Events, Verisoph

1799 Arthur Wellesley's failed night attack at Srirangapatnam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the siege of Tipu's capital opened, Arthur Wellesley led a night attack on the outer defences that failed. A party of thirteen captured Company sepoys was tortured to death. ●●

1799 Death of Tipu Sultan at Srirangapatnam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the final assault on his island capital, Tipu Sultan fought on the ramparts and was shot at point-blank range. He died sword in hand among the dead, ending four wars against the Company. ●●

1799 Chapter 8 ern India, for example, the company rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Chapter 8 ern India, for example, the company conspired with the ruler of Hyderabad against the powerful Tippu Sultan of Mysore, fighting a series of... ●●

1799 Dating back to 1799, it had a large branch system with... (1799) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dating back to 1799, it had a large branch system with abundant deposits. ●●

1799 Information history in 1799 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story H Construction began on stations in branches extending east to Strasbourg, west to Brest, and south to Lyon. When Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in 1799, he ordered a message sent in every direction— ●●

1799 Pope Pius VI dies in French captivity ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The marginalization of the pope begun by ‘Enlightened Despots’ had seemed to be complete when revolutionary French armies arrested Pius VI and watched him die in French exile in 1799 ●●

c. 1800 to c. 1831 The Carbonari 1 cit. The Carbonari were secret revolutionary societies that pushed for constitutional government and Italian unification. They organized uprisings against foreign and absolutist rule in the early nineteenth century. politics / society ●●●

1800 Founding of the Bank of France ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley traces French financial capitalism to the founding of the Bank of France in 1800, when financial power lay with about ten to fifteen private banking houses, mostly of Swiss Protestant origin. ●●

1800 Founding of the Banque de France rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. Created with Napoleon Bonaparte's blessing to bring order to France's chaotic currency, the Banque de France opened on 18 January 1800. Napoleon himself bought thirty of its shares. ●●

1800 Death of Nana Phadnavis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The veteran Maratha Prime Minister Nana Phadnavis died after guiding Maratha diplomacy and administration for twenty-five years. His death removed the last figure able to hold the fractious Maratha Confederacy together. ●●

1800 “The elemental truth must be stressed that the characteristi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The elemental truth must be stressed that the characteristic of any country before its industrial revolution and modernization is poverty.… with low productivity, low output per head, in traditional ●●

1800 In the year 1800, Europeans occupied or controlled 35 percen rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the year 1800, Europeans occupied or controlled 35 percent of the land surface of the world; by 1878 this figure had risen to 67 percent, and by 1914 to over 84 percent.15 The advanced technology ●●

1800 Event of 1800 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story he Origins of Sex: A History of the First Sexual Revolution ROY F. BAUMEISTER AND JOHN TIERNEY, Willpower: Rediscovering Our Greatest Strength JESSE J. PRINZ, Beyond Human Nature: How Culture and Experience Shape Our Lives ROBERT HOLLAND, Blue-Water ●●

1800 Event of 1800 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story i n t r o d u c t i o n 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 2 4 6 8 10 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Annual increments (millions) Population size (billions) Po ●●

1800 2 THE DIMENSIONS OF DEVELOPMENT How political development fits into the larger picture of developm rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2 THE DIMENSIONS OF DEVELOPMENT How political development fits into the larger picture of development; the economic, social, and ideological dimensions of development; how the world changed after 1800; why Huntington’s theory needs to be modified but is still relevant in understanding events like the Arab Spring Political development—the evolution of the state, rule of law, and democratic accountability—is only one aspect of the broader phenomenon of human socioeconomic development. ●●

1800 FIGURE 1 HOW THE WORLD CHANGED AFTER 1800 The rate of economic growth accelerated dramatically aro rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story FIGURE 1 HOW THE WORLD CHANGED AFTER 1800 The rate of economic growth accelerated dramatically around the year 1800 with the takeoff of the Industrial Revolution. ●●

1800 4 While African slaves constituted one-sixth of the population in 1800, both they and the indigenous rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 4 While African slaves constituted one-sixth of the population in 1800, both they and the indigenous inhabitants soon died out or were assimilated into the broader mestizo population. ●●

1800 The Great Chinese Revolution, 1800–1985. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Great Chinese Revolution, 1800–1985. ●●

1800 Besides the revivals of the years around 1800, a ‘Holiness’ movement sprang candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Besides the revivals of the years around 1800, a ‘Holiness’ movement sprang out of the teaching of the early Methodists, proclaiming that the Holy Spirit could bring an intense experience of holiness or sanctification into the everyday life of any be ●●

1800 PART V: ORTHODOXY: THE IMPERIAL FAITH (451-1800) 13: Faith in a New rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story PART V: ORTHODOXY: THE IMPERIAL FAITH (451-1800) 13: Faith in a New Rome (451-900) 1 Stevenson (ed ●●

c. 1800 The riika age-set and generation-set system 1 cit. Everyone initiated in the same period formed a riika, an age-set that moved through life together and gave the society its backbone of order. Age-sets were grouped into larger generation-sets, and the ituika ceremony handed authority from a retiring generation to the next, a rotation between the Mwangi and Maina lines. This layered structure organized defense, dispute-settling, and public affairs in a society without kings or chiefs. culture / society ●●

c. 1800 Gujarati and Kutchi merchants settle along the Swahili coast 5 cit. Long before colonial rule, Indian Ocean dhows carried on a monsoon trade that tied Gujarat and Kutch to the Swahili coast. Hindu banias, Kutchi Bhatia traders, Ismaili and Bohra merchants kept resident firms in Mombasa, Lamu and above all Zanzibar. They financed and handled much of the coastal trade in cloth, ivory and grain. economy / society ●●

c. 1800 The githaka estate and the ahoi tenants 7 cit. Kikuyu land was held as githaka, an estate belonging to a mbari, the patrilineage descended from the man who first cleared it. Members farmed their own plots within the estate, and a muramati acted as trustee for the whole lineage. Outsiders known as ahoi could live and cultivate on the land by permission of the mbari, but held no ownership and could be asked to leave. economy / society ●●●

c. 1800 Rule by councils, not chiefs 5 cit. The Kikuyu had no kings or chiefs. Public matters were settled by the kiama, a council of elders that judged disputes, fixed fines, and guarded custom, while each mbari managed its own land and affairs. Authority came from age, wealth in stock, and standing among peers, not from a throne. When the British later appointed chiefs, they were creating an office that Kikuyu society had never had. politics / society ●●●

c. 1800 The Njuri Ncheke council of the Ameru 1 cit. The Ameru were governed by the Njuri Ncheke, an inner council of the most senior and respected elders. It made and enforced law, settled serious disputes, set the calendar of initiation, and guarded sacred knowledge and oaths. Its word carried across the Meru sub-groups, giving them a shared authority stronger than most of their neighbours had. politics / society ●●●

c. 1800 The mugwe, blesser of the Meru 1 cit. Among several Meru sub-groups the mugwe was a hereditary religious leader who blessed the people, warriors, and harvests and mediated with the divine. He carried no army and gave no orders, but his blessing was thought to bring fortune and his curse ruin. The role was studied in detail by the anthropologist Bernardo Bernardi in the 1950s. religion / society ●●

c. 1800 Age-sets and the making of adults 1 cit. Across the Kikuyu, Kamba, Meru, and Embu, initiation and circumcision turned children into adults and sorted them into age-sets that lasted for life. These sets fixed a person's duties at each stage, from warrior youth defending the ridges to elder sitting in council. Shared initiation gave each people a common backbone of loyalty that ran across clan lines. culture / society ●●

c. 1800 Generation-sets and age-sets among the Turkana 5 cit. Turkana men belonged to age-sets grouped under two alternating generational divisions, commonly named the Stones and the Leopards, each marked by its own colors and ornament. A son entered the division opposite his father's, so the two rotated across the generations. The system ordered seniority, ritual duty, and the sharing of authority in a society with no chiefs. culture / society ●●

c. 1800 Taita fighi charms and the ancestor skull caves 3 cit. Taita religion centred on the ancestors. When an elder died, the skull was later removed and placed with others in ngomenyi rock shelters and caves, where the living brought offerings and asked for help. Communities were also guarded by fighi, protective medicine-charms set at the boundaries of a settlement to keep out enemies and disease. These practices were recorded in detail by ethnographers. culture / religion ●

c. 1800 The Taveta hold the Chala caravan corridor 3 cit. The Taveta lived in a dense forest belt near Lake Chala on the edge of Kilimanjaro, close to what is now the Tanzania border. Their fenced forest home sat on the caravan route between the coast and the Chagga kingdoms of the mountain. As a small people in a strategic spot, they made a living as traders, guides and hosts to passing caravans. economy / society ●●

c. 1800 Aweer flee inland from coastal slave raids contested 3 cit. Aweer tradition holds that they retreated deep into the Boni forest to escape capture during the East African slave trade along the coast. The forest hinterland offered cover from raiders operating out of the Lamu and Somali coast. This flight shaped their settlement in the remote woodland where they later remained. society / war ●

c. 1800 Suba develop a lake economy and mix with neighbouring Bantu and Luo 5 cit. On the islands and shore the Suba built a life around fishing, canoe travel and trade across the lake. From the start they absorbed and were absorbed by neighbours, including earlier Bantu residents and the growing Luo population around them. This mixing was normal for the region and shaped Suba identity from the beginning. economy / society ●

c. 1800 Sabaot circumcision and elders order life on the mountain 1 cit. Like other Kalenjin the Sabaot organise men through circumcision and age-sets that carry them from youth into elderhood. Councils of elders held authority over land, grazing and disputes on the forested mountain slopes. Caves high on Mount Elgon were long used for shelter, ritual and refuge in times of raiding. culture / society ●

1801 THE MAPS French Expansion from 1648 to 1801 320 Ge... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story THE MAPS French Expansion from 1648 to 1801 320 German Expansion from 1919 to 1939 321 William Ill’s Grand Alliance from 1701 to 1713 322 Al ●●

1801 1801: with spikes to control how the shafts would turn. But then he studied, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story with spikes to control how the shafts would turn. But then he studied, as Ada had, the automated loom invented in 1801 by a Frenchman named Joseph-Mar ●●

1801 Napoleon and Pius VII sign the Concordat ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Accordingly, in 1801, he and Pope Pius VII reached an agreement or Concordat, the model for many similar deals between the papacy and a variety of governments throughout the world during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries ●●

1802 Barings finances the Louisiana Purchase ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Barings Brothers, the oldest merchant bank in London, helped the U.S. government finance the purchase of the Louisiana Territory in 1802 from a cash-strapped Napoleon. Its authority in Europe was legendary. ●●

1802 Battle of Hadaspur ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the feast of Diwali, Jaswant Rao Holkar's army met the combined forces of the Peshwa and Scindia near Pune. Holkar was wounded leading a cavalry charge but won a decisive victory, and Baji Rao fled. ●●

1802 Treaty of Bassein ratified ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The fugitive Peshwa Baji Rao II signed a treaty of alliance accepting the Company as Maratha overlord and a British garrison at Pune. Holkar warned it had destroyed the Maratha state. ●●

1802 There was “relatively little nuclear physics” at Los Alamos, Bethe says, mostly rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There was “relatively little nuclear physics” at Los Alamos, Bethe says, mostly cross-section calculations.1802 They thought they were assembled to engineer a “practical military weapon.” That was first of all a national goal. ●●

1802 They thought they were assembled to engineer a “practical military weapon. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They thought they were assembled to engineer a “practical military weapon. ●●

1803 Napoleon sells Louisiana to the United States, 1803 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in 1803 because his overriding concern had to be France's position on the European continent, not overseas empire. ●●

1803 Wellesley plans to invade Hindustan and seize Delhi ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When it became clear Scindia would not accept the Treaty of Bassein, Wellesley drew up plans to invade Hindustan and take both Delhi and the Mughal emperor. This aimed to make the Company the paramount power of India. ●●

1803 Arthur Wellesley restores Baji Rao to Pune ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Arthur Wellesley marched the Peshwa Baji Rao II back to Pune and restored him to his throne under British control, without firing a shot. Holkar withdrew his army north-east across the Deccan. ●●

1803 Barlow memorandum on British paramountcy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sir George Barlow set out an aggressive doctrine that no Indian state should survive unless upheld by, or under the absolute control of, British power. It foreshadowed the coming British Raj. ●●

1803 Daulat Rao Scindia declares war on the Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rather than back down to Wellesley's ultimatum, Scindia gave Colonel Collins a formal declaration of war and expelled him from his camp. Wellesley put his war plans into action on four fronts. ●●

1803 Arthur Wellesley captures Ahmadnagar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On hearing of Scindia's declaration of war, Arthur Wellesley broke camp with 40,000 troops and marched on the fortress of Ahmadnagar. He took it after a brief bombardment and a bribe to its mercenary garrison. ●●

1803 Battle of Assaye ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Arthur Wellesley, heavily outnumbered, attacked Scindia's confederated army near Assaye. After fierce fighting the Marathas were driven from the field, leaving ninety-eight guns, but Wellesley lost a third of his men. ●●

1803 Lord Lake marches from Kanpur against the Marathas ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A day after learning of the declaration of war, Lord Lake left Kanpur with a fast-moving army despite monsoon mud. He headed west toward General Perron's fortress at Aligarh. ●●

1803 Lake crosses into Maratha territory toward Aligarh ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After weeks of marching through heavy rain and flooded roads, Lake's army crossed into Maratha territory and advanced on the fortress of Aligarh. The fort was considered one of the strongest in Hindustan. ●●

1803 Storming of Aligarh fort ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Unable to conduct a siege, Lake chose a frontal assault on the main gate of Aligarh. After heavy losses the attackers blew open the gate and stormed in, and the garrison of 2,000 was massacred. ●●

1803 Earthquake collapses top of the Qutb Minar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A massive earthquake struck Delhi at midnight, toppling the top storey of the Qutb Minar and many buildings. Shah Alam and others read it as a bad omen of disasters to come. ●●

1803 Lake camps at Sikandra before the Battle of Delhi ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lake camped his army north of Akbar's Tomb at Sikandra as his spies reported Scindia's army had crossed the Yamuna to block his approach to Delhi. The battle for Mughal Delhi would be fought the next day. ●●

1803 Battle of Delhi ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lake defeated the French-officered Maratha army defending Delhi, luring it from its strong position and driving it into the Yamuna. It was the last time British troops faced French officers in South Asia. ●●

1803 Shah Abdul Aziz issues a fatwa of jihad ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Delhi imam Shah Abdul Aziz declared that Christians now controlled India and that it was no longer a land of Islam. Many Muslims saw the Company's conquest as the loss of India for the first time since the twelfth century. ●●

1803 Court of Directors object to Wellesley ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alarmed by Wellesley's wars and spending, the Court of Directors wrote to the Board of Control listing objections to his rule. By the end of the year the decision was taken to recall him. ●●

1803 In 1803, he gave up. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1803, he gave up. ●●

1803 In 1803 Napoleon was reputed to say, "Damn rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1803 Napoleon was reputed to say, "Damn sugar, damn coffee, damn colonies! ●●

1803 United States makes the Louisiana Purchase ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This culminated in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, which brought to the young country a huge, undefined territory west of the Mississippi River from ●●

1803 “If there were any ground-breaking ceremonies at Los Alamos like champagne or cu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “If there were any ground-breaking ceremonies at Los Alamos like champagne or cutting ribbons,” John Manley comments, “I was unaware of them.1803 Most of us who were there felt that the conference in April, 1943, was really the ground-breaking ceremony.”1804 Rabi, Fermi and Samuel Allison arrived from Cambridge and Chicago to serve as senior consultants. ●●

1803 Marquis de Mirville publishes volumes on spiritualism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story French Catholic writer Marquis de Mirville addresses the Academy of France with volumes on archaeology, palæography, and spiritualism, attempting to explain remarkable discoveries through Catholic theology ●●

c. 1803 Say's Law becomes the target Keynes has to overthrow 2 cit. Jean-Baptiste Say's early nineteenth-century market theory was later summarized as the claim that supply creates its own demand. Keynes made that classical confidence in self-correction his explicit target: if aggregate demand can fall short, unemployment can persist without an automatic market cure. economy / science ●●●

1804 Global population reaches one billion (1804) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wood cites 1804 as the year global population reached one billion, arguing sustainable-development population targets would push living standards back to that era. ●●

1804 The Warburgs of Hamburg were spared the ghastly world of the... (1804) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story S. Warburg in 1804. The W. ●●

1804 1804, Pitt had deflated his proposed crusade for l... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1804, Pitt had deflated his proposed crusade for liberal institutions; by 1815, Alexander was imbued wit ●●

1804 Event of 1804 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story e force of his will, legitimized by charismatic magnetism and personal success in military command. The essence of the Great Man was his refusal to acknowledge traditional limits and his insistence on reordering the world by his own authority. At the ●●

1804 Pius VII attends Napoleon's imperial coronation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Pope’s new position was most effectively symbolized when in 1804 he agreed to be present at the coronation ceremony for Napoleon as Emperor in Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris: a curious reconciliation of the traditional Church with the new people’s ●●

1805 Unitarian takeover of Harvard ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto traces the energy behind American schooling to the collapse of New England Calvinism. He marks the 1805 Unitarian takeover of Harvard as the point where orthodox Calvinism reached the end of its road. ●●

1805 Austerlitz saves the infant Banque de France ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1805, after Trafalgar and amid war with Austria and Russia, a Paris panic caused a run that nearly liquidated the young Banque de France. News of Napoleon's victory at Austerlitz restored confidence. ●●

1806 Napoleon ends the Holy Roman Empire ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Universal Catholic Church survived the medieval split of the imperial idea, but the Holy Roman Empire was ended by Napoleon in 1806, a thousand years after Charlemagne. ●●

1806 First Lancaster school opens in New York City ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that the first Lancaster monitorial school opened in New York City in 1806 and that by 1829 the model had spread as far as Texas. ●●

1806 Napoleon defeats Prussia at the Battle of Jena ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto dates the seed of modern American schooling to 1806, when Napoleon's soldiers beat the Prussian army at Jena. He argues the defeat prompted Prussia to build a new system of universal conditioning through schooling. ●●

1806 William Fraser describes the blind Shah Alam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The newly arrived William Fraser, an early graduate of Fort William College, wrote to his father about accompanying the aged, blind Mughal emperor to the mosque. He described the dignity of the last of the line of Timur. ●●

1806 Godfrey Rockefeller marries Lucy Avery in Great Barrington rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Godfrey Rockefeller marries Lucy Avery, a Puritan descendant, despite her family's opposition to the match. This union produces William Avery Rockefeller, father of John D. Rockefeller. ●●

1806 Clausewitz captured at the Battle of Auerstadt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Clausewitz was captured after the battle of Auerstadt and spent the next year imprisoned in France and Switzerland. ●●

1806 1806, the vestigial Holy Roman Empire was abolishe... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1806, the vestigial Holy Roman Empire was abolished. ●●

1806 Event of 1806 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story d equated enlightenment with the power of reason, which implied a diffusion of authority from the Church to secular elites. Now these aspirations had been distilled further and concentrated on one leader as the expression of global power. An illustra ●●

1806 Prussia's defeat by Napoleon triggers Stein-Hardenberg reforms ai_extracted 1 cit. Prussia’s defeat by Napoleon in 1806 forced the opening of the bureaucracy to the middle classes under the Stein-Hardenberg reforms. ●●

1807 1807, French armies had set up satellite kingdoms ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1807, French armies had set up satellite kingdoms along the Rhine in Italy and Spain, reduced Prussia to a second-rank power, and gravely weakened ●●

1807 October Edict abolishes nobility's legal privileges ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The October Edict of 1807 abolished the legal privileges of the nobility, following the example of the French Revolution. ●●

1807 British Parliament abolishes the slave trade ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The British Parliament ended the slave trade in 1807, and the British navy was deployed over the succeeding decades to enforce the ban on slave trading off the African coast. ●●

1807 Fulton and Livingston launch first US steamboat line ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The country’s first steamboat line was set up by inventor Robert Fulton and his financial supporter Robert Livingston after the successful trial run o ●●

1808 1808 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Finally, the other traditional weapon in the British armory, peripheral operations on the lines of the Peninsular War of 1808–1814, could not be used against the German coast, sinc... ●●

1808 In the year 1808, when the Latin American wars of independence began, few societies in any part of t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the year 1808, when the Latin American wars of independence began, few societies in any part of the world were characterized by high degrees of economic or social equality. ●●

1808 Napoleon's occupation of Spain sparks Latin American independence wars ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first was the wars of independence from Spain, which were triggered not by the ideas of the American or French Revolutions but by the French occupation of the Iberian peninsula and Napoleon’s placing his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne in place of the Bourbon royal family in the years 1808–1810. ●●

1808 The sheer numbers of Bibles produced was staggering: between 1808 and 1901 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The sheer numbers of Bibles produced was staggering: between 1808 and 1901 one Protestant anglophone agency alone, the British and Foreign Bible Society, produced more than 46 million complete Bibles and nearly three times as many New Testaments and ●●

1809 He was appointed Foreign Minister in 1809 and Chancellor in 1821, serving until 1848 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story tified to the cosmopolitan nature of the eighteenth-century society. He was born in the Rhineland, near the border of France, educated in Strasbourg and Mainz. Metternich did not see Austria until his thirteenth year and did not live there until his ●●

1809 Information history in 1809 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rections. “It appears that he has formed an alphabet of motions,” reported a witness, but apparently only Lomond’s wife could understand the code. ●●

1809 By 1809 Albert Gallatin noted that sixty-two spinning mills were already in oper rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1809 Albert Gallatin noted that sixty-two spinning mills were already in operation and twenty-five more were being constructed, with the greatest c ●●

1810 to 1815 Saartjie Baartman exhibited as the "Hottentot Venus" 1 cit. Saartjie Baartman, a Khoikhoi woman, was displayed as a spectacle in Europe and studied as a supposed racial specimen. Her exploitation in life and dissection after death became a symbol of the dehumanizing gaze of scientific racism. science / society ●●

1810 The Bullion Committee of 1810 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A parliamentary inquiry known as the Bullion Committee was formed in 1810 to examine Britain's paper money and the suspension of gold payments. It recommended the Bank resume gold payments and contract the supply of paper money. ●●

1810 The death notice listed his birthday as November rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The death notice listed his birthday as November 13, 1810—the same date as Doc Rockefeller’s—settling the great mystery. Greatly relieved, Macdonald was at last liberated from Pulitzer’s obsession. On February 2, 1908, the nightmare that had haunted John D. ●●

1810 Mayer Amschel structures the Rothschild partnership ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mayer Amschel created the family partnership structure that bound male descendants across generations while rigorously excluding women, establishing principles that governed the firm for nearly a century. ●●

1810 William Avery Rockefeller born in Granger, New York rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story William Avery Rockefeller, known as "Big Bill" and father of John D. Rockefeller Sr., is born in Granger, New York. He would become a controversial figure marked by secrecy and business deception. ●●

1810 Thus, the cotton industry benefited from the Continental Sys rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, the cotton industry benefited from the Continental System to the extent that it was protected from superior British competition (not to mention the competition from neutral or satellite states, ●●

1810 Russia withdraws from the Continental System ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Few would openly rise in arms, like the Spaniards, or decide to pull out of the ruinous Continental System, as the Russians did in December 1810.91 However, once Napoleon’s Grand Army was devastated i ●●

1810 World Power Centers in the Sixteenth Century 2 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Europe at the Height of Napoleon’s Power, 1810 8. The Chief Possessions, Naval Bases, and Submarine Cables of the British Empire, c. 1900 9. ●●

c. 1810 Camel and cattle pastoralism in the arid basin 5 cit. To survive the dry Turkana basin the people kept a wide mix of stock, camels alongside cattle, goats, sheep, and donkeys, spreading risk across animals suited to different conditions. Cattle grazed the wetter hills while camels endured the driest plains and gave milk through the hardest months. Constant movement in search of water and pasture became the core discipline of Turkana life. economy / society ●●●

1811 Bell heads National Society to oppose Lancaster ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1811 Andrew Bell was named superintendent of a new organization set up to oppose Lancaster's British and Foreign School Society on behalf of the Established Church. ●●

1811 In John Henry Hobart, Bishop of New York from 1811, they had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In John Henry Hobart, Bishop of New York from 1811, they had what one of the doyens of American Church history has called ‘perhaps the greatest religious leader the American Episcopal Church ever produced’ ●●