Reign

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• Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference pp. 91-94 · open book

  Damascus, in what had been Roman Syria, became the home ofUmayyad power after 661 ; Mecca remained a spiritual center. The most durable part of the Umayyad conquest proved to be its western extremity, Spain, reached in 711 by Arab armies that had followed the tracks of Roman empire across north Africa.

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