The Grand Chessboard - American Primacy And Its Geostrategic

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Cited by (28)

• Hitler-Stalin secret negotiations on excluding America from Eurasia whole source

  as recently as 1940 two aspirants to global power, Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin, agreed explicitly (in the secret negotiations of November…

• Hitler-Stalin secret negotiations on excluding America from Eurasia whole source

  It is noteworthy that as recently as 1940 two aspirants to global power, Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin, agreed explicitly (in the secret ne…

• Roman Empire reaches its territorial apex whole source

  In geographic scope, it reached its high point around the year A.D. 211

• Han Empire grows to 57 million subjects whole source

  The subsequent Han Empire, which had started to emerge by 140 B.C., was even more impressive in scope and organization. By the onset of the…

• Han Empire divides into three realms whole source

  its eventual collapse was accelerated by its division in A.D. 220 into three independent realms.

• China reunified under imperial rule whole source

  The tripartite division of the Han realm was reversed in A.D. 589, with something akin to an imperial system reemerging.

• First Opium War humiliates China whole source

  Britain in the Opium War of 1839–1842, Japan a century later—which, in turn, generated the profound sense of cultural humiliation

• American military presence in 1996 mirrors Roman imperial scale whole source

  It is striking to note that in 1996, the vastly more populous supreme power, America, was protecting the outer reaches of its dominion by st…

• Mongols dominate the Eurasian heartland whole source

  Their Eurasian continental empire ranged from the shores of the China Sea to Anatolia in Asia Minor and to Central Europe

• Messina Conference previews European integration whole source

  as early as the 1955 conference in Messina, which previewed the formation of a European Union

• Soviet Union dissolved, replaced by the CIS whole source

  In the course of two short weeks in December 1991, the Soviet Union was first defiantly declared as dissolved by the heads of its Russian, U…

• World War I 1914-1917 costs Russia millions of casualties whole source

  World War I of 1914–1917, with its millions of casualties and massive economic dislocation;

• Russian Civil War devastates the country whole source

  the civil war of 1918–1921, again consuming several million lives and devastating the land;

• Russo-Polish War ends in Russian defeat whole source

  the Russo-Polish War of 1919–1920, ending in a Russian defeat;

• Gulag system launched in the Soviet Union whole source

  the launching of the Gulag in the early 1920s, including the decimation of the prerevolutionary elite and its large-scale exodus from Russia…

• Collectivization famines strike Ukraine and Kazakhstan whole source

  the industrialization and collectivization drives of the early and mid-1930s, which generated massive famines and millions of deaths in Ukra…

• World War II 1941-1945 devastates Russia whole source

  World War II of 1941–1945, with its multiple millions of military and civilian casualties and vast economic devastation;

• Stalinist terror reimposed after the war whole source

  the reimposition of Stalinist terror in the late 1940s, again involving large-scale arrests and frequent executions;

• Soviet-American arms race lasts 40 years with impoverishing effects whole source

  the forty-year-long arms race with the United States, lasting from the late 1940s to the late 1980s, with its socially impoverishing effects…

• Soviet power projection into Caribbean, Middle East, and Africa whole source

  the economically exhausting efforts to project Soviet power into the Caribbean, Middle East, and Africa during the 1970s and 1980s;

• Soviet invasion of Afghanistan whole source

  the debilitating war in Afghanistan from 1979 to 1989;

• Ukraine declares independence from the USSR whole source

  Ukrainian actions—the Ukrainian declaration of independence in December 1991, its insistence in the critical negotiations in Bela Vezha that…

• Yeltsin declares Russia belongs in the West whole source

  Speaking in Kiev on November 19, 1990, in words that the Ukrainians or Chechens could subsequently turn against him, Yeltsin eloquently decl…

• Germany recognizes the Oder-Neisse border with Poland whole source

  the reunited Germany (with American prodding) did formally recognize as permanent the Oder-Neisse border with Poland

• France and Germany commit to a federal Europe whole source

  on December 6, 1990, the French president and the German chancellor committed themselves to the goal of a federal Europe

• Russian Duma declares Soviet dissolution invalid whole source

  in early 1996 the Russian Duma went so far as to declare the dissolution of the Soviet Union to be invalid

• Russia and Belarus sign integration agreements whole source

  during spring of the same year, Russia signed two agreements providing for closer economic and political integration between Russia and the…

• Yeltsin issues official CIS policy document whole source

  In September 1995, President Yeltsin issued an official document on Russian policy toward the CIS