Events, Verisoph

2011 2011: Steve Jobs (1955–2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950– ) in 1976. Jobs graphi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Steve Jobs (1955–2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950– ) in 1976. Jobs graphic on the original Macintosh in 1984. ●●

2011 2011: of computers being woven together like a tapestry. When Wales and his rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story of computers being woven together like a tapestry. When Wales and his new wife had a daughter in 2011, they named her Ada, after Lady Lovelace. 112 LA ●●

2011 2011: e intersection of the Liberal Arts and Technology. At his last such ap rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story e intersection of the Liberal Arts and Technology. At his last such appearance, for the iPad 2 in 2011, he stood in front of that image and declared, ●●

2011 2011: t,” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing , Mar. 2011; Stephen Lukas rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story t,” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing , Mar. 2011; Stephen Lukasik oral history, conducted by Judy O’Neill, Charles Babbage Institute, Oct. 17, ●●

2011 Information history in 2011 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Copyright © 2011 by James Gleick All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, Inc. ●●

2011 Pentland describes ubiquitous sensing as world-spanning living organism monitoring all behavior rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Zuboff analyzes Pentland's vision of Big Other as a self-regulating system where mobile networks, security sensors, and wearables combine into intelligent reactive systems. ●●

2011 Zuboff Resumes Research After Fire rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Early in 2011, Zuboff resumed research after losing field data in a house fire, recognizing surveillance capitalism's new turn. ●●

2011 London Riots and Multiple Global Protests candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On August 9, 2011, three events occurred: Apple surpassed Exxon as world's most capitalized corporation, London riots erupted, and Spanish citizens demanded right to be forgotten. ●●

2011 Indignados movement mobilizes in Madrid ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Indignados movement emerged in Madrid with large-scale public mobilization in May 2011. ●●

2011 NATO helps oust Qaddafi in Libya ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These militias were formed in various parts of the country in opposition to Libya’s longtime dictator, Muammar Qaddafi, whom they ousted, with significant help from NATO, in the first year of the Arab Spring in 2011. ●●

2011 South Sudan gains independence from Sudan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sudan fought a long war with its own south, which finally became an independent country in 2011, while committing atrocities against the population of Darfur. ●●

2011 Any simple arguments that the Arabs were exceptional and would passively accept dictatorship ended w rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Any simple arguments that the Arabs were exceptional and would passively accept dictatorship ended with the events of early 2011. ●●

2011 Friedman and Michael Mandelbaum, That Used to Be Us: How America Fell Behind in the World It Invente rejected legendary ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Friedman and Michael Mandelbaum, That Used to Be Us: How America Fell Behind in the World It Invented and How We Can Come Back (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011); Edward Luce, Time to Start Thinking: America in the Age of Descent (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2012); Josef Joffe, The Myth of America’s Decline: Politics, Economics, and a Half Century of False Prophecies (New York: Liveright, 2014). ●●

2011 Wenzhou high-speed rail crash and cover-up ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Following the highly publicized crash of a new high-speed rail train near Wenzhou in mid-2011, the ministry tried to hide evidence of malfeasance by burying the cars involved, until discussions on China’s microblogs forced it to unbury them. ●●

2011 29 FROM 1848 TO THE ARAB SPRING Origins of the Arab Spring; differences and similarities between t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 29 FROM 1848 TO THE ARAB SPRING Origins of the Arab Spring; differences and similarities between the contemporary Middle East and nineteenth-century Europe; religion and nationalism as alternative routes to politicalmobilization The Arab Spring be ●●

2011 Government Revenue, Spending, and Deficits as a Percentage of GDP, 2011 SOURCE: World Bank; OECD (F rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Government Revenue, Spending, and Deficits as a Percentage of GDP, 2011 SOURCE: World Bank; OECD (Figures for Australia, New Zealand, and OECD exclude subnational revenues) Focusing only on the United States for the moment, the apparently irreversi ●●

2011 Governor Rod Blagojevich convicted of corruption ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There have of course been egregious cases of outright individual corruption, such as those leading to the convictions of California congressman Randy “Duke” Cunningham in 2006, and Illinois governor Rod Blagojevich in 2011. ●●

2011 Pentland proposes a planetary nervous system ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Zuboff details Pentland's 2011 paper proposing that ubiquitous sensing and Big Data create a planetary nervous system for monitoring all human behavior to ensure stability and efficiency. ●●

2011 Samburu evicted for a donated conservation park 3 cit. A US conservation group, the African Wildlife Foundation, bought the Eland Downs ranch in Laikipia and donated it to the Kenya Wildlife Service for a national park. Around two thousand Samburu who lived there were forcibly evicted, their homes burned and property destroyed. A Kenyan court later found the eviction unlawful, making it a stark case of dispossession carried out in the name of conservation. environment / politics / society ●●

1 September 2011 FBI describes redemption theory as sovereign-citizen fraud debunked 2 cit. The FBI described redemption theory as a sovereign-citizen scheme claiming that the government uses citizens as collateral, that birth certificates and Social Security numbers register hidden Treasury accounts, and that a third-party strawman can be accessed through UCC and IRS forms. The FBI framed these tactics as fraud and as a source of paperwork attacks, intimidation, and sometimes violence. politics / society ●●●●●

14 October 2011 Kenya launches Operation Linda Nchi inside Somalia 1 cit. Kenya sent troops into Somalia under Operation Linda Nchi, saying al-Shabaab attacks and abductions along the border, in Dadaab and at the coast threatened national security. The operation moved Kenya from host and mediator into direct belligerent in Somalia's war. It also tied Kenyan domestic security more tightly to the unresolved state collapse next door. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●●

2012 Rio+20 Conference on Sustainable Development ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The U.N. Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) was held in Rio de Janeiro on June 20-22, 2012, producing the document The Future We Want. ●●

2012 Obama directs DHS non-deportation policy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 2012 President Obama directed the Department of Homeland Security to adopt a non-deportation policy through regulation, prompting a lawsuit by ICE agents. ●●

2012 138 cities cut ties with ICLEI ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between January 1, 2011 and June 30, 2012, 138 US cities severed relations with ICLEI (Local Governments for Sustainability), the international sponsor of Agenda 21. Wood cites this as a growing citizen resistance to sustainable-development programs. ●●

2012 it had become abundantly clear that movement goals of greater democracy and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2012 it had become abundantly clear that movement goals of greater democracy and economic equality would not be realized ●●

2012 Ecuador signs Mirador mining contract with EcuaCorriente ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ecuador government signs contract with Chinese firm EcuaCorriente for open-pit mining project ●●

2012 2012: In the 2012 election, President Barack Obama stirred up cont... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story prefer a greater government role, or exalt private enterprise, or romanticize peer sharing. In the 2012 election, President Barack Obama stirred up controversy by saying to people who owned businesses ●●

2012 2012: t private enterprise, or romanticize peer sharing. In the 2012 electio rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story t private enterprise, or romanticize peer sharing. In the 2012 election, President Barack Obama stirred up controversy by saying to people who owned b ●●

2012 Event of 2012 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story e often in a position to shape the outcome. The temptation to foster unity by merging nationalism and fundamentalism overwhelmed the original slogans of the uprising. Mohammed Morsi, a leader of the Muslim Brotherhood backed by a coalition of even mo ●●

2012 6.17.D97 2012 004’.09—dc23 2011030265 www.pantheonbooks.com rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story QA76.17.D97 2012 004’.09—dc23 2011030265 www.pantheonbooks.com Cover design by Peter Mendelsund v3.1 ●●

2012 The Chinese constitution specifies that senior leaders will serve maximum terms of ten years, and si rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Chinese constitution specifies that senior leaders will serve maximum terms of ten years, and since Deng Xiaoping’s retirement there have already been two ten-year cycles of leadership replacement at the 16th and 18th Party Congresses in 2002 and ●●

2012 This happened most recently following the 18th Party Congress in 2012 in the early pronouncements of candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This happened most recently following the 18th Party Congress in 2012 in the early pronouncements of the new leadership of General Secretary Xi Jinping and Wang Qishan, head of the Central Discipline Inspection Commission responsible for rooting out ●●

2012 Ginni Rometty becomes CEO of IBM ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rometty, an engineer with an AI background, took over as IBM's chief executive. ●●

August 2012 The Tana River massacres 3 cit. In August 2012, raids and reprisals between Pokomo farmers and Orma herders in Tana River County killed more than a hundred people, including women and children, in some of Kenya's worst communal violence in years. The bloodshed carried into early 2013 and was sharpened by drought, land disputes and looming elections. Old competition over the river had turned into mass killing. politics / war ●●●

August 2012 to 2013 Orma and Pokomo clash over the Tana delta 3 cit. Between August 2012 and January 2013 the Tana River delta saw repeated deadly clashes between Orma herders and Pokomo farmers over land, water and grazing routes, sharpened by local politics ahead of elections. Militias from both sides carried out attacks on villages, and according to news and human-rights reports well over a hundred people were killed and more than a hundred thousand displaced. Investigators pointed to competition over delta resources and political incitement as drivers. environment / war ●●●

c. December 2012 TNA and URP forge the Jubilee Alliance 2 cit. Ahead of the 2013 election, Uhuru Kenyattas The National Alliance and William Rutos United Republican Party joined in the Jubilee Alliance. The coalition turned the ICC cases from a legal liability into campaign glue, joining Kikuyu and Kalenjin blocs that had been on opposite sides of the 2007-08 violence. Jubilee presented itself as youth, digital politics, and national unity; critics saw an impunity pact. politics ●●●●●

18 September 2012 Meads v Meads names organized pseudolegal commercial arguments 2 cit. In Meads v. Meads, an Alberta court organized sovereign-citizen, Freemen-on-the-Land, detaxer, Moorish Law, and similar tactics under the label Organized Pseudolegal Commercial Argument, or OPCA. The case matters because it treats these claims as a repeatable commercial-pseudolaw kit sold by gurus, not as isolated misunderstandings. politics / society ●●●●●

2012 National Land Commission Act turns historical injustice into claims 2 cit. The National Land Commission Act made historical land injustice an admissible complaint covering grievances from 15 June 1895 to 27 August 2010, including colonial occupation, independence struggle, inequitable settlement schemes, politically motivated evictions and corruption. But it also made redress a filtered claims process: complainants had to satisfy criteria, and the Commission recommended remedies rather than simply undoing the land order. economy / politics / society ●●●●

2012 Land registration becomes the legal memory of ownership 1 cit. After the 2010 Constitution, the Land Registration Act of 2012 became a core statute for formal ownership. It did not erase memory, lineage, eviction or conquest; it made the register the everyday legal proof. That is the sharp point for ordinary Kenyans: land history may explain injustice, but title often decides the courtroom. economy / politics / society ●●●●●

2012 Oil discovery pulls Turkana into Kenya's resource frontier 5 cit. Commercial oil discoveries in Turkana turned a long-neglected pastoral region into a resource frontier. The promise of extraction brought roads, security, revenue politics and fears that the county would repeat older Kenyan patterns: wealth removed from land without changing local power. economy / politics ●●●●

22 February 2012 Kenyan troops are folded into AMISOM 2 cit. After several months of unilateral intervention, Kenyan forces were formally integrated into AMISOM through United Nations Security Council Resolution 2036. That shifted the operation into a multilateral peace-enforcement frame and placed KDF inside the AU-UN campaign against al-Shabaab. Kenya's army became part of the regional security architecture, not just a force defending its own border. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●●

21 September 2013 Westgate shopping mall attack 1 cit. Gunmen from the Somali group Al-Shabaab stormed the Westgate shopping mall in Nairobi and held it for four days, killing 67 people. religion / war ●●●

June 2013 The IMF's Greek austerity mea culpa 2 cit. An internal IMF evaluation admitted it had underestimated the damage austerity would do to Greece's economy. The rare public self-criticism strengthened arguments that the Fund's fiscal multipliers had been wrong. economy / politics ●●●

2013 NSA completes $1.5 billion Utah data center ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the fall of 2013 the National Security Agency finished a $1.5 billion data center in Utah with a reported capacity of about 5 zettabytes. Wood notes it is formally the executive agent facility of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. ●●

2013 and Ada Colau stands in the ornate lobby of a Barcelona bank shouting throu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2013 and Ada Colau stands in the ornate lobby of a Barcelona bank shouting through a megaphone to the crowd of activists she’s led to occupy it ●●

2013 Sustainability Report,” Triple Pundit, May 26, 2014, http://www rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2013 Sustainability Report,” Triple Pundit, May 26, 2014, http://www ●●

2013 report highlights that in the majority of cases, improved sanitation and wa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2013 report highlights that in the majority of cases, improved sanitation and water access actually results in an increase in local water use ●●

2013 FBI runs United Pacific Studios sting front ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The FBI created a film studio front titled United Pacific Studios producing B-grade martial arts films, used for a sting operation to investigate state Senator Ron Calderone. ●●

2013 UK film executives charged in tax fraud scheme ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Five UK film executives were charged with 125 million pounds in tax fraud related to filmmakers and directors under the auspices of a fake film titled Landscape of Lies. ●●

2013 2013: Doug Engelbart (1925–2013). rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Doug Engelbart (1925–2013). Englebart’s first mouse. Stewart Brand (center ) assisting at the Mother of All Demos in 1968. ●●

2013 2013: ” 51 In 2013 Berners-Lee began reviving some of the activit... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story e. We tried hard, but it was so painful to deal with those guys. It was cosmically painful.” 51 In 2013 Berners-Lee began reviving some of the activities of the W3C’s Micropayments Markup Working Grou ●●

2013 2013: 15 At the end of 2013, the New York Times reported on “a de... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story apses. I The human brain has 86 billion neurons and up to 150 trillion synapses. 15 At the end of 2013, the New York Times reported on “a development that is about to turn the digital world on its hea ●●

2013 2013: 16. John Markoff, “Brainlike Computers, Learning from Experi... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 16. John Markoff, “Brainlike Computers, Learning from Experience,” New York Times, Dec. 28, 2013. Markoff, who has long done thoughtful reporting on this field, is writing a book that explores the imp ●●

2013 2013: 7, 2014; Klint Finley, “Computer Chips That Work Like a Brai... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 14; Klint Finley, “Computer Chips That Work Like a Brain Are Coming—Just Not Yet,” Wired , Dec. 31, 2013. Beau Cronin of O’Reilly Media has proposed a drinking game: “take a shot every time you find a ●●

2013 2013: Doug Engelbart (1925–2013). Englebart’s first mouse. Stewart Brand (ce rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Doug Engelbart (1925–2013). Englebart’s first mouse. Stewart Brand (center ●●

2013 2013: o deal with those guys. It was cosmically painful.” 51 In 2013 Berners rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story o deal with those guys. It was cosmically painful.” 51 In 2013 Berners-Lee began reviving some of the activities of the W3C’s Micropayments Markup Wor ●●

2013 2013: 6 billion neurons and up to 150 trillion synapses. 15 At the end of 20 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 6 billion neurons and up to 150 trillion synapses. 15 At the end of 2013, the New York Times reported on “a development that is about to turn the digi ●●

2013 2013: s, Learning from Experience,” New York Times, Dec. 28, 2013. Markoff, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s, Learning from Experience,” New York Times, Dec. 28, 2013. Markoff, who has long done thoughtful reporting o ●●

2013 2013: ike a Brain Are Coming—Just Not Yet,” Wired , Dec. 31, 2013. Beau Cron rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ike a Brain Are Coming—Just Not Yet,” Wired , Dec. 31, 2013. Beau Cronin of O’Reilly Media has proposed a drin ●●

2013 Event of 2013 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story aging the apocalypse. When the United States declined to tip the balance, they judged that it either had an ulterior motive that it was skillfully concealing—perhaps an ultimate deal with Iran—or was not attuned to the imperatives of the Middle East ●●

2013 Sociometric badge adopted by dozens of Fortune 1000 companies for workforce surveillance rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Zuboff notes that by 2013, Pentland's sociometric devices had been deployed by dozens of major corporations and research groups as standard workplace surveillance tools. ●●

2013 iTunes downloads reach 25 billion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 2013, iTunes downloads reached 25 billion, six years after Apple became world's largest music retailer. ●●

2013 UK Poverty Research Shows Exclusion rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Research showed that by 2013, poverty had excluded nearly a third of UK population from routine social participation. ●●

2013 Google acquires Waze in bidding war with Facebook ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Google won a reported bidding war with Facebook for Israeli social mapping startup Waze. ●●

2013 Harrison, Jews, Confucians, and Protestants: Cultural Capital and the End of Multiculturalism (Lanha rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Harrison, Jews, Confucians, and Protestants: Cultural Capital and the End of Multiculturalism (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2013). ●●

2013 25 Uhuru Kenyatta, son of the country’s founder, was elected president in 2013 but is under indictme rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 25 Uhuru Kenyatta, son of the country’s founder, was elected president in 2013 but is under indictment by the International Criminal Court for his role in the 2007 communal violence. ●●

2013 Egyptian military ousts President Morsi ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In Egypt, the formerly banned Muslim Brotherhood was elected and dominated the new parliament and presidency for a year, until the military pushed its president, Mohamed Morsi, out of power in the summer of 2013. ●●

2013 These weaknesses were made painfully evident in the European debt crisis of 2010–2013 candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These weaknesses were made painfully evident in the European debt crisis of 2010–2013. ●●

2013 : American Enterprise Institute, 2013) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story : American Enterprise Institute, 2013). ●●

2013 See Gail Radford, The Rise of the Public Authority: Statebuilding and Economic Development in Twenti rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story See Gail Radford, The Rise of the Public Authority: Statebuilding and Economic Development in Twentieth-Century America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013). ●●

6 June 2013 UK government settles Mau Mau claims 2 cit. Foreign Secretary William Hague told Parliament that the British government would pay compensation totaling about 19.9 million pounds to more than 5,000 elderly Kenyans who suffered torture and abuse during the Mau Mau emergency, and expressed sincere regret on behalf of the government for the abuses. The settlement was widely reported as the first time Britain had agreed to compensate victims of colonial-era abuse rather than deny responsibility. diplomacy / politics ●●●

21 May 2013 TJRC final report handed to President Kenyatta 1 cit. The TJRC delivered its final report to President Uhuru Kenyatta, documenting historical injustices spanning the colonial period to 2008, including massacres, torture, land dispossession, and economic marginalisation of particular regions and communities. The report recommended reparations for victims, land restitution, and prosecutions in some cases, but the government was slow to table and act on the report, and implementation remained largely stalled years later. politics / society ●●●

March 2013 Uhuru Kenyatta, big debt, and mega-projects 2 cit. Uhuru Kenyatta, son of the founding president, won the 2013 election while still facing ICC charges that later fell apart, and served two terms to 2022. His government borrowed heavily, much of it from China, to build the Standard Gauge Railway and other projects, and public debt climbed toward and past half of national output. Critics warned that the debt, corruption scandals, and a costly rivalry-turned-truce with Raila Odinga were mortgaging the country's future. economy / politics ●●

2013 Report finds elite land grabbing implicating the founding families 2 cit. The commission found that large-scale irregular and illegal allocation of public land had enriched a political elite since independence. Its findings implicated the families of Kenya's first two presidents, Jomo Kenyatta and Daniel arap Moi, among the major beneficiaries of land injustice. The report tied this concentration of land to poverty and recurring conflict in many parts of the country. economy / politics ●●●

May 2013 Commissioners allege the land findings were altered under state pressure contested 2 cit. Four commissioners, including the three international members and vice-chair Tecla Namachanja Wanjala, alleged that the chapter on land and the findings touching the Kenyatta family were changed shortly before the report was finalized. They said the changes came under pressure from the Office of the President and attached a dissent objecting to the interference. Commissioner Ronald Slye later set out this account in detail in his book on the commission, and the dispute over what was altered remains contested. politics / society ●●●

2013 Lewa is added to the Mount Kenya World Heritage Site 1 cit. UNESCO extends the Mount Kenya World Heritage Site to include the Lewa Wildlife Conservancy and the Ngare Ndare Forest. The listing recognizes the elephant migration corridor between the mountain and the northern rangelands. It cements Lewa's standing as an internationally endorsed conservation model. environment ●●

2013 Britain agrees to compensate Mau Mau veterans ai_extracted 1 cit. Following a reparations case brought in London's High Court, in 2013 the British government announced a negotiated settlement, paying 21.5 million dollars in compensation to 5,200 Mau Mau veterans for abuses suffered during the colonial counterinsurgency. ●●

May 2013 TJRC names the Shifta War and Wagalla as state atrocities 3 cit. Kenya's Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission handed over a report that documented the closed-district neglect, the Shifta War abuses and the northern massacres as wrongs committed by the state. It classed Wagalla as a crime against humanity and called for apology, compensation and redress for the affected communities. Most of its recommendations have not been carried out. politics / society ●●●

c. 2013 Kenyan media list Charles Njonjo among reported Freemasons unproven 2 cit. The Standard published a Kenyan Freemasonry feature that listed former Attorney General Charles Njonjo among notable former and current Masons, alongside Moody Awori and A.B. Shah. A 2025 Standard/TNX feature repeated the list, but neither item gives a lodge, initiation date, or primary lodge-record citation for Njonjo. Kronika treats this as a reported membership claim from Kenyan press, stronger than anonymous rumor but not independently documented lodge membership. politics / society ●

9 April 2013 Kibaki hands over power to Uhuru Kenyatta 2 cit. On 9 April 2013 Kibaki handed over the presidency to Uhuru Kenyatta, ending two terms as president and roughly 50 years of public service. The peaceful handover closed the Kibaki presidency after a decade defined by economic recovery, corruption controversies, the 2007-08 crisis, and the 2010 constitutional settlement. politics ●●●●

3 January 2013 The IMF's fiscal multiplier paper reopens the austerity debate 1 cit. In January 2013 Olivier Blanchard and Daniel Leigh published an IMF working paper showing that, early in the post-2008 crisis, stronger planned fiscal consolidation was associated with worse growth forecast errors. The natural interpretation was Keynesian: fiscal multipliers had been larger than many official models assumed. economy / politics / science ●●●●

9 March 2013 Uhuru wins the 2013 presidential election under ICC cloud 2 cit. IEBC declared Uhuru Kenyatta president-elect after the March 2013 vote, with William Ruto as running mate. Raila Odinga challenged the result, but the Supreme Court dismissed the petitions and upheld the election. Uhuru took office as Kenyas fourth president while the ICC case still hung over him, making his inauguration both a constitutional handover and a confrontation with international accountability politics. diplomacy / politics ●●●●●

9 April 2013 Uhuru becomes the first president of devolved Kenya 1 cit. When Uhuru took office on 9 April 2013, he inherited the 2010 Constitution and the newly operationalized county system. Devolution meant the presidency still mattered enormously, but power, budgets and patronage now also ran through 47 county governments. His administration therefore began under a constitutional order designed partly to restrain the centralized executive abuses associated with earlier presidencies. politics ●●●●

2013 Jubilee uses Christian peace and born-again election language 2 cit. In the 2013 campaign, the Uhuru-Ruto team did not run only on ethnicity and the ICC backlash. Scholars of the election point to Christian peace, repentance and born-again imagery: Kenya would wash away the sins of 2007-08, choose peace, and move into a renewed future. That religious language helped present Jubilee as reconciliation even while accountability questions remained unresolved. politics / religion / society ●●●●

May 2013 TJRC says land is central but cannot solve the land question 2 cit. The TJRC land volume stated that land sat at the heart of many violations and that Kenya's collective failure to resolve the land question continued to fuel other violations. But the report did not claim to solve historical land injustice; it described perceptions, grievances and proposed solutions, then leaned on the 2010 Constitution and the National Land Commission as the long-term channel. economy / politics / society ●●●●●

2013 AFA consolidates the crop-board state 1 cit. The Agriculture and Food Authority Act of 2013 consolidated much of the old crop-board system under a new authority. The names changed, but the logic remained familiar: scheduled crops, directorates, regulation, licences, standards and state-managed commodity chains. Kenya liberalized parts of agriculture without abandoning the crop-board habit. economy / politics ●●●

2013 Kenya's Wildlife Act makes conservancy land use official 1 cit. The Wildlife Conservation and Management Act recognized wildlife conservation as a land use on public, community and private land, and defined conservancies as land set aside by individuals, bodies, groups of owners or communities. It gave legal shape to the lease-conservancy model already spreading in the Mara and northern Kenya. Wildlife could now be treated as an economic use of land beside farming, ranching and settlement. economy / environment / politics ●●●●

c. 2013 Carbon credits turn pastoral grazing rules into a market asset 2 cit. The project credits modified livestock grazing: herders are expected to follow planned or rotational grazing so grasses regrow and store more carbon in the soil. Satellite imagery and vegetation indices are used to classify implementation, and areas grazed more than the method allows do not earn credits. The land may not be sold, but movement, timing and pasture use are pulled into a carbon-market contract. economy / environment / society ●●●●●

2014 Texas legislators ask Obama to enforce immigration law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 28, 2014 all Republican members of the Texas House and Senate signed a letter asking President Obama to enforce existing immigration law. ●●

2014 Interfaith Summit on Climate Change held at the UN ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 2014 the World Council of Churches and the United Nations co-sponsored an Interfaith Summit on Climate Change, to which Patriarch Bartholomew sent an official message. Wood presents this as evidence that churches were being drawn into the sustainable-development agenda. ●●

2014 that “environmental considerations are factored into every decision we make rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2014 that “environmental considerations are factored into every decision we make” and promised it would become “the world’s most environmentally compatible automaker” by 2018 ●●

2014 Global oil prices collapse ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Global oil prices drop significantly and remain low, challenging resource-based economies ●●

2014 2014: IV By 2014 there would be 847 million blogs in the world. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story y saying he was going to use the phrase we blog . The word blog entered the common parlance. IV By 2014 there would be 847 million blogs in the world. It was a social phenomenon that was not fully app ●●

2014 2014: Also: Rebecca Lowen, Creating the Cold War University: The T... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story on of Stanford (University of California, 1997); Michael Malone, The Intel Trinity (HarperBusiness, 2014), Infinite Loop (Doubleday, 1999), The Big Score: The Billion Dollar Story of Silicon Valley (D ●●

2014 2014: 27, 2014; Klint Finley, “Computer Chips That Work Like a Bra... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ennie Mols, “Brainy Computer Chip Ditches Digital for Analog,” Communications of the ACM , Feb. 27, 2014; Klint Finley, “Computer Chips That Work Like a Brain Are Coming—Just Not Yet,” Wired , Dec. 31 ●●

2014 2014: com Copyright © 2014 by Walter Isaacson All rights reserve... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story & Schuster 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020 www.SimonandSchuster.com Copyright © 2014 by Walter Isaacson All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions there ●●

2014 2014: First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition October 2014 SIMON... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition October 2014 SIMON & SCHUSTER and colophon are registered trademarks of Simon & Schuster, Inc. Excerpts from “ ●●

2014 2014: blog . The word blog entered the common parlance. IV By 2014 there wou rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story blog . The word blog entered the common parlance. IV By 2014 there would be 847 million blogs in the world. It was a social phenomenon that was not fu ●●

2014 2014: d is writing a book on the rise of Silicon Valley. Also: Rebecca Lowen rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story d is writing a book on the rise of Silicon Valley. Also: Rebecca Lowen, Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford (University o ●●