established whole source
The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office was established in 1974 to provide Congress with greater technocratic support in drawing up budg…
This was one important reason that it failed ignominiously to get through Congress in 1993 whole source
This was one important reason that it failed ignominiously to get through Congress in 1993.
Affordable Care Act passed under Obama whole source
Barack Obama was able to get the Affordable Care Act passed in 2010 only because he abdicated virtually any role in shaping the legislation,…
European sovereign debt crisis whole source
These weaknesses were made painfully evident in the European debt crisis of 2010–2013.
These weaknesses were made painfully evident in the European debt crisis of 2010–2013 whole source
These weaknesses were made painfully evident in the European debt crisis of 2010–2013.
The United States Federal Reserve, Treasury, and Congress responded quite forcefully to its financia whole source
The United States Federal Reserve, Treasury, and Congress responded quite forcefully to its financial crisis, with a massive expansion of th…
As in the 1880s, a reform coalition has to emerge that unites groups that don’t have a stake in the whole source
As in the 1880s, a reform coalition has to emerge that unites groups that don’t have a stake in the current system.
The prime example of this is the United States, which invented clientelistic party government after whole source
The prime example of this is the United States, which invented clientelistic party government after the opening up of the democratic franchi…
In 1915, most auto workers in Detroit were recent immigrants; half could not speak English, and the whole source
In 1915, most auto workers in Detroit were recent immigrants; half could not speak English, and the average level of education was not much…
Stein Ringen points out that the military governments ruling South Korea after 1961 nonetheless reli whole source
Stein Ringen points out that the military governments ruling South Korea after 1961 nonetheless relied heavily on a variety of private organ…
By the beginning of 1949 whole source
The constitution adopted by the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 differed in significant ways from the constitution of the Weimar Republi…
The constitution adopted by the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 differed in significant ways fro whole source
The constitution adopted by the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 differed in significant ways from the constitution of the Weimar Republi…
It is hard to envision the democratic transitions that occurred in sub-Saharan Africa in the early 1 whole source
It is hard to envision the democratic transitions that occurred in sub-Saharan Africa in the early 1990s absent the power of the images of t…
Democratic political systems have faced such crises in the past, notably during the 1930s when they whole source
Democratic political systems have faced such crises in the past, notably during the 1930s when they fell into economic depression and were c…
Democratic political systems have faced such crises in the past, notably during the 1930s when they whole source
Democratic political systems have faced such crises in the past, notably during the 1930s when they fell into economic depression and were c…
” This was the failure of the 2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine, which toppled Viktor Yanukovich fo whole source
” This was the failure of the 2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine, which toppled Viktor Yanukovich for the first time.
: American Enterprise Institute, 2013) whole source
: American Enterprise Institute, 2013).
Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), p whole source
Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), p.
Alexandre Kojève, Introduction à la Lecture de Hegel (Paris: Gallimard, 1947) whole source
Alexandre Kojève, Introduction à la Lecture de Hegel (Paris: Gallimard, 1947).
, Machiavelli’s Virtue (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), pp whole source
, Machiavelli’s Virtue (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), pp.
Mavrogordatos, Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936 (Berk whole source
Mavrogordatos, Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 19…
Mavrogordatos, Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936 (Berk whole source
Mavrogordatos, Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 19…
, Handbook of Party Politics (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006) whole source
, Handbook of Party Politics (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006).
(New York: Pearson Longman, 2004), chap whole source
(New York: Pearson Longman, 2004), chap.
, Political Parties and Democracy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001) whole source
, Political Parties and Democracy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001).
Alfred Marshall’s Principles of Economics, on which much of modern neoclassical economics is based, whole source
Alfred Marshall’s Principles of Economics, on which much of modern neoclassical economics is based, was only published in 1890.
Carpenter, The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy: Reputations, Networks, and Policy Innovation in Exe whole source
Carpenter, The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy: Reputations, Networks, and Policy Innovation in Executive Agencies, 1862–1928 (Princeton: P…
Carpenter, The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy: Reputations, Networks, and Policy Innovation in Exe whole source
Carpenter, The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy: Reputations, Networks, and Policy Innovation in Executive Agencies, 1862–1928 (Princeton: P…
Scott, The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia (New Haven: Yale whole source
Scott, The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009).
Jack Goody, Technology, Tradition, and the State in Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971); whole source
Jack Goody, Technology, Tradition, and the State in Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971); Jeffrey Herbst, States and Power in Afri…
Jack Goody, Technology, Tradition, and the State in Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971); whole source
Jack Goody, Technology, Tradition, and the State in Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971); Jeffrey Herbst, States and Power in Afri…
Abernethy, The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980 (New Haven: Yale U whole source
Abernethy, The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), pp.
Abernethy, The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980 (New Haven: Yale U whole source
Abernethy, The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), pp.
94–95; Mahmood Mamdani, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism whole source
94–95; Mahmood Mamdani, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (Princeton: Princeton University Press,…
1 (2004): 94–108, and “Southeast Asia: Minding the Gap Between Democracy and Governance,” Journal of whole source
1 (2004): 94–108, and “Southeast Asia: Minding the Gap Between Democracy and Governance,” Journal of Democracy 23, no.
Socialism in Kenya and Tanzania (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994), p whole source
Socialism in Kenya and Tanzania (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994), p.
Bienen, Tanzania: Party Transformation and Economic Development (Princeton: Princeton University Pre whole source
Bienen, Tanzania: Party Transformation and Economic Development (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970), p.
Nathan, Peking Politics, 1918–1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism (Ann Arbor, MI whole source
Nathan, Peking Politics, 1918–1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism (Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Chinese Studies, 1998), pp.
Nathan, Peking Politics, 1918–1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism (Ann Arbor, MI whole source
Nathan, Peking Politics, 1918–1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism (Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Chinese Studies, 1998), pp.
Nathan, Peking Politics, 1918–1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism (Ann Arbor, MI whole source
Nathan, Peking Politics, 1918–1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism (Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Chinese Studies, 1998), pp.
On the role of large Prussian landowners blocking expansion of the franchise, see Daniel Ziblatt, “D whole source
On the role of large Prussian landowners blocking expansion of the franchise, see Daniel Ziblatt, “Does Landholding Inequality Block Democra…
, Building States and Nations (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1973), pp whole source
, Building States and Nations (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1973), pp.
84–85; Charles Tilly, Democracy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp whole source
84–85; Charles Tilly, Democracy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp.
See Gail Radford, The Rise of the Public Authority: Statebuilding and Economic Development in Twenti whole source
See Gail Radford, The Rise of the Public Authority: Statebuilding and Economic Development in Twentieth-Century America (Chicago: University…
25 million threshold was breached only once, in 1968 whole source
25 million threshold was breached only once, in 1968.
Information history in 1926 whole source
Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West (New York: Knopf, 1926); Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History (London: Oxford University Press, 1972)…
Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United whole source
Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Universi…
, Democratization in America: A Comparative-Historical Analysis (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University whole source
, Democratization in America: A Comparative-Historical Analysis (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009).
, The Development of the Welfare States in Europe and America (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1987) whole source
, The Development of the Welfare States in Europe and America (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1987).
Abernethy, The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980 (New Haven: Yale U whole source
The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980.
Foundations of Constitutional Government in Modern Japan, 1868–1900 whole source
Foundations of Constitutional Government in Modern Japan, 1868–1900.
Foundations of Constitutional Government in Modern Japan, 1868–1900 whole source
Foundations of Constitutional Government in Modern Japan, 1868–1900.
The Politics of the Prussian Army, 1640–1945 whole source
The Politics of the Prussian Army, 1640–1945.
Japan’s Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy, 1930–1938 whole source
Japan’s Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy, 1930–1938.
Japan’s Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy, 1930–1938 whole source
Japan’s Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy, 1930–1938.
Italy and Its Discontents: Family, Civil Society, State, 1980–2001 whole source
Italy and Its Discontents: Family, Civil Society, State, 1980–2001.
Italy and Its Discontents: Family, Civil Society, State, 1980–2001 whole source
Italy and Its Discontents: Family, Civil Society, State, 1980–2001.
Civil Services of the United Kingdom, 1855–1970 whole source
Civil Services of the United Kingdom, 1855–1970.
Railroads and Regulation, 1877–1916 whole source
Railroads and Regulation, 1877–1916.
Railroads and Regulation, 1877–1916 whole source
Railroads and Regulation, 1877–1916.
Freemasons in the French Revolution whole source
The Coming of the French Revolution, 1789.
Mavrogordatos, Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936 (Berk whole source
Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936.
Mavrogordatos, Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936 (Berk whole source
Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936.
A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870–1920 whole source
A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870–1920.
Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Material Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990 whole source
Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Material Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990.
Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Material Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990 whole source
Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Material Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990.
History of Suffrage, 1760–1867 whole source
History of Suffrage, 1760–1867.
African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999. whole source
African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999.
African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999 whole source
African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999.
Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914 whole source
Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914.
Board of Education and, 471–72; franchise and, 140, 414, 419–20, 422 agrarian societies, 187, 188, whole source
Board of Education and, 471–72; franchise and, 140, 414, 419–20, 422 agrarian societies, 187, 188, 259, 410, 416, 447, 527–29; shift to indu…
estates in, 13; law in, 12, 336–37, 359, 521; railroads in, 166, 173; Revolutions of 1848 in, 416–18 whole source
estates in, 13; law in, 12, 336–37, 359, 521; railroads in, 166, 173; Revolutions of 1848 in, 416–18, 427–35; social mobilization in, 40–41;…
, 296, 304 evolution, biological, 425–27 externalities, 55 extractive institutions, 26, 235, 236 whole source
, 296, 304 evolution, biological, 425–27 externalities, 55 extractive institutions, 26, 235, 236 Eyadéma, Gnassingbé, 288 Faidherbe, Louis,…
, 296, 304 evolution, biological, 425–27 externalities, 55 extractive institutions, 26, 235, 236 whole source
, 296, 304 evolution, biological, 425–27 externalities, 55 extractive institutions, 26, 235, 236 Eyadéma, Gnassingbé, 288 Faidherbe, Louis,…
; courts in, 143–44; decay of quality of government in, 149, 164, 460–61, 466, 469–71, 484–87, 503–5 whole source
; courts in, 143–44; decay of quality of government in, 149, 164, 460–61, 466, 469–71, 484–87, 503–504; Declaration of Independence of, 13–1…