Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference

Jane Burbank, Frederick Cooper

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Total imports of people to the Americas from pp. 195-198
Total imports of people to the Americas from Africa had been below l,ooo per year in 1500, but passed rn,ooo per year in 1600 and stayed ove…
new dynastic combination emerged in 1700 (despite British pp. 199-202
A new dynastic combination emerged in 1700 (despite British attempts to prevent it) , when Bourbons, springing from the lineage of the kings…
variety of different and nonequivalent forms of state pp. 199-202
A variety of different and nonequivalent forms of state persisted long after 1648 : strong monarchies like those of France and Spain, a Dutc…
Treaty ofWestphalia is often heralded as the beginning pp. 199-202
The Treaty ofWestphalia (1648) is often heralded as the beginning of a new regime, signaling the acceptance by maj or European powers of the…
Mongols besiege and conquer Kiev pp. 203-206
One by one the principalities were defeated; Kiev was besieged and conquered in 1240.
After the Mongol leader Batu, grandson of Chinggis, pp. 203-206
After the Mongol leader Batu, grandson of Chinggis, took his armies home in 1242 to participate in the selection of a Great Khan (chapter 4)…
Crusaders sack Constantinople pp. 203-206
Second, when Constantinople be gan to falter-sacked by crusaders in 1204-Kiev's economy based on con necting nodes of commerce shrank.
Especially after Tamerlane razed Sarai in 1395 (chapter pp. 207-210
Especially after Tamerlane razed Sarai in 1395 (chapter 4) , the Moscow Grand Princes began to keep taxes for themselves and to demand tribu…
Moscow Rules The Moscow princes are often called pp. 207-210
Moscow Rules The Moscow princes are often called Daniilovichi after their most promi nent ancestor, Daniil, Alexander Nevskii's son, made pr…
Moscow elects a metropolitan without Constantinople pp. 207-210
In 1448 , a bishop from Riazan was chosen the metropolitan of Moscow without bothering to get the approval of the patriarch in Con stantinop…
khans' overlord ship, so critical to Moscow's ascent, pp. 211-214
The khans' overlord ship, so critical to Moscow's ascent, was turned into the "Tatar yoke." you, Orthodox princes and boyars, strive to show…
Empire-Building in Russia and China I Russian Tsars pp. 211-214
Empire-Building in Russia and China I Russian Tsars and Dynasties, 1 5 47 to 1 725 Riurikids (Daniilovichi) Ivan IV (Grand Prince, 1533-47,…
Ivan IV convenes Council of the Land, issues law code pp. 211-214
Earlier, in 1550, after convening a kuriltai-like " Council of the Land," the tsar issued a new law code setting forth the right of every su…
Dynastic Successors: Yuan and Ming As we have pp. 215-219
Dynastic Successors: Yuan and Ming As we have seen (chapter 4) , Chinggis Khan's grandson Khubilai conquered northern China, then defeated t…
This hanging scroll is the work of the pp. 215-219
This hanging scroll is the work of the Jesuit Castiglione, who arrived in China in 1715 and was appo inted to the post of court painter in B…
Khubilai invests Phags-pa as preceptor in Tibet pp. 215-219
In 1270, Khubilai invested Phags-pa as imperial preceptor in Tibet, support ing his client's religious authority in return for political sub…
Ming woke up too late to Nurhaci's threat; pp. 220-223
The Ming woke up too late to Nurhaci's threat; in 1619, he defeated a Ming army of over one hundred thousand and seized several Chinese bord…
In addition to the dynastic name Jin, Nurhaci pp. 220-223
In addition to the dynastic name Jin, Nurhaci also enjoyed the title khan, acquired in 1606 as he extended his control in Mongolia, later en…
emperor Wanli took the mystique of imperial aloof pp. 220-223
The emperor Wanli ( 1573-1620) took the mystique of imperial aloof ness to an extreme by isolating himself inside the Forbidden City.
Hong Taiji builds a Chinese-style bureaucracy pp. 224-227
Learning from Chinese advisors who had aided his advance, Hong Taiji established a bureaucracy modeled on the Chinese administration, create…
Hong Taiji renames his dynasty the Qing pp. 224-227
In 1636, after receiving the imperial seal of the Yuan emperors from the widow of a defeated Mongol khan, Hong Taiji renamed the ruling dyna…
In 1654, the Shunzi emperor seemed to backtrack pp. 224-227
In 1654, the Shunzi emperor seemed to backtrack on his support of Chinese, writing: "Reflecting on the study of Chinese writing, I think it…
Kangxi issues the sixteen Sacred Maxims pp. 228-231
The Kangxi emperor worked to integrate the Han cultural corpus into his official pronouncements, issuing sixteen Sacred Maxims in 1670.
Russia and the Qing sign the Treaty of Nerchinsk pp. 232-236
In 1689, with the help of the Qing's Jesuit advisors and Mongolian transla tors, Russian and Qing delegations signed a treaty at N erchinsk,…
Russia and the Qing sign the Kiakhta treaty pp. 232-236
The principles of Nerchinsk were firmed up by the Kiakhta treaty, signed in 1727, and the frontier marked with boundary stones.
Qing attack Galdan with rival Mongol leaders pp. 232-236
The Qing attacked Galdan in 1690, with the help of rival Mongol tribal leaders .
Franco-Haitian Revolution Almost all of the immense body pp. 237-240
The Franco-Haitian Revolution Almost all of the immense body of scholarship on the French revolution is so focused on a national France that…
In this chapter, we look at a series pp. 237-240
In this chapter, we look at a series of interconnected revolutions.The rev olutionary spiral began in interempire conflict: the SevenYears'…
Had diplomats in 1756 been more cautious about pp. 237-240
Had diplomats in 1756 been more cautious about getting into an interempire war, the revolutions in the British, French, and Spanish empires…
Belley takes a Saint-Domingue seat in the Assembly pp. 241-244
In 1794, one of their number,Jean-Baptiste Beiley, took a seat in the French National Con stituent Assembly as a delegate from Saint Domingu…
Founding of the Societe des Amis des Noirs pp. 241-244
In 1788, leading Enlightenment figures founded the Societe des Amis des N oirs to plead the cause of slaves in the French empire.
1795 constitution declared the colonies an "integral part" pp. 241-244
The 1795 constitution declared the colonies an "integral part" of France.
France recognizes Haiti in exchange for an indemnity pp. 245-249
Only in 1825 did France give Haiti conditional recognition as a sovereign state, and then only after Haiti agreed to pay compensation for Fr…
In 1803, he gave up. pp. 245-249
In 1803, he gave up.
As Napoleon's army lost its grip after the pp. 250-253
As Napoleon's army lost its grip after the debacle of his invasion of Russia in 1812, components of his conquest reconstituted themselves as…
In 1803 Napoleon was reputed to say, "Damn pp. 250-253
In 1803 Napoleon was reputed to say, "Damn sugar, damn coffee, damn colonies!
Corning soon after the victory over their French pp. 254-257
Corning soon after the victory over their French imperial rival in 1763, defeat at the hands of colonial rebels forced British leaders to co…
It was in 1773 that reference was first pp. 254-257
It was in 1773 that reference was first made to "this vast empire on which the sun never sets." Some English writers saw themselves as the i…
1 767 CHINA Empire, Nation, and Citizenship Territories pp. 258-261
1 767 CHINA Empire, Nation, and Citizenship Territories of British East I nd i a Company Ill I nd i a n states a l l ied with G reat Brita i…
Nawab of Bengal moves against the East India Company pp. 258-261
In 1756 the nawab <?f Bengal nearly threw the East India Company out; this became the occasion for the company to make use of its military c…
Chapter 8 ern India, for example, the company pp. 258-261
Chapter 8 ern India, for example, the company conspired with the ruler of Hyderabad against the powerful Tippu Sultan of Mysore, fighting a…
Bourbon dynasty, in power since 1700, no lon pp. 262-265
The Bourbon dynasty, in power since 1700, no lon ger fit the pattern of composite monarchy.
But by 1750, the number of Euro-Americans and pp. 266-271
But by 1750, the number of Euro-Americans and Afro-Americans east of the Mississippi had reached around r .
Nonetheless , the European population of North America pp. 266-271
Nonetheless , the European population of North America was very small compared with that of lndians; there were only about 250,000 Europeans…
In 1492 there were about two million people pp. 266-271
In 1492 there were about two million people living east of the Missis sippi.
1662 law clarified older practices by making the pp. 272-275
A 1662 law clarified older practices by making the children of a slave mother slaves, regardless of paternity (a sharp contrast to Islamic l…
In one Mexican province, Apaches killed l,674 people, pp. 272-275
In one Mexican province, Apaches killed l,674 people, took 154 captives, forced the abandonment of n6 haciendas and ranches, and stole 6 8 ,…
Colonial law banishes those in interracial marriages pp. 272-275
In 1691 , a law required banishment from the colony of a white man or woman, of any status, who married "a negroe, mulatto or Indian man or…
founding legislators hit upon a formula that permitted pp. 276-279
The founding legislators hit upon a formula that permitted growth of the polity in an incremental and peaceful fashion: new states could be…
American patriots declare independence from Britain pp. 276-279
In 1776, when a gathering of American patriots declared their indepen dence from Great Britain, their grievances concerned oppressive taxati…
Naturalization Act limits citizenship to free whites pp. 276-279
The Naturalization Act of 1790 opened the possibility of becoming a citizen to any "free white person" who had resided in the country for tw…
Haitian revolution of 1791-1 804 and the emancipations pp. 284-287
The Haitian revolution of 1791-1 804 and the emancipations in the British Caribbean of the 1 83 0s sent mixed messages to slaves, planters,…
" -Brooks Adams, The New Empire, 1902 2 pp. 284-287
" -Brooks Adams, The New Empire, 1902 2 70 After the Civil War, a new rhetoric of the "nation" gradually took hold, replacing that of "union…
In the seven teenth century, Muscovy fought with pp. 288-291
In the seven teenth century, Muscovy fought with and outmaneuvered a rival empire- Empires across Continents 273 the Polish-Lithuanian Comm…
Polish nobles adopt a written constitution pp. 288-291
In 1791, Pol ish nobles provided a convenient provocation to greedy outsiders when, inspired by news from France, they gave themselves a wri…
Mazepa allies with Sweden against Peter the Great pp. 288-291
But when Hetman Ivan Mazepa, one of the richest men in Europe, allied with the king of Sweden against Peter the Great in 1708, Russia, with…
first, from 1772 to 1774, arose from tensions pp. 292-295
The first, from 1772 to 1774, arose from tensions created by imperial management strategies applied in the middle Volga region-playing diver…
Catherine convenes the Legislative Commission pp. 292-295
In 1767, she called a "Legislative Commission" of delegates from various ranks nobles, townspeople, peasants, Cossacks, representatives from…
conquest of the southern steppes brought them land pp. 292-295
The conquest of the southern steppes brought them land and serfs; expanded military control cut down on runaways; and the empress--sensitive…
But it was Russian expansion into the Caucasus, pp. 296-299
But it was Russian expansion into the Caucasus, the steppe regions to the north of the Black Sea, and the Crimea-conquered in 1771 and annex…
Russia sets up an official Islamic institution pp. 296-299
The govern- Empires across C ontinents 279 ment responded by printing and distributing the Quran to Muslims and setting up in 1789 an insti…
Catherine issues a decree of religious toleration pp. 296-299
She closed Orthodox missionary efforts in the Volga area, encouraged the con struction of mosques, and in 1773 issued a decree declaring "to…
idea of a modern colonialism was set forth pp. 300-305
The idea of a modern colonialism was set forth in its own time by pub lications like Paul Leroy-Beaulieu's 1 8 74 book, De la colonisation c…
Those states got much richer relative to other pp. 300-305
Those states got much richer relative to other places, especially their own colonies: per capita income of western Europe went from less tha…
Wilberforce denounces the slave trade in Parliament pp. 306-309
When William Wilberforce denounced the slave trade before Parliament in 1789, not long after the American revolution and the scandal over th…
Capitalist development indeed produced the "great divergence," led pp. 306-309
Capitalist development indeed produced the "great divergence," led by Great Britain, between the economic power of societies in western Euro…
Free Trade, Creeping Colonization, and the Refashioning of pp. 310-314
Free Trade, Creeping Colonization, and the Refashioning of Empire Worlds In a famous article of 1953, Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher too…
Britain fights two Opium Wars with China pp. 310-314
Britain's two "opium wars" with China, in 1839-42 and 1855-60, are classic cases of a state using military means to make another state engag…
In 1900, with the dowager empress Cixi favoring pp. 315-318
In 1900, with the dowager empress Cixi favoring war against foreigners and the military and admiriistration hesitant and inef fectual in con…
Then as Korean collaborators proved unable to meet pp. 319-322
Then as Korean collaborators proved unable to meet all ofJapan's demands and as western empires provided alternative connections to Koreans,…
In this case, the agents of reconfigured imperial pp. 319-322
In this case, the agents of reconfigured imperial ism were the accountant and the banker-something like 1 , 300 of them by 1882-who ensured…
Japan joins the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion pp. 319-322
Japan was conciliatory to ward its rival empires and j oined them in 1900 in putting down the Boxer Rebellion in China.
Lenin argues imperialism is capitalism's highest stage pp. 327-330
In 1916, Lenin argued that capitalism had entered its highest stage, producing more goods more efficiently, generating more profits, but fin…
Maji Maji uprising crushed in German Tanganyika pp. 331-334
As many as one hundred thousand Africans died in the German repression of an uprising in Tanganyika in 1905 ; in Southwest Africa, the Herer…
Berlin Conference partitions Africa pp. 331-334
Following on a series of congresses that since 1 8 1 5 had tried to regulate the political order of Europe (chapters 8 and n), the Berlin Co…
African kingdoms inflicted defeats on European armies-the Zulu pp. 331-334
African kingdoms inflicted defeats on European armies-the Zulu (for a time) against the British in 1 879, Ethio pia against the Italians in…
After a short period of "reconstruction" during which pp. 335-338
After a short period of "reconstruction" during which the British tried to show that "modern" ways of running a state could be beneficial to…
Congo Free State becomes a Belgian colony pp. 335-338
By 1908, Leopold was forced to turn the Congo from a private domain into a formal Belgian colony and make gestures to cleaning up its admini…
This strategy led to invasions, as in Mexico pp. 339-342
This strategy led to invasions, as in Mexico in 1916, and occupations, whose explicitly temporary nature distinguished them from the coloniz…
US defeats Spanish forces at Manila pp. 339-342
The American military's quick defeat of Spanish forces in Manila in 1898 quickly proved deceptive.
First Pan-African Conference meets in London pp. 343-348
Racializing ideologies were also challenged on the empires' global scale when, for instance, the first pan-African Conference met in London…
DuBois wrote with prescience and precision in 1903, pp. 343-348
DuBois wrote with prescience and precision in 1903, "The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line." The distinction…
But contrary to the conventional read-back from the pp. 349-352
But contrary to the conventional read-back from the winners' side ofWorld War I , Russian, Ottoman, German, and Habsburg empires arrived at…
"For your freedom and ours" was the slogan pp. 349-352
"For your freedom and ours" was the slogan of Polish rebels against Russia in 1830.
In the Caucasus where Russians had been hard pp. 353-356
In the Caucasus where Russians had been hard put to subdue mountain peoples, Shamil, an imam from Dagestan and Chechnya, began a long campai…
Otto becomes the first king of Greece pp. 353-356
The Russian president of Greece was assassinated in 1 8 3 1 , and Greece got its king-son of the king of Bavaria and a Catholic-in 1832, but…
In 1848 , when another spasm of political pp. 353-356
In 1848 , when another spasm of political uprisings broke out across the continent, Nicholas volunteered his services as the "gen darme of E…
Peace of Paris ends the Crimean War pp. 357-359
The Peace of Paris, signed in 1 856, emerged from the first general meeting of the European imperial powers since 1815.
Sultan Selim III launches military reforms pp. 357-359
Sultan Selim III (ruled 1789-1 8 07) opened military schools and began French-inspired reforms of weaponry and tactics .
St. Petersburg Declaration limits certain weapons pp. 357-359
Petersburg declaration of 1868 called on states to refrain from using weapons that caused horrendous wounds.The first Geneva Convention on t…
His enemy and acquisitive neighbor Austria had been pp. 360-363
His enemy and acquisitive neighbor Austria had been a · near victim of parliamentary assertiveness, during the pan-European wave of re belli…
Ottoman law declares all subjects citizens pp. 360-363
In 1869 a law declared all subj ects Ottoman citizens, and in 1 876, Sultan Abdulhamid II ( 1 8 76-1909) approved a constitution and, in acc…
For centuries the Habsburg family had been a pp. 360-363
For centuries the Habsburg family had been a disruptive player on the European field-expanding through marriage politics, winning almost all…
In 1851, when Franz Joseph took a trium pp. 364-368
In 1851, when Franz Joseph took a trium phant imperial j ourney to Galicia-where the Austrian army had crushed Polish uprisings-his artfully…
In 1866, another lost war-this time with Prussia-catalyzed pp. 364-368
In 1866, another lost war-this time with Prussia-catalyzed further constitutional changes.
Since the early eighteenth century the Russians had pp. 369-372
Since the early eighteenth century the Russians had dominated the fur trade in the North Pacific islands, but after depleting the Aleutians…
Russian emperor convenes the first Duma pp. 373-376
In 1906, the Russian emperor convened a parliament-the Duma-of representatives elected unevenly from all regions and peoples of the empire.
Anglo-Russian Convention signed over Asian routes pp. 373-376
I n 1907, Russia signed a treaty with the British, who were set on controlling the routes to India.
Having won the parlia mentary elections in 1908, pp. 373-376
Having won the parlia mentary elections in 1908, the party pursued a centralizing agenda, under cutting local notables, attempting to replac…
Event pp. 50-53
Rulers had issued laws in much earlier times; the Babylonian king Ham murabi who ruled from 1792 to 1750 BCE had a law code inscribed in sto…
Event pp. 50-53
1 Roman emperor Caesar Augustus (27 BCE- 1 4 CE) , statue from 30 BCE. Spencer Arnold, Getty Images. core value.
Event pp. 50-53
1 Roman emperor Caesar Augustus (27 BCE- 1 4 CE) , statue from 30 BCE. Spencer Arnold, Getty Images.
Event pp. 58-62
For one thing, earlier empires had already come and gone in northern and central China since at least I750 BCE, leaving residues of administ…
Reign pp. 58-62
240 BCE Map 2.2 Consolidation, expansion, and contraction of Chinese empire. 44 Qin Empire: 2 1 0 BCE - G reat Walls Han Empire: 1 89 CE Cha…
Qin king proclaims himself first emperor of China pp. 58-62
After centuries of competition, intrigue, and all-out warfare against neighboring rivals, the Qin king made himself emperor in 221 BCE. Qin…
Conflict pp. 63-66
The Jin state, after losing many of its aris tocrats in a battle with the Qin in 645 BCE, offered land grants to populations outside its for…
Event pp. 63-66
In 260 BCE, Qin armies killed, it is asserted, four hundred thousand soldiers of their main competitor, the Zhao. After an interlude of loss…
Foundation pp. 63-66
He was executed in 3 3 8 BCE after insisting that a tutor of the royal family be punished according to the laws. To augment the peasant infa…
Reign pp. 40-45
Around 500 BCE, the Romans replaced their king with a republic-a political innovation of enormous consequence. Most of the enormous ter rito…
Conquest pp. 40-45
In 241 BCE, when consuls were leading Roman armies against their neighbors, the office of praetor was cre ated to expand military and judici…
Reign pp. 40-45
Around 500 BCE, the Romans replaced their king with a republic-a political innovation of enormous consequence. Most of the enormous ter rito…
Event pp. 67-70
During his lifetime (ssr-479 BCE) , Confucius had been preoccupied with the decline of the Zhou dy nasty. He extolled the virtues of a socie…
Liu Bang founds the Han dynasty pp. 67-70
202 BCE, after eight years of warfare, Liu Bang, a commoner, former barfly, and prodigal son, declared victory over the empire the Qin had c…
Event pp. 67-70
on a scale of ranks-eighteen in 23 BCE-with a sliding scale of remuneration. The Grand Tutor, three grand ministers (of finance, of works, a…
Rome wins the First Punic War against Carthage pp. 46-49
In their first war with Carthage (264 to 241 BCE) , the Romans lost many naval battles but ultimately won and occupied Sicily, Sardinia, and…
Event pp. 46-49
It took until 202 BCE for Rome to defeat Carthage decisively and take over its colonies in Africa and Spain. Rome went on from there, conque…
Reign pp. 46-49
Praetors were appointed for Sardinia, Sicily, Spain, Africa (the area around Carthage) , and Macedonia between 227 and 146 BCE.The Roman sys…
Event pp. 71-75
Why was Chinese em pire repeatedly put back together in roughly the same Qin, 221-206 BCE Han, 206 BCE-220 CE Imperial collapse, 220-5 89 Su…
Reign pp. 71-75
Why was Chinese em pire repeatedly put back together in roughly the same Qin, 221-206 BCE Han, 206 BCE-220 CE Imperial collapse, 220-5 89 Su…
Event pp. 54-57
In 1 8 7 BCE, the senate abolished the cult of Bacchus, the god of fertility and wine, whose enthusiasts lured respectable people away from…
Reign pp. 87-90
Egypt came under attack in 641 , western Persia a decade later. For all the expansion at the expense of the Byz antine empire, Arab advances…
Reign pp. 91-94
Damascus, in what had been Roman Syria, became the home ofUmayyad power after 661 ; Mecca remained a spiritual center. The most durable part…
Reign pp. 91-94
The most durable part of the Umayyad conquest proved to be its western extremity, Spain, reached in 711 by Arab armies that had followed the…
Berber rebellion challenges the Umayyad caliphate pp. 91-94
The sweep of Islamic empire across the southern Mediterranean was interrupted by a Berber rebellion in 741 , which was put down with difficu…
Event pp. 95-100
Only after 714 did the king's leading general and minister, Charles Martel, put together a more unified and effective military machine and e…
Conquest pp. 95-100
It was 8 2 Chapter 3 EMIRATE OF CORDOBA • Cordoba B Carolingian kingdom in 768 • Territories paying tribute in 8 1 4 D Carolingian empire in…
Event pp. 4-13
Coronation of Emperor Charlemagne by Pope Leo III in 800 81 4. I.
Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad pp. 145-149
Migrations of pastoralists into Anatolia intensified after one group ofTurkic-speakers, the Seljuks, captured Baghdad in 1055 and other grou…
Death pp. 145-149
In 1598 Philip II died, leaving in place a vast transoceanic empire. More than the trading, enclave empires of Portugal and later the Nether…
Event pp. 101-104
The sacking of Constantinople in 1204 by crusaders sealed the division between Catholics and Orthodox Christians. Charlemagne and his Abbasi…
Crusaders sack Constantinople pp. 105-108
The sacking by crusaders of Constantinople in 1204 and the displacement for some decades of the Byzantine emperor into Anatolia created long…
Chinggis Khan campaigns against the Tangut empire pp. 119-122
Chinggis then set out in 1209 against the Tangut empire located between the Mongol core and Chinese lands. The Tangut leader surrendered in…
Event pp. 119-122
In 1221 Chinggis extended his campaign across today's Iran and Afghani stan to the Indus River. Some Mongol troops continued into the Caucas…
Kublai Khan conquers Song southern China pp. 119-122
The campaign to conquer southern China under the Song dynasty presented the greatest challenge, but after extensive preparation aided by Chi…
Event pp. 123-126
The yam system set up by Great Khan Ogodei in 1234 was a series of way stations, situated every twenty-five or thirty miles, the distance th…
Event pp. 123-126
In China, Great Khan Mongke ordered in 1252 the largest census ever taken; censuses were compiled in the Kipchak Khanate, including the land…
Event pp. 123-126
Khubilai had his emperor ship proclaimed by edict in 1272 . This impressive decree gave scholarly Chi nese bureaucrats grounds to claim that…
Mongols overrun Poland, Hungary, and Kievan Rus pp. 109-112
By 1241 , Mongol troops had devastated Kiev, defeated Poland, conquered Hungary, and, under the fearsome Khan Batu, were advancing on Vienna…
Death pp. 131-136
Tamerlane set out to conquer China, but died on the way in 1405 . Tamerlane took care to link himself to Chinggis's memory, evoking a diffic…
Reign pp. 131-136
For the Ottomans, conquest of Constantinople-the second Rome-in 1453 and Suleiman's extensions of the realm seemed to fulfill a destiny goin…
Columbus sails west seeking the Great Khan pp. 131-136
After studying Marco Polo's account of his transcontinental travels two centuries earlier, in 1492 Christopher Columbus began his voyage to…
Borkluje Mustafa leads Anatolian dervish rebellion pp. 154-158
But this syncretic religious culture was put to a difficult test in 1416 when ecumenical sentiments were expressed by the Anatolian der vish…
Event pp. 171-174
The west African expeditions began in 1434 and reached Cape Verde (in today's Senegal) in 1444. African spices were an early focus, only lat…
Event pp. 171-174
The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama sailed in 1497 around Af rica to India. There he encountered the Indian Ocean merchant networks run by…
Event pp. 171-174
Beginning in 1595 the Spanish government gave Portuguese merchants the asiento, the contract to supply its New World colonies with slaves. W…
Death pp. 150-153
When Mehmet II's father, Murad II, died in 1451 , he left two sons from two different mothers. Immediately upon becoming sultan, Mehmet II o…
Ferdinand and Isabella marry, uniting Spain pp. 137-140
Elliott terms a "composite monarchy." From Reconquest to Habsburg Empire The marriage in 1469 of Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Aragon, ki…
Event pp. 137-140
In 1494 the pope declared Ferdinand and Isabella to be "Catholic kings;' melding the principles of dynastic power with Christianity. Along w…
Event pp. 137-140
The Muslims of Granada were initially allowed to keep their faith, but after 1502 they were ordered to convert or leave the region. Occasion…
New Laws attempt to reform the encomienda pp. 183-186
Royal attempts in 1542 to make the encomienda non-hereditary could not be turned into reality. By granting a combination of rights and dutie…
Event pp. 183-186
The state exempted Indians from the Inquisition after 1571 but encouraged other institutions aimed at enforcing as well as propagating the f…
Ferdinand cedes his Hungary claim to Suleiman pp. 159-162
Charles and his brother Ferdinand, the Habsburg king ofAustria, and Sulei man fought bitterly over Hungary, and in 1547 Ferdinand had to giv…
Death pp. 159-162
Charles's abdication in 1556 did not change this contestation over Rome's former empire in the west. Suleiman died on a final campaign in Hu…
Event pp. 187-190
In 1600 the EIC was granted a charter by Queen Elizabeth I, giving it a monopoly on English trade east of the Cape of Good Hope. Its initial…
Reign pp. 187-190
The notion of"British" meant little before the Union with Scotland in 1707 and the word "empire" in the sixteenth and seven teenth centuries…
Dutch VOC captures Melaka from the Portuguese pp. 175-178
After establish ing a base in the small town of Jayakarta, renamed Batavia (now Jakarta) , on the island ofJava in 1619, the VOC's breakthro…
Event pp. 191-194
If in 1650 most settlers on both con tinent and islands were white, by 1700 the white-black ratio was 7. 5-1 on the mainland, l-3 .6 in the…
Event pp. 191-194
If in 1650 most settlers on both con tinent and islands were white, by 1700 the white-black ratio was 7. 5-1 on the mainland, l-3 .6 in the…
Event pp. 179-182
In 1798 the VOC went bankrupt. Eventually Java, Sumatra, and other areas dominated by the VOC became colonies of the Dutch state.
Ottoman territorial loss after Napoleonic Wars pp. 377-380
The Ottomans lost huge territories and a great deal of economic control after 1 8 1 5
Islamic university opens in Medina pp. 377-380
After 1913, the Union government opened a new Islamic university in Medina and rewarded powerful Arab leaders for their loyalty.
Lueger Christian Socials showcase German and Christian art pp. 377-380
The Christian Socials made this point in their 1898 extravaganza in honor of the emperor, where Lueger showcased uplifting German and Christ…
Russian pogroms against Jews pp. 377-380
Austrian protection also attracted Jews fleeing pogroms that broke out in the Russian empire in l 8 8 L
Vienna University bars Jews from membership pp. 377-380
In June 1 885, the Vienna University branch of the liberals' School Association voted to bar Jews from membership.
Karl Lueger becomes mayor of Vienna pp. 377-380
finally, in 1 8 97, allowing the vote of the city council to prevail
Czech-language officials appointed in Bohemia and Moravia pp. 377-380
By 1901, officials in these provinces were to be competent in both Czech and German.
Kaiser-Hommage procession celebrates the Habsburg dynasty pp. 377-380
In 1908 the dynasty was celebrated with a huge "Kaiser-Hommage" procession
Russia defeated in the Russo-Japanese War pp. 381-384
Russia sidelined in 1905 by its failed Asian war and internal disorder
Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina (October 1908) pp. 381-384
In 1908, the Austrians annexed their colony, Bosnia-Herzegovina, with the goal of attaching Serbs and Croats in the region more securely to…
First Balkan War pp. 381-384
After the Balkan wars of 1912 and 1913, Serbia was expanded
Ambassadors draw Balkan borders at London conference pp. 385-388
The borders drawn up by European ambassadors meeting in London in 1913 were not national, not stable, not harmonious .
French law grants citizenship to Four Communes residents pp. 394-397
a 1916 law ensured the citizen ship status of the Four Communes.
Irish Easter Rising declares independence pp. 407-410
In 1916, Irish nationalists had declared the creation of the Republic of Ireland and launched a violent revolt
Irish Free State created (1922) pp. 407-410
where in 1922 the Irish Free State was created.
Moscow mobs attack German businesses and people pp. 411-414
In Moscow in May 1915, mobs broke into enterprises owned by Germans, seized property, assaulted and even killed Germans in the street.
Russian Tsar abdicates, ending the Romanov dynasty pp. 411-414
In February 1917, liberals with their allies in the Russian Duma agreed that the dynasty had to go.
Ho Chi Minh proclaims Democratic Republic of Vietnam pp. 427-431
Ho proclaimed the Democratic Republic ofVietnam on September 2, 1945·
The Suez base and the 1956 invasion of Egypt pp. 444-447
The failed invasion of Nasser's Egypt began on October 29, 1956.
Soviet invasion crushes Hungarian uprising pp. 444-447
On November 4, the Soviet army invaded Hungary to put down a widespread rebellion against Soviet domination.
Bandung Conference convenes non-aligned nations pp. 444-447
In 1955, President Sukarno hosted a conference in the Indonesian city of Bandung of heads of newly independent states.