The Anglo-American Establishment

Carroll Quigley

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Quigley asserts a secret society has met since 1891 pp. 2-7
At various times since 1891, these meetings have been presided over by Rhodes, Lord Milner, Lord Selborne, Sir Patrick Duncan, Field Marshal…
Quigley dates the secret society's founding to February 1891 pp. 8-10
One wintry afternoon in February 1891, three men were engaged in earnest conversation in London.
Quigley credits the group with the Jameson Raid and the Boer War pp. 8-10
It plotted the Jameson Raid of 1895; it caused the Boer War of 1899-1902; it set up and controls the Rhodes Trust
Milner establishes Toynbee Hall in memory of Arnold Toynbee pp. 11-13
After his early death in 1883, Milner was active in establishing Toynbee Hall, a settlement house in London, in his memory.
Milner, Parkin and Brassey sign an imperial propaganda contract pp. 11-13
Accordingly, Parkin, Milner, and Brassey, on 1 June 1893, signed a contract by which Parkin was to be paid £450 a year for three years.
British South Africa Company chartered; Grey a founding director pp. 14-16
Grey became one of the original directors of the British South Africa Company when it was established by royal charter in 1889.
Milner recalls falling under Toynbee's spell in 1873 pp. 14-16
speaking of his first meeting with Toynbee in 1873, said twenty-one years later, "I feel at once under his spell and have always remained un…
Milner appointed High Commissioner to South Africa pp. 17-20
Milner was appointed successively Under Secretary of Finance in Egypt (1887-1892), chairman of the Board of Inland Revenue (1892-1897), and…
Lord Robert Cecil awarded the Nobel Peace Prize pp. 17-20
For this work he received the Nobel Prize in 1937.
All Souls College endowed by Henry Chichele pp. 24-26
it consists of a substantial endowment originally set up in 1437 by Henry Chichele, sometime Fellow of New College and later Archbishop of C…
Charles Hardinge shapes the Entente Cordiale pp. 27-29
He was probably the most important single person in the formation of the Entente Cordiale in 1904 and was very influential in the formation…
Phillimore drafts a British text for the League Covenant pp. 27-29
Phillimore became a Lord Justice of Appeal in 1913 and in 1918 drew up one of the two British drafts for the Covenant of the League of Natio…
Death of Lord Salisbury and decline of the Cecil Bloc pp. 30-32
The Cecil Bloc did not disappear with the death of Lord Salisbury in 1903 but was continued for a considerable period by Balfour.
Quigley links the post-1923 Conservative split to Milner-Cecil lines pp. 30-32
it is possible that the split which appeared within the Conservative Party in England after 1923 followed roughly the lines between the Miln…
The Club, an elite dining society, founded in 1764 pp. 33-35
The Club, founded in 1764, had as past members Joshua Reynolds (founder), Samuel Johnson, Edmund Burke
Society for Psychical Research founded by the Balfour circle pp. 33-35
The Society was founded in 1882 by the Balfour family and their in-laws, Lord Rayleigh and Professor Sidgwick.
Rhodes writes his 'Confession of Faith' pp. 36-38
"Confession of Faith" which Rhodes had written two years earlier (1875) and which he enclosed in his will.
Rhodes's death leaves a board of seven trustees pp. 36-38
ending up, at Rhodes's death in 1902, with a board of seven trustees: Lord Milner, Lord Rosebery, Lord Grey, Alfred Beit, L. L. Michell, B.…
Rhodes tells Brett he still wants his secret society pp. 36-38
On 5 February 1896, three years after his sixth will, Rhodes ended a long conversation with R. B. Brett (later Lord Esher) by saying, "Wish…
Rhodes gives £10,000 to Parnell's Irish cause pp. 39-41
It was in pursuit of this idea that Rhodes contributed £10,000 to Parnell in 1888.
Rhodes and Stead meet for the first time pp. 39-41
After Stead was released, Rhodes did not find the opportunity to meet him until 4 April 1889.
The secret society takes form in 1891 pp. 42-44
The secret society, after so much preliminary talk, took form in 1891, the same year in which Rhodes drew up his fourth will and made Stead…
The society divided into an inner and outer circle pp. 42-44
Then they discussed the organization of the secret society and divided it into two circles: an inner circle, "The Society of the Elect", and…
A hidden buyer, Northcliffe, acquires control of The Times pp. 45-47
we might mention that in 1908, when a purchaser known only as "X" acquired control of The Times, Esher visited Lord Northcliffe on behalf of…
Brassey made Governor of Victoria pp. 45-47
Brassey was appointed Governor of Victoria in 1895 and played an important role in the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1900.
Jameson's raid into the Transvaal pp. 48-50
His famous raid into the Transvaal with Rhodesian police in 1895 was one of the chief events leading up to the Boer War.
Rhodes urges Milner to keep their intimacy hidden pp. 48-50
As Rhodes told Stead, speaking of Milner, on 10 April 1900, "I have seen very little of him. He said to me, 'The less you and I are seen tog…
Maguire obtains the Lobengula mining concession pp. 51-54
He obtained the original mining concession (which became the basis of the British South Africa Company) from Lobengula in 1883
Rhodes pledges to support Milner without reserve pp. 51-54
In 1898, in conversation with Stead, Rhodes said, "You will support Milner in any measure that he may take short of war.
Quigley traces Kindergarten members into Round Table and The Times pp. 55-57
Of the twenty-three, nine were in the group which founded, edited, and wrote The Round Table in the period after 1910, five were in close pe…
Hichens and Brand set up Canada's Imperial Munitions Board pp. 58-60
In 1915, Lloyd George sent Hichens and Brand to organize the munitions industry of Canada. They set up the Imperial Munitions Board of Canad…
John Buchan made Governor-General of Canada pp. 58-60
was rewarded in 1935 by being raised to a barony as Lord Tweedsmuir and sent to Canada as Governor-General.
Federation of the Australian colonies takes effect pp. 61-63
was one of the original instigators of the federation of the Australian Colonies, which came into effect in 1900.
Brand serves as a financial adviser at the Paris Peace Conference pp. 61-63
At the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 he was financial adviser to Lord Robert Cecil, chairman of the Supreme Economic Council.
Geoffrey Dawson becomes editor of The Times pp. 64-66
Dawson added to these the offices of editor of The Times (1912-1919, 1922-1941) and secretary to the Rhodes Trustees (1921-1922).
Quigley says Dawson steered The Times toward appeasement pp. 64-66
In 1937 he wrote The Times articles which inaugurated the last stage of appeasement, and personally guided The Times support of that policy.
Curtis decides the Empire should be renamed 'Commonwealth of Nations' pp. 64-66
In 1911 Curtis decided that the name of His Majesty's Dominions must be changed from "British Empire" to "Commonwealth of Nations." This was…
Curtis organizes 'Closer Union Groups' in South Africa pp. 67-69
In 1906 he resigned his official positions to organize "Closer Union Groups" agitating for a federation of South Africa.
Curtis a chief founder of the Royal Institute of International Affairs pp. 67-69
In 1919 he was one of the chief—if not the chief,— founders of the Royal Institute of
Milner declares himself an imperialist at Wolverhampton pp. 70-72
On 17 December 1906, for example, he spoke at Wolverhampton as follows: "Not only am I an Imperialist of the deepest dye
Halifax's grandfather's report shapes Canadian federation pp. 73-75
whose famous report became the basis for the federation of Canada in 1867.
Viscount Halifax defends Milner over Chinese labor pp. 73-75
In 1906, for example, when Milner was under severe criticism in the Commons for importing Chinese laborers into South Africa, Lord Halifax i…
Milner's farewell speech urges loyalty to imperial unity pp. 76-78
In his great farewell speech of March 1905, Milner called upon his hearers, and especially the Kindergarten, to remain loyal to this ultimat…
The Selborne Federation Dispatch issued pp. 76-78
issued with the famous Selborne Federation Dispatch of 7 January 1907 and published as an Imperial Blue Book (Cmd. 3564 of 1907).
Curtis's draft becomes the Union of South Africa constitution pp. 76-78
This draft, with modifications, became the Constitution of the Union of South Africa in 1910.
Smuts drafts the ultimatum that begins the Boer War pp. 79-81
At the Bloemfontein Conference of 1899 between Kruger and Milner, all of Smuts's advice to the former was in the direction of concessions to…
Smuts arranges an armistice in Ireland pp. 79-81
In 1921 he went on a secret mission to Ireland and arranged for an armistice and opened negotiations between Lloyd George and the Irish lead…
Union of South Africa achieved pp. 82-84
The achievement of the Union of South Africa in 1910 did not mean the end of the Kindergarten.
Hailey edits the Royal Institute's African Survey pp. 82-84
general editor of the famous African Survey, published in 1938 by the Royal Institute of International Affairs, with funds obtained from the…
The Round Table marks its twenty-fifth anniversary pp. 82-84
The Round Table, in its issue of September 1935, celebrated its twenty-fifth
Milner calls for a 'powerful body of men' outside party politics pp. 85-88
I can see no remedy or protection, under the present circumstances, except a powerful body of men
Beit endows a chair of Colonial History at Oxford pp. 89-91
he was persuaded by the Milner Group to establish a Beit Professorship and a Beit Lecturership in Colonial History at Oxford.
Rhodes House opens at Oxford pp. 89-91
In 1929, when Rhodes House was opened, these and other books on the subject were moved from the Bodleian to Rhodes House
Quigley credits Coupland with authoring the Peel Report on Palestine pp. 92-94
He is reputed to have been the chief author of the Peel Report of 1937, which recommended partition of Palestine and restriction of Jewish i…
Milner Group cannot elect its own Warden when Anson dies pp. 92-94
not sufficiently strong for them to elect a member of the Milner Group as Warden when Anson died in 1914
Morley pushes through the Morley-Minto reforms in India pp. 95-97
Morley was Secretary of State for India in the period 1905-1910, putting through the famous Morley-Minto reforms in this period.
Quigley says the group seized control of the Dictionary of National Biography pp. 98-101
The influence of the Milner Group at Oxford was sufficient to enable it to get control of the Dictionary of National Biography after this wo…
Quigley dates Milner Group control of The Times to 1912 pp. 102-104
The Milner Group did not own The Times before 1922, but clearly controlled it at least as far back as 1912.
Dawson quarrels with Northcliffe and leaves The Times pp. 102-104
in this last year, Dawson quarreled with Lord Northcliffe (who was chief proprietor from 1908-1922) and left the editor's chair.
The Astors buy control of The Times pp. 105-107
Lord Astor's chief importance in regard to The Times is that he and his brother became chief proprietors in 1922 by buying out the Harmswort…
Lugard leads an expedition against slave-traders on Lake Nyasa pp. 105-107
In 1888 he led a successful expedition against slave-traders on Lake Nyasa
Flora Shaw made head of The Times Colonial Department pp. 108-110
was made head of the Colonial Department of The Times in 1890
The Times prints the fraudulent 'women and children' letter pp. 108-110
It was The Times that published as an exclusive feature the famous (and fraudulent) "women and children” letter, dated 20 December 1895
Jameson Raid investigated by the Select Committee (31 Dec 1895) pp. 111-113
The event of 31 December 1895, which the committee was investigating, was the former and not the latter merely because the plotters in Johan…
Rhodes ready to confess over the raid (Feb 1896) pp. 111-113
The following day (5 February 1896), Brett saw Rhodes and found that he was prepared to confess everything.
Quigley: the Milner Group controlled The Times (from 1922) pp. 114-116
This account, by no means complete, shows clearly that the Milner Group controlled The Times, indirectly from 1912 if not earlier, and direc…
Flora Shaw leaves The Times (1902) pp. 114-116
As a result of this publicity, Miss Shaw's value to The Times was undoubtedly reduced, and she gave up her position after her marriage in 19…
Quigley: The Round Table launched as a Milner Group organ (1909) pp. 117-120
THE SECOND important propaganda effort of the Milner Group in the period after 1909 was The Round Table.
Curtis and Kerr's 1909 mission to Canada pp. 117-120
So in 1909, Mr. Kerr and I went to Canada and persuaded Mr. Marris, who was then on leave, to accompany us.
First issue of The Round Table (15 Nov 1910) pp. 121-123
The first issue appeared with the date 15 November 1910.
Round Table organization set up in Canada (1911) pp. 121-123
It was, as we have said, George Parkin Glazebrook's father who, acting in cooperation with Curtis, Kerr, and Marris and on instructions from…
Curtis's The Problem of the Commonwealth published (May 1916) pp. 127-129
Then a popular volume on the subject, with the title The Problem of the Commonwealth and Curtis's name as editor, was published (May 1916).
Hodson leaves Round Table for the Ministry of Information (1939) pp. 127-129
With the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, he left The Round Table editorship and went to the Ministry of Information (which was con…
Milner and Kerr speak in Canada (1912) pp. 127-129
In 1912, Milner and Kerr went to Canada and made speeches to Round Table Groups and their associates.
Milner's Questions of the Hour (1923) pp. 124-126
Milner's ideas (as expressed, for example, in his book Questions of the Hour, published in 1923) would have been progressive, even unorthodo…
Royal Colonial Society and Imperial Federation League founded (1868, 1884) pp. 130-132
This movement resulted in the founding of the Royal Colonial Society (now Royal Empire Society) in 1868 and, as a kind of subsidiary of this…
Commons motion for subordinate legislatures (4 June 1919) pp. 130-132
They were accompanied, on 4 June 1919, by a motion introduced in the House of Commons by Wood, and carried by a vote of 187 to 34, that "the…
Toynbee Hall founded as a settlement house (1884) pp. 133-135
Both Toynbee and Milner worked intermittently at social service of a mildly socialistic kind, an effort that resulted in the founding of Toy…
Milner's Whitechapel socialism lectures (1882) pp. 133-135
Milner gave six lectures on socialism in Whitechapel in 1882 (published in 1931 in The National Review).
Lothian's 1911 warning on two codes of morality pp. 136-138
In the August 1911 issue of The Round Table the future Lord Lothian wrote: "There are at present two codes of international morality—the Bri…
Curtis's 1917 Letter to the People of India pp. 139-141
In 1917, Curtis wrote in his Letter to the People of India: "The world is in throes which precede creation or death.
Quigley: the Milner Group out of power (1906-1915) pp. 142-145
THE MILNER GROUP was out of power for a decade from 1906 to 1915.
Quigley: the Group seizes power in 1916 by intrigue pp. 142-145
The Group got to power in 1916 by a method which they repeated with the Labour Party in 1931.
Milner backs Foch as Supreme Commander (March 1918) pp. 146-148
He went to France after the German victories in March 1918, and was the principal influence in the appointment of Foch as Supreme Commander…
Ministry of Health established (1919) pp. 146-148
from the latter came the Ministry of Health set up in 1919.
Peace Handbooks published (1920) pp. 149-152
In 1920, 155 volumes of these reports were published under the title Peace Handbooks.
Zimmern's Europe in Convalescence (1922) pp. 149-152
Another evidence of this feeling will be found in a volume of Alfred Zimmern's, published in 1922 under the title Europe in Convalescence an…
Rosebery uses 'commonwealth' at Adelaide (1884) pp. 149-152
the older imperialists of the Cecil Bloc had used the term "commonwealth" in reference to the British Empire on various occasions as early a…
Smuts popularizes 'Commonwealth of Nations' (15 May 1917) pp. 153-155
The first step in this direction was taken on 15 May 1917, when General Smuts, at a banquet in his honor in the Houses of Parliament, used t…
Colonial Conferences of the Cecil Bloc era (1887-1907) pp. 156-158
The first four such Conferences (in 1887, 1897, 1902, and 1907) were largely dominated by the former group, although they were not technical…
Committee of Imperial Defence created (1907) pp. 156-158
At the Conference of 1907, at the suggestion of Haldane, there was created a Committee of Imperial Defence, and a plan was adopted to organi…
Imperial War Cabinet meets fourteen times (1917) pp. 159-161
As is well known, the Imperial War Cabinet met fourteen times in 1917, met again in 1918, and assembled at Paris in 1918-1919 as the British…
Milner dies (May 1925) pp. 159-161
When Milner died, in May 1925, The Times obituary had this to say about this portion of his life:
Imperial Conference of 1926 and the Balfour Declaration pp. 162-164
The Imperial Conference of 1926 is generally recognized as one of the most important of the postwar period.
Quigley: the Milner Group at peak power at the 1937 Imperial Conference pp. 162-164
The Imperial Conference of 1937 was held during the period in which the Milner Group was at the peak of its power.
First unofficial Commonwealth Relations conference, Toronto (1933) pp. 165-167
The conference was held at the University of Toronto, 11-21 September 1933, with forty-three delegates and thirty-three secretaries, the tra…
Second Commonwealth Relations conference, Sydney (1938) pp. 165-167
The second unofficial conference on British Commonwealth relations was held near Sydney, Australia, 3-17 September 1938.
Smuts's Life article urging Commonwealth reorganization (28 Dec 1942) pp. 168-170
Smuts, in an article in the American weekly magazine Life for 28 December 1942, and in a speech before the United Kingdom branch of the Empi…
Halifax's Toronto speech for a single-voice Commonwealth (24 Jan 1944) pp. 168-170
Lord Halifax's suggestion, made in a speech before the Toronto Board of Trade on 24 January 1944
Quigley: the Balfour Declaration was really 'the Milner Declaration' (1917) pp. 171-173
This declaration, which is always known as the Balfour Declaration, should rather be called "the Milner Declaration," since Milner was the a…
Smuts's League of Nations memorandum (Dec 1918) pp. 171-173
It was read by Smuts before it was printed and was used by the latter as the basis for his memorandum published in December 1918 with the ti…
Milner's Lords speech on Zionism (27 June 1923) pp. 174-176
The attitude of the Milner Group toward the specific problem of Zionism was expressed in explicit terms by Lord Milner himself in a speech i…
Protest against the 1930 Palestine White Paper pp. 174-176
Baldwin, Austen Chamberlain, and Leopold Amery protested against the document in a letter to The Times on 30 October 1930.
Woodhead Commission appointed (March 1938) pp. 177-179
To carry out the policy of partition, the government appointed a new royal commission of four members in March 1938.
1939 White Paper reverses Palestine policy (May 1939) pp. 177-179
After the conference broke up, the government issued a new statement of policy (Cmd. 6019 of May 1939). It was a drastic reversal of previou…
Government of Ireland Act (December 1920) pp. 180-183
A settlement of the Irish problem along lines similar to those advocated by The Round Table was enacted in the Government of Ireland Act of…
Anglo-Irish armistice (11 July 1921) pp. 180-183
The armistice went into effect on 11 July 1921, and three days later the conference began.
Irish Free State created (1922) pp. 180-183
As a result of the Articles of Agreement of December 1921 and the Irish Free State Act of March 1922, Southern Ireland became an independent…
Quigley: RIIA rooted in the 1907 Closer Union movement pp. 184-186
It is the legitimate child of the Round Table organization, just as the latter was the legitimate child of the "Closer Union" movement organ…
RIIA organized at the Hotel Majestic (30 May 1919) pp. 184-186
The Institute was organized at a joint conference of British and American experts at the Hotel Majestic on 30 May 1919.
RIIA journal opens to public subscription (Jan 1927) pp. 187-189
Until January 1927, this periodical was available only to members, but since that date it has been open to public subscription.
Stevenson endows the Survey and a London chair (1925) pp. 187-189
The Survey of International Affairs has been financed since 1925 by an endowment of £20,000 given by Sir Daniel Stevenson for this purpose a…
Chatham House acquired and named (1923) pp. 190-192
In 1923, Lionel Curtis got a Canadian, Colonel R. W. Leonard, so interested in the work of the Institute that he bought Lord Kinnaird's hous…
Quigley: Council on Foreign Relations taken over by the Morgan group (1919) pp. 190-192
This latter, the Council on Foreign Relations, was not founded by the American group that attended the meeting at the Hotel Majestic in 1919…
Institute of Pacific Relations founded, Atlantic City (Sept 1924) pp. 193-195
This was originally founded at Atlantic City in September 1924 as a private organization to study the problems of the Pacific Basin.
International Studies Conferences begin, Berlin (1928) pp. 193-195
Beginning in 1928 at Berlin, Professor Zimmern organized annual round-table discussion meetings under the auspices of the International Inst…
Neill Malcolm named High Commissioner for German Refugees (1936) pp. 196-199
Sir Neill Malcolm was made High Commissioner for German Refugees in 1936.
Makins at the Evian Conference on Refugees (1938) pp. 196-199
In 1938 Roger M. Makins was made secretary to the British delegation to the Evian Conference on Refugees.
Government absorbs Chatham House's research arm (April 1943) pp. 196-199
At the end of 1942 the Foreign Secretary (Eden) wrote to Lord Astor that the government wished to take the FRPS over completely. This was do…
Indian Councils Act of 1892 pushed through by Curzon pp. 200-203
The Indian Councils Act of 1892 was put through the House of Commons by George Curzon, at that time Under Secretary in the India Office as t…
Quigley: the secret history of the 1919 Act begins in Canada (1909) pp. 200-203
The secret history of this Act is somewhat different, and begins in Canada in 1909, when Lionel Curtis accepted from his friend William Marr…
Lucknow Compact (29 December 1916) pp. 204-206
the Indian National Congress and the Moslem League formed their one and only formal alliance in the shape of the famous Lucknow Compact of 2…
Curtis's circulated letter to the Group (13 Nov 1916) pp. 204-206
This letter, written on 13 November 1916, was addressed to Philip Kerr but was intended for all the members of the Group.
Declaration promising responsible government for India (20 Aug 1917) pp. 207-209
In the meantime, in London, preparations were being made to issue the historic declaration of 20 August 1917, which promised "responsible" g…
Montagu travels to India (November 1917) pp. 207-209
Montagu went to India in November 1917, taking Sir William Duke with him.
Government of India Act becomes law (December 1919) pp. 207-209
As a result of this extensive criticism, the bill was revised considerably in the Joint Committee but emerged with its main outlines unchang…
India granted fiscal autonomy (1921) pp. 210-212
Fiscal autonomy was granted to India in 1921, and that country at once adopted a protective tariff, to the considerable injury of British te…
Birkenhead becomes Secretary of State for India (Nov 1924) pp. 210-212
As a result, he had obtained the post of Secretary of State for India in November 1924 at the same time that Leopold Amery went to the Colon…
Secret committee nominates Milner for Oxford Chancellor (April 1925) pp. 210-212
We may recall that in April 1925 a secret, or at least unofficial, "committee" of Milner Group and Cecil Bloc members had nominated Lord Mil…
Quigley: Round Table articles justify concessions to India (1930) pp. 213-215
They will be found, for example, in The Round Table articles on India in September 1930 and March 1931.
Irwin's memorandum lecturing the Indian Princes (14 June 1927) pp. 216-218
The memorandum which he presented to them, dated 14 June 1927 and published in Johnson's biography, Viscount Halifax, could have been writte…
Irwin announces the Round Table Conference and Dominion status (31 Oct 1929) pp. 216-218
Lord Irwin's announcement of the Round Table Conference and of the goal of Dominion status, made in India on 31 October 1929, brought a stor…
First session of the Round Table Conference (Nov 1930) pp. 216-218
Accordingly, the first session of the Round Table Conference was called for November 1930.
Churchill attacks the India bill on the BBC pp. 219-221
Churchill had already revealed his opinion of the bill over the BBC when he said, on 29 January 1935, that it was "a monstrous monument of s…
Government of India bill introduced in the Commons pp. 219-221
The bill was introduced in the House of Commons on 6 February 1935 by Sir Samuel Hoare.
Government of India Act of 1935 receives Royal Assent pp. 222-225
The Act received the Royal Assent on 1 August 1935.
Amritsar Massacre pp. 222-225
The chief case of this in India was the Amritsar Massacre of 1919, which was probably the chief reason for Gandhi's refusal to cooperate in…
1945 election removes the Milner Group from power in India pp. 222-225
The election of 1945, which drove the Conservative Party from office, also removed the Milner Group from its positions of influence.
Quigley: Milner Group helps make Baldwin Prime Minister pp. 226-228
In the first case, the Milner Group appears to have played an important role behind the scenes in persuading the King to ask Baldwin rather…
Ramsay MacDonald forms the National Government pp. 226-228
Without informing his Cabinet, Ramsay MacDonald entered upon negotiations with Baldwin and King George, as a result of which MacDonald becam…
Draft Treaty of Versailles presented to Germany pp. 229-231
When the original draft of the Treaty of Versailles was presented to the Germans on 7 May 1919, the defeated delegates were aghast at its se…
Quigley: Milner Group's appeasement began in 1919 pp. 229-231
The Milner Group, which was the reality behind the phantom-like Cliveden Set, began their program of appeasement and revision of the settlem…
General Morgan publishes his warning about German rearmament pp. 232-234
Only in October 1924 did he come out in public with an article in the Quarterly Review on the subject, and only in 1945 did he find a wider…
Quigley: Curtis defends the balance of power at the RUA pp. 232-234
Curtis, who wrote this in 1918, four years later (9 January 1923) vigorously defended the idea of balance of power against the criticism of…
Smuts's South African Luncheon Club speech pp. 235-237
Nowhere is the whole point of view of the Milner Group better stated than in a speech of General Smuts to the South African Luncheon Club in…
France occupies the Ruhr pp. 238-240
When the French, in January 1923, occupied the Ruhr in an effort to force Germany to pay reparations, the rage of the Milner Group almost br…
The Dawes Plan and the Young Plan on reparations pp. 238-240
On the two great plans to settle the reparations problem, the Dawes Plan of 1924 and the Young Plan of 1929, the chief influence was that of…
Quigley: Smuts opens contact with Stresemann pp. 241-243
Immediately after Smuts made his speech against France in October 1923, he got in touch with Stresemann, presumably in connection with the S…
D'Abernon urges building Germany against the Soviets pp. 244-246
To him the obvious solution seemed to be to build up Germany as a military bulwark against the Soviet Union. He said as much in a letter of…
German Chancellor cites Smuts as his guide pp. 244-246
In this connection it is worthy of note that the German Chancellor, at a Cabinet meeting on 12 November 1923, quoted Smuts by name as the au…
Robert Cecil pushes a League of Nations pp. 247-249
As early as 1916, Lord Robert Cecil was trying to persuade the Cabinet to support a League of Nations. This resulted in the appointment of t…
Cecil's Birmingham speech on the League pp. 247-249
On 12 November 1918, the day after the armistice, Lord Robert made a speech at Birmingham on the type of League he expected.
Quigley: Cecil Hurst drafts loopholes into the Covenant pp. 250-252
This was done by Cecil Hurst. Hurst visited David Hunter Miller, the American legal expert, one night and persuaded him to replace the vital…
Quigley: Milner Group controls the 1931 League Assembly delegation pp. 253-256
The Milner Group control was most complete at the crucial Twelfth Assembly (1931), when the delegation of five members consisted of Lord Rob…
French efforts to strengthen the League: Draft Treaty and Geneva Protocol pp. 257-259
The chief efforts of the French and their allies on the Continent to "plug the gaps" were the Draft Treaty of Mutual Assistance (1923) and t…
Austen Chamberlain rejects the Geneva Protocol pp. 260-262
The Protocol was officially rejected by Austen Chamberlain at a session of the Council of the League of Nations in March 1925.
Hitler remilitarizes the Rhineland pp. 260-262
This event of March 1936, by which Hitler remilitarized the Rhineland, was the most crucial event in the whole history of appeasement.
Rhineland evacuated five years early pp. 263-265
The story of the first period we have almost completed, except for the evacuation of the Rhineland in 1930, five years ahead of the date set…
Smuts's 1934 RIIA speech opens the second appeasement phase pp. 263-265
The second period of appeasement began with Smuts's famous speech of 13 November 1934, delivered before the RIIA.
Anglo-German Naval Agreement pp. 266-268
the British counteracted this by making the Anglo-German Naval Agreement of 18 June 1935. This agreement, concluded by Simon, allowed German…
Lothian meets Hitler pp. 266-268
In January 1935 Lothian had a long conversation with Hitler, and Hitler was reputed to have proposed an alliance between England, Germany
The Hoare-Laval Plan sketched in secret at Paris pp. 269-271
This last statement was more then seven weeks before the Hoare-Laval Plan was made public, and six weeks after its outlines were laid down b…
Halifax replaces Eden as Foreign Secretary pp. 269-271
Halifax replaced Eden as Foreign Secretary permanently in February 1938, when Eden refused to accept the recognition of the Italian conquest…
Halifax's conversation with Hitler pp. 272-274
As a result, Halifax had a long conversation with Hitler on 19 November 1937 in which, whatever may have been Halifax's intention, Hitler's…
Seizure of Austria and rejected Soviet conference proposal pp. 272-274
Five days after the seizure of Austria on 12 March 1938, the Soviet Union sent Britain a proposal for an international conference to stop ag…
Lothian defends appeasement in the Lords pp. 275-277
In February 1938, Lord Lothian, "leader" of the Group, spoke in the House of Lords in support of appeasement.
Curtis publishes Civitas Dei pp. 278-280
The chief work of this nature was his Civitas Dei, which appeared in three volumes in 1934-1937.
Clarence Streit launches Union Now pp. 278-280
Mr. Streit's plan, which was very similar to Curtis's, except that it included fifteen countries to begin with, was first made public at a s…
Quigley: who first demanded Czech frontier revision pp. 281-283
Chamberlain did so privately on 10 May 1938, and the Milner Group did so publicly on 7 September 1938.
The Times calls for ceding the Sudetenland pp. 281-283
The second suggestion for revision of frontiers also had an Astor flavor, since it appeared as a leading article in The Times on 7 September…
Halifax told of the anti-Hitler plot pp. 284-286
Lord Halifax, on 5 September 1938, was informed of the plot by Theodore Kordt, the German charge d'affaires in London, whose brother, Erich…
The July 1944 attempt to assassinate Hitler pp. 284-286
It was this plot which eventually, after many false starts, reached fruition in the attempt to assassinate Hitler on 20 July 1944.
Quigley: Helmuth von Moltke tied to the Milner Group pp. 284-286
After his execution by the Nazis in January 1945, his connection with the Milner Group was revealed, to those able to interpret the evidence…
Occupation of Bohemia and Moravia as a turning point pp. 287-289
The German occupation of Bohemia and Moravia in March 1939 marked the turning point for the Milner Croup, but not for the Chamberlain group.
National Service Act of 1939 pp. 290-292
The names of Amery, Grigg, Lothian, and The Times became inseparably associated with the campaign for conscription, which ultimately resulte…
Lady Astor turns on Chamberlain in the Commons pp. 290-292
On 16 March 1939, in the Commons, when Chamberlain was still defending the appeasement policy and refusing to criticize Germany's policy of…
Chamberlain's guarantee to Poland pp. 293-295
The unilateral guarantee to Poland given by Chamberlain on 31 March 1939 was also a reflection of what he believed the voters wanted.
British and German industry sign the Dusseldorf cartel agreement pp. 293-295
a master agreement, negotiated at Dusseldorf between representatives of British and German industry, was signed in London on 16 March 1939.
German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact pp. 296-299
Only after the German Soviet Nonaggression Pact of 21 August 1939 did Halifax implement the unilateral guarantee to Poland with a more forma…
Amery's "In the name of God, go!" and Chamberlain's fall pp. 296-299
The debate was one of the most bitter in recent history and reached its high point when Amery cried out to the Government benches the words…
Lothian named Ambassador to the United States pp. 300-302
Lord Lothian was named Ambassador to the United States as soon as the war began.
Halifax sent to Washington after Lothian's death pp. 300-302
On Lothian's unexpected and lamented death in December 1940, the position in Washington was considered to be of such crucial importance that…
The Group founds the reconstruction journal Agenda pp. 303-305
At the end of 1942 the Group founded a quarterly journal devoted to reconstruction.
1945 election ends the Milner Group's ascendancy pp. 306-314
received a rude jolt in August 1945, when the General Election removed the Conservative government from power and brought to office a Labour…
Quigley: the Group's last public act, the Italo-Yugoslav boundary pp. 306-314
The last important public act of the Milner Group was the drawing of the ItaloYugoslav boundary in 1946.
Quigley: the adventure that began with Toynbee and Milner in 1875 pp. 306-314
It would seem that the great idealistic adventure which began with Toynbee and Milner in 1875 had slowly ground its way to a finish of bitte…