Events, Verisoph

2002 Year 2002: Riot outside Mossadegh’s home: Author’s interview rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Riot outside Mossadegh’s home: Author’s interview with Mahmoud Mossadegh, August 19, 2002. Officers arrested and executed: Diba, op. ●●

2002 From 2002 through at least rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From 2002 through at least 2004, the IWG’s public members and the Historical Advisory Panel (on which I served) repeatedly requested federal agencies to document what they were actually doing under the acts, rather than to simply provide periodic statements that all was well. ●●

2002 Percentage has been calculated from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Percentage has been calculated from numbers reported in David Holmes (CIA) to Steven Garfinkel (IWG Director) September 20, 2002, “CIA Response to IWG Report Questions, September 2002,” see “CIA Relevancy Guidelines,” pp. ●●

2002 In the 48235 ZIP code, which includes the 5100 block of West Outer Drive, subprime rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 48235 ZIP code, which includes the 5100 block of West Outer Drive, subprime mortgages accounted for more than half of all loans made between 2002 and 2006. ●●

2002 Evergreen begins flights to Afghanistan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Evergreen, the CIA-linked airline, began flights to Afghanistan just a few months after the American invasion in February 2002. ●●

2002 2002: ” 76 Things began to turn around in 2002. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story up spending most of the day in a Kinko’s doing damage control.” 76 Things began to turn around in 2002. He launched Blogger Pro, which users paid for, and with the help of a new partner got a licensin ●●

2002 2002: most of the day in a Kinko’s doing damage control.” 76 Things began to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story most of the day in a Kinko’s doing damage control.” 76 Things began to turn around in 2002. He launched Blogger Pro, which users paid for, an ●●

2002 Event of 2002 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story a, Europe, in order to participate in it, felt obliged to set aside the political mechanisms through which it had conducted its affairs for three and a half centuries. Impelled also by the desire to cushion the emergent unification of Germany, the ne ●●

2002 Information history in 2002 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the second edition in 1989 listed nineteen alternative spellings. ●●

2002 nd of claims they were making to the public, coming as it did from the Newspaper of Record. Thus, wh rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nd of claims they were making to the public, coming as it did from the Newspaper of Record. Thus, when the escalated war propaganda campaign began in September 2002,20 the New York Times soon ran a long front-page article by Judith Miller and Michael ●●

2002 making, which turned out (and were quickly recognized by many in the intelligence community) to be rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story making, which turned out (and were quickly recognized by many in the intelligence community) to be unusable for that purpose. On that very same day, September 8, 2002, Dick Cheney, appearing on NBC – TV’s Meet the Press, cited this Times article at ●●

2002 Bush names Iran in axis of evil speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ives are obscured by the demonization process and the necessity of contesting “evil” and its associated threats. Iran was named by George Bush in his January 2002 State of the Union message as one of the three charter members of the “axis of evil” (a ●●

2002 Contents Cover Title Copyright Dedication By the Same Authors Ta... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Contents Cover Title Copyright Dedication By the Same Authors Tables Introduction to the 2002 Edition Preface 1 A Propaganda Model 2 Worthy and Unworthy Victims 3 Legitimizing versus Meanin ●●

2002 Introduction to the 2002 Edition This book centers in what we call a ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Introduction to the 2002 Edition This book centers in what we call a “Propaganda model,” an analytical framework that attempts to explain the performance of the U.S. ●●

2002 Hal Varian joins Google as chief economist ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hal Varian joined Google as its chief economist, noting that every user action is a signal analyzed and fed back into the system. ●●

2002 Poindexter proposes Total Information Awareness ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Admiral John Poindexter proposed the Total Information Awareness program with a vision matching behavioral surplus capture concepts. ●●

2002 izing those destined to become ill. In one rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story izing those destined to become ill. In one scenario, the monograph stated, “The ultimate character of the market depends on the relative number of these ‘genetically blessed’ individuals.”15 A Spring 2002 American Academy of Actuaries briefing paper entitled “The Use Of Genetic Information In Disabi ●●

2002 Winston-Salem Journal exposes eugenic sterilization ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ept of mercy killing to medical patients, starting with the vegetative. Discussions about euthanasia commonly focused first on the most obvious medical candidates at the rim of the slippery slope. In 2002, the Winston-Salem Journal published a riveting newspaper series exposing the deep veins of eug ●●

2002 Miguel Angel Centeno, Blood and Debt: War and the Nation-State in Latin America (University Park: Pe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Miguel Angel Centeno, Blood and Debt: War and the Nation-State in Latin America (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002), pp. ●●

2002 3 (2002): 226– 231; “Proceedings of the First International Conference on Voluntary Steriliza- ti... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 3 (2002): 226– 231; “Proceedings of the First International Conference on Voluntary Steriliza- tion,” April 16, 1964, National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, Documen- tation Centre, New De... ●●

2002 The Chinese constitution specifies that senior leaders will serve maximum terms of ten years, and si rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Chinese constitution specifies that senior leaders will serve maximum terms of ten years, and since Deng Xiaoping’s retirement there have already been two ten-year cycles of leadership replacement at the 16th and 18th Party Congresses in 2002 and ●●

2002 US agreement to allow the UN weapons inspectors rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story US agreement to allow the UN weapons inspectors to return to Irag in December 2002 had been no more than a bluff to cate ●●

December 2002 Kibaki ends KANU rule 3 cit. Mwai Kibaki, leading a broad opposition coalition, won the 2002 election in a landslide, ending nearly forty years of unbroken KANU rule and Moi's presidency. The peaceful handover raised high hopes, and early moves such as free primary education and anti-corruption promises were popular. But graft scandals and unfinished constitutional reform soon tempered the optimism. politics ●●

October 2002 Akiwumi report is forced into public view 1 cit. The Akiwumi Commission report on Kenya's 1991-98 tribal clashes was submitted in 1999 but only released in October 2002 after court pressure. Human Rights Watch described it as confirming that prominent ruling-party politicians fuelled multiple incidents of ethnic clashes and that victims and human-rights groups had long demanded its publication. The release mattered because it turned suppressed findings into public record, even though prosecutions did not follow. politics / society ●●●

14 October 2002 NARC nominates Kibaki after the Kibaki Tosha deal 2 cit. On 14 October 2002, at Uhuru Park, Kibaki was nominated as the National Rainbow Coalition flag-bearer after Raila Odinga declared "Kibaki Tosha". The deal joined Kibaki's NAK alliance with the Liberal Democratic Party defectors from KANU. It turned a divided opposition into the first coalition capable of beating KANU nationally. politics ●●●●●

3 December 2002 Kibaki is injured during the 2002 campaign 1 cit. On 3 December 2002 Kibaki was injured in a road accident during the NARC campaign and was hospitalized in London. NARC continued campaigning while he recovered. The accident shaped the symbolism of the transition because he was sworn in as president while seated in a wheelchair. politics ●●●

c. 2002 Moi makes Uhuru the KANU succession candidate 2 cit. As Moi reached the constitutional end of his presidency, he pushed Uhuru Kenyatta forward as KANUs preferred 2002 presidential candidate. The choice split KANU, drove senior figures into the opposition coalition, and turned Uhuru into the public symbol of dynastic continuity. Moi was trying to preserve the old party through the son of the founding president. politics ●●●●●

27 December 2002 Uhuru loses the 2002 presidential election to Kibaki 1 cit. In the December 2002 election Uhuru Kenyatta lost to Mwai Kibaki and the National Rainbow Coalition. KANUs first defeat ended nearly four decades of ruling-party dominance and left Uhuru as Leader of the Opposition. The loss is a hinge in his story: the prince of the old system had to spend a decade rebuilding before returning as president. politics ●●●●●

17 November 2002 Kenya: White Terror brings the camp evidence to television 5 cit. BBC Two's Correspondent film Kenya: White Terror broadcast survivor testimony and documentary evidence on British torture, rape, murder and forced confession during the Mau Mau Emergency. The film included Terence Gavaghan, by then an elderly former colonial officer, and focused attention on secret memos showing official approval for violence in the camps. Its scheduling was itself contentious inside the BBC because the film exposed British atrocities around Remembrance Sunday. The broadcast helped push the camp story from archive and survivor memory into public reckoning. culture / politics / society ●●●

20 July 2002 Machakos Protocol makes Kenya the room where Sudan is remade 2 cit. The Government of Sudan and the SPLM/SPLA signed the Machakos Protocol after talks in Kenya under the IGAD peace process. The agreement accepted a broad governance framework, state-and-religion principles and the right of South Sudan to self-determination through a referendum. Kenya was not a bystander: its venue and mediator made it the operating room for a neighbouring state being negotiated into a new constitutional shape. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●●

15 October 2002 Somali warlords and faction leaders gather in Eldoret 2 cit. The Somali National Reconciliation Conference opened in Eldoret after years of failed attempts to rebuild a Somali state. Warlords, faction leaders, the Transitional National Government and civil-society delegates came to Kenya because Somalia itself was too insecure for that political bargaining. Kenya became the room where armed power, clan authority, donor diplomacy and displaced civilian voices were forced onto one table. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●●

2003 Toshihiko Fukui appointed Bank of Japan governor ai_extracted 1 cit. Toshihiko Fukui was appointed governor of the Bank of Japan in 2003, despite Prime Minister Koizumi's earlier contrary statements, which the author cites as proof of the princes' power. ●●●

20 March 2003 Invasion of Iraq begins 1 cit. A US-led coalition invades Iraq and topples Saddam Hussein, citing weapons of mass destruction that are never found. The decision destabilizes the region, fuels insurgency and sectarian war, and erodes trust in Western intervention. politics / war ●●●●

14 April 2003 Human Genome Project confirms race is not biological 3 cit. The completed human genome showed that all people are more than 99.9 percent identical and that race has no clear genetic basis. The findings undercut centuries of claims that races were distinct and unequal. science / technology ●●

2003 Kenya introduces Free Primary Education 2 cit. The Kibaki government abolishes primary school fees, enrolling over a million additional children almost overnight, a flagship of the Millennium Development Goals era backed by the World Bank and donors. economy / politics / society ●●●

2003 Stanford publishes Greening NAFTA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 2003 Stanford University Press published Greening NAFTA, which detailed the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation and its commission (CEC). Wood uses the book's account of the San Pedro River Basin case to illustrate Reflexive Law in practice. ●●

2003 Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability created ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Department of Energy's Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability was created in 2003 under President George W. Bush and elevated in 2007 with a new Assistant Secretary post. It leads federal Smart Grid coordination. ●●

2003 Human genome mostly mapped ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Scientists began mapping the human genome in 1990 and largely completed it in 2003. Wood notes the parallels drawn between DNA and digital information technology that underpin the NBIC convergence. ●●

2003 New York Times reports Harvard rejects valedictorians ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes a March 9, 2003 New York Times article by Sara Rimer reporting that Harvard rejects four of every five valedictorians who apply. He uses it to question the reliability of standardized measures of merit. ●●

2003 Bush's State of the Union case for war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his State of the Union, President Bush presented the CIA's case and more, claiming Saddam had biological and chemical arms and had sought uranium from Africa. All of it was terrifying, and none of it was true. ●●

2003 Powell's WMD case at the United Nations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the eve of war, Secretary of State Colin Powell went to the UN with Tenet at his shoulder and laid out the case for Iraqi weapons of mass destruction. He called it facts and conclusions based on solid intelligence. ●●

2003 Iraq War begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The invasion of Iraq began ahead of schedule on a bad CIA tip that Saddam was hiding at a compound south of Baghdad. The strike missed him, the first of many targeting failures. ●●

2003 Tenet's CIA backs the case for war in Iraq ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the Iraq war began, Director George Tenet stood by the CIA's claim that Saddam Hussein possessed weapons of mass destruction. The assertion proved false. ●●

2003 US invades Iraq to topple Saddam Hussein ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 19, 2003, President Bush publicly announced the launch of the long-planned military invasion of Iraq with the stated goal of disarming Saddam Hussein and liberating the Iraqi people. ●●

2003 Or Baghdad on pretty much any day since the US invasion of 2003. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Or Baghdad on pretty much any day since the US invasion of 2003. ●●

2003 5 million new minority homeowners by the end of the decade, Bush signed the American rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 5 million new minority homeowners by the end of the decade, Bush signed the American Dream Downpayment Act in 2003, a measure designed to subsidize first-time house purchases among lower income groups. ●●

2003 Neil Postman dies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Neil Postman, author of Amusing Ourselves to Death and a prominent media theorist and educator, died in October 2003 at the age of seventy-two after more than forty years as a professor at New York University. ●●

2003 Bush administration invades Iraq ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Bush administration pushed the limits of intervention doctrine by invading Iraq based on anticipatory threat of weapons of mass destruction ●●

2003 SARS epidemic reveals air pollution-mortality link rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Study during SARS outbreak shows air pollution increases severity and mortality risk from coronavirus infection. ●●

2003 2003: By March 2003 the number of articles in the English-language... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story l reached forty thousand, more than were in the World Book that Wales’s mother had bought. By March 2003 the number of articles in the English-language edition had reached 100,000, with close to five ●●

2003 2003: in the World Book that Wales’s mother had bought. By March 2003 the nu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in the World Book that Wales’s mother had bought. By March 2003 the number of articles in the English-language edition had reached 100,000, with close ●●

2003 Event of 2003 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ed. A new Islamic caliphate would take their place, restoring Islam to its seventh-century glory. A war of world orders was declared. The battlefield of that conflict ran through the heart of Saudi Arabia, which eventually—after al-Qaeda mounted a fa ●●

2003 Information history in 2003 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story able definition of reality could be expected to permit this. ” He gave it the indelible name spukhafte Fernwirkung, “spooky action at a distance. ●●

2003 alleged links to Al Qaeda and vague references to the West’s democratic-liberation-stabilization ai rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story alleged links to Al Qaeda and vague references to the West’s democratic-liberation-stabilization aim.16 The WMD threat was said by President Bush on March 6, 2003, to be the “single question,” whose answer led to the eventual attack,17 although Bush ●●

2003 reasonous for disagreeing with the party line.23 Hussein Kamel’s claim that Saddam’s WMD had been de rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story reasonous for disagreeing with the party line.23 Hussein Kamel’s claim that Saddam’s WMD had been destroyed in 1991 was first reported in Newsweek on March 3, 2003, and subsequently by the Washington Post;24 but compared to the drumbeat for war, the ●●

2003 ample of sources drawn from U.S. print and wire service media, references to Iran’s alleged nuclear rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ample of sources drawn from U.S. print and wire service media, references to Iran’s alleged nuclear weapons program rose by 382 percent from April to May 2003, and by a huge 1,164 percent from April to June 2003. Year-over-year (i.e., comparing the 1 ●●

2003 ice media, references to Iran’s alleged nuclear weapons program rose by 382 percent from April to Ma rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ice media, references to Iran’s alleged nuclear weapons program rose by 382 percent from April to May 2003, and by a huge 1,164 percent from April to June 2003. Year-over-year (i.e., comparing the 12-month periods May 2002–April 2003, and May 2003–Ap ●●

2003 r has learned. One code is for hereditary rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story r has learned. One code is for hereditary cardiovascular conditions, and the other is a general code to designate “other family hereditary medical conditions,” according to MIB officials. As of March 2003, neither hereditary code is subcoded for any specified condition such as epilepsy, congestive h ●●

2003 North Carolina repeals its sterilization law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story em Journal published a riveting newspaper series exposing the deep veins of eugenic sterilization undertaken during the twentieth century. The mainly dormant sterilization law was finally repealed in 2003. Governor Michael Easley issued a formal apology for the state’s campaign. The apology led to a ●●

2003 US invasion topples Saddam Hussein's Iraqi state ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Similarly, Iraq had a functioning state under Saddam Hussein, which collapsed following the American invasion in March 2003 and the early decision to disband the Iraqi army. ●●

2003 US invades Iraq and removes Saddam Hussein ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The American architects of the 2003 Iraq invasion expected that democracy would appear spontaneously in the wake of their removal of Saddam Hussein. ●●

2003 ”12 According to the 2003 National Commission on the Public Service, “Those who enter the civil ser rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ”12 According to the 2003 National Commission on the Public Service, “Those who enter the civil service often find themselves trapped in a maze of rules and regulations that thwart their personal development and stifle their creativity. ●●

2003 65 Postscript: In 2003, the Libyan government accepted rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 65 Postscript: In 2003, the Libyan government accepted "responsibility" for the 1988 bombing—without admitting to an act ●●

2003 As this is written in April 2003, the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As this is written in April 2003, the United States has just completed the bombing, invasion and takeover of the beleagu ●●

2003 Marc Herold, Blown Away: The Myth and Reality rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Marc Herold, Blown Away: The Myth and Reality of “Precision Bombing” in Afghanistan (Common Courage Press, Maine, 2003), ●●

2003 Wikipedia's English edition reaches 100,000 articles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By March 2003 Wikipedia's English-language edition had grown to 100,000 articles with hundreds of active editors. ●●

30 June 2003 Ndung'u Commission appointed on illegal land allocation 1 cit. The new Kibaki government appointed the Commission of Inquiry into the Illegal/Irregular Allocation of Public Land, chaired by Paul Ndung'u, to investigate decades of irregular allocation of government, trust and public land, largely under the Moi era. The commission comprised 20 lawyers, civil servants and other prominent citizens. economy / politics ●●

c. 3 February 2003 Goldenberg Commission of inquiry appointed 2 cit. The Kibaki government set up a judicial commission of inquiry chaired by Justice Samuel Bosire to investigate the Goldenberg scandal of the early 1990s, in which the state paid fraudulent export compensation for gold and diamonds that were never actually exported. Over nearly two years the commission heard 102 witnesses. economy / politics ●●

2003 Kibaki lifts the colonial ban on Mau Mau ai_extracted 1 cit. President Mwai Kibaki lifted the colonial ban on Mau Mau as an organization in 2003, shortly after his National Rainbow Coalition took power. The move triggered renewed demands for veterans' recognition and for the rewriting of Kenya's liberation history. ●●

1 September 2004 Beslan school siege 1 cit. Militants seized a school in Beslan, North Ossetia, taking more than 1,100 hostages. The three-day siege ended in a chaotic battle that killed 334 people, including 186 children. politics / war ●●●●

2004 CFR launches task force on the future of North America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On October 15, 2004 the Council on Foreign Relations announced an independent task force on the future of North America, with Robert Pastor as U.S. vice-chairman. ●●

2004 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 passed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Congress passed the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, reorganizing the US intelligence community and creating the Director of National Intelligence. Wood argues it opened the door to mass data collection on nearly every American. ●●

2004 Kay reports no Iraqi weapons found ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The CIA's chief weapons hunter David Kay told the Senate that the search of Iraq had found nothing. We were almost all wrong, he said. ●●

2004 Tenet resigns as CIA director ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Seven years after taking office, George Tenet resigned. He would be remembered for his 'slam dunk' assurance to the president about Iraq's weapons. ●●

2004 Goss confirmed as CIA director ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Porter Goss went to his Senate confirmation hearings vowing to fix the CIA once and for all. His arrival began one of the most sweeping purges in the agency's history. ●●

2004 Congress creates the Director of National Intelligence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Congress passed and the president signed a law creating a director of national intelligence, as the 9/11 Commission had urged. The hastily drafted law did nothing to ease the agency's chronic problems. ●●

2004 7 It also created the General Accounting Office (renamed the Government Acc... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 7 It also created the General Accounting Office (renamed the Government Accountability Office in 2004) to get a better handle on the debt and increasingly complex federal... ●●

2004 John Yoo appointed a public member of the IWG ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Insider resistance to the IWG reached its logical consummation when the White House appointed John Yoo as a public member of the IWG in May 2004. ●●

2004 Bush State of Union address on sovereignty candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Bush asserted in his State of Union address that America will never seek permission to defend its security ●●

2004 The Aviator released ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Martin Scorsese's The Aviator, about Howard Hughes, was nominated for 11 Academy Awards and won five. ●●

2004 Event of 2004 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story felt obliged to set aside the political mechanisms through which it had conducted its affairs for three and a half centuries. Impelled also by the desire to cushion the emergent unification of Germany, the new European Union established a common curr ●●

2004 Information history in 2004 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story d the poet sing of his great deeds abroad because, once sung, they were no longer his alone. They belonged to anyone who heard the song. ●●

2004 GAO surveys 199 federal data-mining projects ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The US General Accounting Office surveyed 199 data-mining projects across federal agencies. ●●

2004 ” This was the failure of the 2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine, which toppled Viktor Yanukovich fo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” This was the failure of the 2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine, which toppled Viktor Yanukovich for the first time. ●●

2004 Francesco Cassata, Molti, Sani, e Forti: L’Eugenetica in Italia (Torino: Bollati Boringhieri, 200... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Francesco Cassata, Molti, Sani, e Forti: L’Eugenetica in Italia (Torino: Bollati Boringhieri, 2006), 315–319; Leslie Woodcock Tentler, Catholics and Con- traception: An American History (Ithaca: Co... ●●

2004 ” This was the failure of the 2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine, which toppled Viktor Yanukovich fo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” This was the failure of the 2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine, which toppled Viktor Yanukovich for the first time. ●●

2004 (New York: Pearson Longman, 2004), chap rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (New York: Pearson Longman, 2004), chap. ●●

2004 1 (2004): 94–108, and “Southeast Asia: Minding the Gap Between Democracy and Governance,” Journal of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1 (2004): 94–108, and “Southeast Asia: Minding the Gap Between Democracy and Governance,” Journal of Democracy 23, no. ●●

c. 30 June 2004 Ndung'u Commission report presented to Kibaki 1 cit. The Ndung'u Commission presented its report to President Mwai Kibaki, documenting widespread and systematic irregular allocation of public land, including forest land, road reserves and land set aside for schools and other public use, benefiting politically connected individuals across successive administrations. The report recommended repossession of illegally acquired land and reform of land administration, though implementation was subsequently slow and partial. economy / politics ●●●

2004 Anglo-Leasing: paying for phantom contracts 2 cit. In 2003 and 2004, under a Kibaki government elected on an anti-corruption platform, officials signed a series of security contracts for passports, navy ships, forensic labs and more with companies such as 'Anglo Leasing and Finance' that did not really exist or never delivered. The state paid or committed hundreds of millions of dollars for goods and services that never arrived. The case showed that grand corruption had survived the change of government. economy / politics ●●●

2004 Fauna & Flora International creates Ol Pejeta Conservancy 3 cit. Fauna & Flora International, with funding from the US-based Arcus Foundation, buys the former Ol Pejeta cattle ranch and turns it into a conservancy of about 90,000 acres. The land had earlier passed through the hands of Lord Delamere and the Lonrho company. Ol Pejeta becomes the largest black rhino sanctuary in East Africa. economy / environment ●●

2004 Ian Craig founds the Northern Rangelands Trust 3 cit. Ian Craig of Lewa founds the Northern Rangelands Trust (NRT), an umbrella body to set up and support community conservancies across northern Kenya. NRT is funded largely by Western donors and foundations, including The Nature Conservancy, USAID, the Danish government, Fauna & Flora International, and the Tusk Trust. It grows into the central organization of the northern conservancy model. environment / politics ●●●

October 2004 Wangari Maathai wins the Nobel Peace Prize 1 cit. The Nobel Committee awarded Wangari Maathai the Peace Prize for linking care for the environment to democracy and peace, the first African woman to receive it. The award recognized decades of work planting trees and defending land, rights, and open government. It brought global attention to the idea that a healthy environment and a fair society go together. diplomacy / environment / society ●●●●

June 2004 Ndung'u narrows reform to illegal public-land allocations 2 cit. The Ndung'u Commission exposed decades of illegal and irregular allocation of public land to politically connected people. Its value was real: it documented state land grabbing. Its limit was also clear: the mandate was public land, not a wholesale reopening of the original colonial and independence land settlement, private titles, or the willing-buyer bargain that had moved former settler land into elite hands. economy / politics / society ●●●●

c. February 2004 Mbagathi conference drafts Somalia's transitional charter 4 cit. The Somalia Peace and Reconciliation Conference moved to Mbagathi near Nairobi and produced the Transitional Federal Charter. Amnesty recorded more than 430 delegates, including leaders of more than 21 armed factions, members of the TNG and civil-society groups. The charter built a Transitional Federal Government on Kenyan soil, turning Nairobi into the external workshop for Somalia's state reconstruction. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●●

10 October 2004 Somalia elects Abdullahi Yusuf in Nairobi 2 cit. Somalia's transitional parliament elected Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed as interim president in Nairobi, not Mogadishu, because Somalia was still too insecure for the vote. Reports described Somalia as divided into warlord fiefdoms, while parliament met under Kenyan security. The election made the point bluntly: a sovereign office for Somalia was filled in Kenya because armed factions still controlled the ground at home. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●●

5 June 2004 Nairobi Declaration pushes Sudan to the final peace phase 2 cit. The Government of Sudan and the SPLM/SPLA signed the Nairobi Declaration on the Final Phase of Peace in the Sudan at State House. The declaration recorded that the parties had negotiated across Machakos, Karen, Nairobi, Nakuru, Nanyuki and Naivasha under IGAD and Kenyan auspices. Kenya was acting as the diplomatic platform where Sudan's war settlement was assembled piece by piece. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

19 November 2004 UN Security Council sits in Nairobi over Sudan's war 2 cit. The United Nations Security Council met in Nairobi and adopted Resolution 1574 after Sudan's government and the SPLM/A signed a memorandum promising to complete a comprehensive peace agreement by the end of 2004. A Security Council session outside New York is rare. The meeting marked Nairobi as a global diplomatic stage for a war that had killed and displaced millions. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●●

2005 Waco summit creates the Security and Prosperity Partnership ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The leaders of the U.S., Mexico and Canada met at a summit in Waco, Texas on March 23, 2005, creating the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America. ●●

2005 Network of European Technocrats formed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Network of European Technocrats (NET) was formed in 2005 as a research and social movement to develop the theory and design of technocracy. Wood presents it as evidence the movement was spreading beyond North America. ●●