Imperial reckoning - the untold story of Britains Gulag in

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Cited by (33)

• British ban Mau Mau as violence spreads whole source

  In spite of the August 1950 government ban on Mau Mau, the pace of violence quickened not only in the White Highlands, where the remaining s…

• Assassination of Senior Chief Waruhiu whole source

  IN THE LATE AFTERNOON OF OCTOBER 9, 1952, SENIOR CHIEF WARUHIU stepped into the backseat of his spotless Hudson sedan for what would become…

• State of Emergency and Operation Jock Scott whole source

  With Operation Jock Scott, Kenya’s State of Emergency was officially launched. This code-named assault was directed at Kenyatta and 180 othe…

• Kiruara marketplace shooting in Fort Hall whole source

  On November 23, 1952, in the marketplace of this small village located in the heart of Fort Hall District, several hundred Kikuyu had gather…

• General Erskine takes command of the security forces whole source

  In May 1953, General Sir George Erskine, better known as “Bobbie” Erskine, was called in to bring an end to the violence and restore order t…

• Forced removal of Kikuyu from settled areas begins whole source

  Ndiritu’s family was part of the first wave of Kikuyu deportations that began in December 1952 and rolled through other settled areas of Ken…

• Governor Baring bribes the judge in Kenyatta's trial whole source

  He insisted upon twenty thousand pounds to ensure a conviction, and in what must be described as one of his most self-incriminating moves as…

• Trial of the Kapenguria Six opens whole source

  When the trial began on December 3, 1952, the scene outside the makeshift courthouse was as comic as it was menacing.

• Murder of the Ruck family whole source

  It was on the first night of this adjournment—January 24, 1953—that the most sensational European murder at the hands of Mau Mau took place.

• Baring enacts sweeping Emergency Regulations whole source

  Between January and April 1953, Governor Baring empowered his government with dozens of extreme and wide-ranging laws, called Emergency Regu…

• The Lari massacre whole source

  In total, ninety-seven Lari residents died, scores of others suffered serious disfigurements, and some two hundred huts were burned and seve…

• Kenyatta convicted of managing Mau Mau whole source

  By the time Kenyatta’s judgment was rendered on April 8, the settlers were in a frenzy and the Emergency appeared out of control.

• Canon Bewes exposes screening torture in London whole source

  IN EARLY FEBRUARY 1953, CANON T. F. C. BEWES OF THE CHURCH MISSIONARY society held a press conference in London.

• Screening torture spreads with only 15 sanctioned centres whole source

  D. H. Rawcliffe, himself a settler, wrote in 1954 that the third degree was so widespread that “every European in the security forces knew a…

• Screening abuses spread to Tanganyika under Hayward whole source

  In October 1953, Governor Baring dispatched Brian Hayward and twenty-one African loyalists to the Northern Province of Tanganyika, to which…

• Thirty thousand convicted in Emergency courts whole source

  The colonial government nevertheless used the information to convict some thirty thousand Kikuyu men and women of Mau Mau crimes and sentenc…

• Askwith designs the detention "Pipeline" whole source

  Askwith termed the system of detention and rehabilitation the Pipeline, denoting a Mau Mau adherent’s progression from initial detention thr…

• Operation Anvil Mass Detention in Nairobi whole source

  THE EVENTS OF APRIL 24, 1954, WOULD IRREVOCABLY CHANGE THE detention camp system in Kenya and the lives of tens of thousands of Mau Mau susp…

• The Swynnerton Plan for the reserves whole source

  He needed an expert, and he turned to R. J. M. Swynnerton, Kenya’s assistant director of agriculture, who in late 1953 drew up a five-year A…

• Detainee population passes fifty-two thousand whole source

  By the end of 1954 the British colonial government reported that the detainee population had risen to over fifty-two thousand—an increase of…

• Typhoid epidemic at Manyani camp whole source

  When the first cases of typhoid appeared in May 1954, Governor Baring denied publicly the incidence of the disease

• Forced villagization of the Kikuyu reserves whole source

  In June 1954 the War Council took the extraordinary action of mandating forced villagization throughout the Kikuyu reserves.

• Christian cleansing ceremony at Kamiti women's camp whole source

  Held in September 1955, this cleansing ceremony apparently rid nearly one hundred confessed female detainees of their Mau Mau sins once and…

• The dilution technique institutionalizes camp violence whole source

  In the dilution technique colonial officials believed they had discovered the beginnings of a systematic approach to brutalizing detainees a…

• Regulation 17 legalizes force against detainees whole source

  This rhetorical hairsplitting provided some comfort to the colonial secretary, and he approved Regulation 17 of the Emergency (Detained Pers…

• Askwith dismissed for opposing camp brutality whole source

  For his troubles, Askwith was sacked in late December 1957.

• Lokitaung prisoners' water embargo letter published whole source

  On June 8, 1958, the Observer published a laundry list of allegations contained in a letter signed by all those detained there, with the not…

• Commons rejects independent inquiry into the camps whole source

  The vote on the motion to authorize an independent inquiry split along party lines, with 232 in favor and 288 opposed.

• Hola Massacre whole source

  On March 4, 1959, a news report came over the wires that ten detainees died at Hola Camp and that “the deaths occurred after they had drunk…

• Demographic estimate of Kikuyu deaths whole source

  If the Kikuyu population figure in 1962 is adjusted using growth rates comparable to the other Africans, we find that somewhere between 130,…

• Lancaster House talks chart Kenyan independence whole source

  the careful, measured pace of decolonization laid out at the first constitutional talks held at Lancaster House in January 1960.

• Kenyatta Released whole source

  It was by no means foreordained that Kenyatta would walk out of detention in August 1961.

• Kenya gains independence whole source

  Looking down with him on the scene were dignitaries from around the world who had all come to Kenya on that eleventh day of December 1963, t…