Events, Verisoph

1811 First Bank of the United States charter expires ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin documents that on January 24, 1811, the Bank of the United States closed its doors when its charter expired, marking the end of the first central bank. ●●

1811 Herschel publishes his nebular transformation hypothesis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sir William Herschell published his famous hypothesis in the Philosophical Transactions regarding the transformation of nebulae into stars. This was a turning point after which the Nebular Theory was accepted by the Royal Academies. ●●

1812 Russia mobilizes its people against Napoleon, 1812 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1812 the Russian autocracy found it could not defeat Napoleon's army without calling on the Russian people, a step toward the pressure to westernize all classes. ●●

1812 Pierre DuPont's claim about American reading ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that by 1812 Pierre DuPont claimed barely four in a thousand Americans could not read well and that the young were skilled in argument from daily breakfast-table debates. ●●

1812 Humphry Davy invents the miner's safety lamp after a fatal explosion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto discusses Sir Humphry Davy's safety lamp, invented after an 1812 mine explosion that killed 92 boys and men. He argues that despite Davy's humanitarian reputation, the lamp let the coal industry expand and cost more lives than it saved. ●●

1812 As Napoleon's army lost its grip after the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Napoleon's army lost its grip after the debacle of his invasion of Russia in 1812, components of his conquest reconstituted themselves as political... ●●

1812 In Citigroup’s official family tree, numerous small firms – dating back to the City Bank candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In Citigroup’s official family tree, numerous small firms – dating back to the City Bank of New York, founded in 1812 – are seen to converge over time on a common trunk, the present-day conglomerate. ●●

1812 The British export economy was to receive its severest test rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The British export economy was to receive its severest test only in 1812; and until the battle of Leipzig (October 1813) there appeared good prospects that Napoleon could smash one of his eastern enem ●●

1812 Compared with these epic events, the Anglo-American war of 1 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Compared with these epic events, the Anglo-American war of 1812–1814 was a strategical sideshow.94 Economically, it might have been far more serious to British interests had it not coincided with the ●●

1812 was too soon after the 1812 British occupation of ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was too soon after the 1812 British occupation of Washington for America to side with the erstwhile mother country. ●●

1812 Wilson produced the League of Nations; Carteret fl... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wilson produced the League of Nations; Carteret flirted with permanent engagements on the Continent; Castlereagh, Foreign Secretary from 1812 to 1821, ●●

1812 1812: er love for machinery. He was, in fact, a Luddite. In his maiden speec rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story er love for machinery. He was, in fact, a Luddite. In his maiden speech in the House of Lords, given in February 1812 when he was twenty-four, Byron d ●●

1812 Event of 1812 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rease in the size of the army and the subjection of entire regions. Not until Napoleon succumbed to the temptation to enter territories where local resources were insufficient for the support of a huge army—Spain and Russia—would he face defeat, firs ●●

1812 THE JACKSONIAN REVOLUTION Andrew Jackson came from what was then frontier Tennessee and won militar rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story THE JACKSONIAN REVOLUTION Andrew Jackson came from what was then frontier Tennessee and won military fame by defeating the British at the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. ●●

1812 Struggling at the beginning of the nineteenth century to the extent that rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Struggling at the beginning of the nineteenth century to the extent that the British dealt a humiliating defeat in the war of 1812 (with surprisingly little long-term repercussion), by the century’s end the USA had spanned its own continent and was b ●●

1812 War or conflict rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The War of 1812 was not popular among the American public, and funding would have been impossible through taxes alone ●●

1812 War of 1812 Driven by Banking Interests rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin claims the War of 1812 was driven by pro-banking interests wanting profit, arguing that Western states with wildcat banks supported it while maritime New England opposed it. ●●

1813 Parliament abolishes the Company's Eastern trade monopoly ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Parliament ended the East India Company's monopoly of trade with the East. Other merchants and agency houses could now set up in Bombay and Calcutta. ●●

1813 After 1813 (when the East India Company’s trade monopoly end candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After 1813 (when the East India Company’s trade monopoly ended), imports of cotton fabrics into India rose spectacularly, from 1 million yards (1814) to 51 million (1830) to 995 million (1870), drivin ●●

1813 The second form of British aid was financial rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frederick the Great, for example, received from the British the substantial sum of £675,000 each year from 1757 to 1760; and in the closing stages of the Napoleonic War the flow of British funds reach ●●

1813 Battle of Hanau and Bonaparte's Rhine Crossing rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1813, Bonaparte would never have been able to return across the Rhine with even thirty to forty thousand men remaining after the battle of Hanau if he had refused a battle there and tried to cross at Mannheim or Coblenz. Minor defensive engagements proved vital to maintaining troop morale. ●●

1813 Secret society nearly seizes Peking's Imperial Palace ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jamieson describes an 1813 conspiracy, late in the reign of the Kea King (Jiaqing) emperor, in which members of the T'ien ti huei ('Brotherhood of Heaven and Earth') nearly captured the Imperial Palace at Peking, foiled only by the chance return of the young prince who later became the Tao Kuang emperor. ●●

1814 Lincoln's brief formal schooling ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that Abraham Lincoln received only about fifty weeks of formal schooling in total, spread across the twelve years between 1814 and 1826. ●●

1814 Battles of Jena, Regensburg, Leipzig, and Belle-Alliance rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The battles of Jena, Regensburg, Leipzig, and Belle-Alliance exemplify brilliant effects of major victories and first-rate pursuits in the Napoleonic Wars, where superior force and pursuit tactics produced exceptional results. ●●

1814 Congress of Vienna convenes to remake Europe ai_extracted 1 cit. no story uring his first exile, at Elba, the victors of the Napoleonic Wars assembled at Vienna in September 1814 to plan the postwar world. ●●

1814 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rather than allow the banks of the nation to fail, the governments, state and federal, decided in August 1814 to allow the banks to continue in busine ●●

1814 27 In 1814 a Bostonian, Francis Cabot Lowell, who had smuggled the plans of a po rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 27 In 1814 a Bostonian, Francis Cabot Lowell, who had smuggled the plans of a power loom out of Britain, built a factory on the Charles River at Walth ●●

1815 Peace of Paris ends the Crimean War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Peace of Paris, signed in 1 856, emerged from the first general meeting of the European imperial powers since 1815. ●●

1815 Ottoman territorial loss after Napoleonic Wars candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ottoman territorial loss after Napoleonic Wars ●●

1815 This final round of the seven major Anglo-French wars fought rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This final round of the seven major Anglo-French wars fought between 1689 and 1815 was to last twelve years, and was the most severely testing of them all. Just as before, each combatant had different ●●

1815 Cotton, virtually a new industry before the war, expanded st rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cotton, virtually a new industry before the war, expanded stupendously in the next two decades, absorbing ever more machinery, steam power, coal, and labor; by 1815, cotton goods had become Britain’s ●●

1815 Controlling most of Europe’s colonies by 1815, dominating th rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Controlling most of Europe’s colonies by 1815, dominating the maritime routes and the profitable re-export trades, and well ahead of other societies in the process of industrialization, the British we ●●

1815 4Industrialization and the Shifting Global Balances, 1815–18 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 4Industrialization and the Shifting Global Balances, 1815–1885 The international system which developed in the half-century and more following Napoleon’s downfall possessed an unusual set of characte ●●

1815 The turbulence and costs of the 1793–1815 struggle—known to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The turbulence and costs of the 1793–1815 struggle—known to the nineteenth century as “the Great War”—caused conservatives and liberals alike to opt as far as possible for peace and stability, underpi ●●

1815 Indeed, one of those countries, Britain, benefited so much f rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Indeed, one of those countries, Britain, benefited so much from the general economic and geopolitical trends of the post-1815 era that it became a different type of Power from the rest. All the other ●●

1815 If the Punjabis and Annamese and Sioux and Bantu were the “l rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If the Punjabis and Annamese and Sioux and Bantu were the “losers” (to use Eric Hobsbawm’s term)17 in this early-nineteenth-century expansion, the British were undoubtedly the “winners.” As noted in t ●●

1815 First—although it is a somewhat pedantic matter—it is unlike rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story First—although it is a somewhat pedantic matter—it is unlikely that the country’s gross national product (GNP) was ever the largest in the world during the decades following 1815. Given the sheer size ●●

1815 On the other hand—and this second point is not a pedantic on rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the other hand—and this second point is not a pedantic one—Britain’s growing industrial muscle was not organized in the post-1815 decades to give the state swift access to military hardware and man ●●

1815 It is therefore hardly an exaggeration to suggest that betwe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It is therefore hardly an exaggeration to suggest that between 1815 and 1880 much of the British Empire existed in a power-political vacuum, which is why its colonial army could be kept relatively low ●●

1815 Yet whatever the rhetoric of anti-imperialism within Britain rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yet whatever the rhetoric of anti-imperialism within Britain, the fact was that the empire continued to grow, expanding (according to one calculation) at an average annual pace of about 100,000 square ●●

1815 The “Middle Powers” The impact of economic and technologica rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The “Middle Powers” The impact of economic and technological change upon the relative position of the Great Powers of continental Europe was much less dramatic in the half-century or so following 181 ●●

1815 There simply was not enough capital, or local demand, or off rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There simply was not enough capital, or local demand, or official enthusiasm, to produce a transformation; and many a European merchant, craftsman, and handloom weaver would bitterly oppose the adopti ●●

1815 Unlike either the age of Napoleon preceding it or the age of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Unlike either the age of Napoleon preceding it or the age of Bismarck following it, therefore, the period 1815–1865 internationalized most of its tricky political problems (Belgium, Greece), and frown ●●

1815 If the period 1648–1815 had seen the empire “rising” and “as rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If the period 1648–1815 had seen the empire “rising” and “asserting itself,”40 that expansion had not eliminated the difficulties under which Vienna labored as it strove to carry out a Great Power rol ●●

1815 On the contrary, the settlement of 1815 compounded these dif rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the contrary, the settlement of 1815 compounded these difficulties, at least in the longer term. For example, the very fact that the Austrians had fought so frequently against Napoleon and emerged ●●

1815 Despite its losses during the Napoleonic War, the position o rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Despite its losses during the Napoleonic War, the position of France in the half-century following 1815 was significantly better than that of either Prussia or the Habsburg Empire in many respects.48 ●●

1815 The overriding fact about the years 1814–1815, at the power- rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The overriding fact about the years 1814–1815, at the power-political level, was that all of the other great states had shown themselves determined to prevent French attempts to maintain a hegemony ov ●●

1815 Thus, while Prussia acted as guardian to the Rhineland, Aust rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, while Prussia acted as guardian to the Rhineland, Austria strengthened its position in northern Italy, and British influence was expanded in the Iberian peninsula; behind all this lay a large Ru ●●

1815 The Crimean War and the Erosion of Russian Power Russia’s r rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Crimean War and the Erosion of Russian Power Russia’s relative power was to decline the most during the post-1815 decades of international peace and industrialization—although that was not fully ●●

1815 Yet at the economic and technological level, Russia was losi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yet at the economic and technological level, Russia was losing ground in an alarming way between 1815 and 1880, at least relative to other powers. This is not to say that there was no economic improve ●●

1815 On the contrary, the post-1815 preference shown by the Great rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the contrary, the post-1815 preference shown by the Great Powers for ancien régime structures in general could nowhere be more clearly seen than in the social composition, weaponry, and tactics of ●●

1815 Conclusions With the important exception of the American Ci rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Conclusions With the important exception of the American Civil War, the period 1815–1885 had not witnessed any lengthy, mutually exhausting military struggles. The lesser campaigns of this age, like ●●

1815 On the other hand, the relatively stable Pentarchy of the po rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the other hand, the relatively stable Pentarchy of the post-1815 Concert system was dissolving, not merely because its members were more willing to fight against each other by the 1860s than a few ●●

1815 However, if viewed from other perspectives—say, from the sob rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story However, if viewed from other perspectives—say, from the sober calculations of the British “official mind,”103 or from that of later historians of the collapse of British power—the late nineteenth cen ●●

1815 Introduction This is a book about national and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Great Power struggles which took place between 1660 and 1815, and are covered in Chapter 3, cannot be so easily summarized as a contest between one large bloc and its many rivals. It was in this c ●●

1815 3Finance, Geography, and the Winning of Wars, 1660–1815 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 3Finance, Geography, and the Winning of Wars, 1660–1815 The signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees did not, of course, bring to an end the rivalries of the European Great Powers, or their habit of sett ●●

1815 The “Financial Revolution” The importance of finance and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The rise of the ancien régime monarchies of the eighteenth century, with their large military establishments and fleets of warships, simply increased the government’s need to nurture the economy and t ●●

1815 1815 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Like the British after 1815, the Americans in their turn found their informal influence in various lands hardening into something more formal—and more entangling; like the British,... ●●

1815 1815 Diplomatic Agreement rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Here, too, there are many parallels with the expansion of British bases and treaty relationships after 1815; but the most noticeable difference was that Britain, on the whole, was ... ●●

1815 1815 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Although this was an enormous force, many of its divisions existed only in skeleton form, or were essentially garrison troops.55 Moreover, the service ran the danger which had befa... ●●

1815 After the dislocations caused by the French Revolu... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the dislocations caused by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, the leaders of Europe restored the balance of power at the Congress of ●●

1815 1804, Pitt had deflated his proposed crusade for l... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1804, Pitt had deflated his proposed crusade for liberal institutions; by 1815, Alexander was imbued with too strong a sense of victory to be thus ●●

1815 Edward Condon, whose father had been a builder of railroads in the West, who had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Edward Condon, whose father had been a builder of railroads in the West, who had worked as a newspaper reporter in tough Oakland, found occasion at Oppenheimer’s party to satirize Los Alamos’ Panglossian mood.1815 He was an exceptional theoretician; he and Oppenheimer had boarded together at Göttingen; Condon thought they were fast friends. ●●

1815 replied to Thiers three days later: “I detest thos... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He replied to Thiers three days later: “I detest those treaties of 1815 which nowadays people want to make the sole basis of our policy.”20 Little mor ●●

1815 He was an exceptional theoretician; he and Oppenheimer had boarded together at Göttingen; Condon tho rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He was an exceptional theoretician; he and Oppenheimer had boarded together at Göttingen; Condon thought they were fast friends. ●●

1815 1815: Ada, Countess of Lovelace (1815–52), painted by Margaret Sarah Carpent rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ada, Countess of Lovelace (1815–52), painted by Margaret Sarah Carpenter in 1836. Lord Byron (1788–1824), Ada’s father, in Albania ●●

1815 1815: ere were times when Lord Byron was not a romantic. He and Annabella we rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ere were times when Lord Byron was not a romantic. He and Annabella were married in January 1815. Byron initiated the marriage in his Byronic fash ●●

1815 No country in Europe qualified as even an electoral democracy at the time of the Congress of Vienna rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story No country in Europe qualified as even an electoral democracy at the time of the Congress of Vienna in 1815 that brought to an end the Napoleonic Wars. ●●

1815 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1815) Few in 1789 could have predicted that France rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1815) Few in 1789 could have predicted that France would be the seat of revolution ●●

1815 People who cared about the restructuring of Europe in the wake of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story People who cared about the restructuring of Europe in the wake of events from 1789 to 1815 respected the rationalism of the Enlightenment less than a new expression of emotion and a search for individual fulfilment ●●

1815 94 In 1815 active Church membership had grown to around a quarter rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 94 In 1815 active Church membership had grown to around a quarter of the population; by 1914 it was approaching half - this in a country which in the same period through immigration and natural growth had seen its numbers balloon from 8 ●●

1815 War or conflict rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 126 years between 1689 and 1815, England was at war 63 of them ●●

1815 And few had capital assets (excluding the value of slaves) of $300,000, the capi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story And few had capital assets (excluding the value of slaves) of $300,000, the capitalization of the Boston Manufacturing Company when it began productio ●●

1815 Each of these enterprises, serving as exclusive marketing agents for several lar rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Each of these enterprises, serving as exclusive marketing agents for several large mills, sold their products through the distributing network which h ●●

1815 This firm began by importing a general line of goods from Europe and trading ext rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story This firm began by importing a general line of goods from Europe and trading extensively with the West Indies, but after 1815 it concentrated wholly o ●●

1815 Connecticut born, Morgan began as a ship’s grocer and chandler in 1815 and owned rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Connecticut born, Morgan began as a ship’s grocer and chandler in 1815 and owned shares of ships and packet lines after 1819 ●●

10 April 1816 Founding of the Second Bank of the United States 1 cit. President Madison signs the charter of a second national bank to stabilize currency chaos after the War of 1812. Under Nicholas Biddle it becomes the young republic's most powerful financial institution and the focus of a bitter political fight. economy / politics ●●●●

1816 The first of these was in terms of total population, althoug rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first of these was in terms of total population, although the gap significantly narrowed between 1816 (Russia 51.2 million, United States 8.5 million) and 1860 (Russia 76 million, United States 31 ●●

1816 We must be able to overwhelm them by this means, without which I do not see a wa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story We must be able to overwhelm them by this means, without which I do not see a way through.”1816, 1817 The slide from precision bombing attacks on industry to general attacks on cities followed less from political decisions than from inadequate technology. ●●

1816 1817 The slide from precision bombing attacks on industry to general attacks on cities followed les rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1817 The slide from precision bombing attacks on industry to general attacks on cities followed less from political decisions than from inadequate technology. ●●

1816 Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars, 1816–1980. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars, 1816–1980. ●●

1816 84 Robert Owen, one of the chief personalities in the movement, who rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 84 Robert Owen, one of the chief personalities in the movement, who from 1816 turned theory into remarkably productive practice in his New Lanark cotton mills in Scotland, detested established Churches, but he certainly did not lack religious serious ●●

1816 Legislative action rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Act of 1816, Section 20, 3 Stat ●●

1816 Then, in 1816, when Nathan Trotter took over the firm, he began to concentrate o rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then, in 1816, when Nathan Trotter took over the firm, he began to concentrate on importing a single line of goods—iron, copper, and other metals ●●

1817 In 1817, Joseph sold his farm in West Springfield, Massachus rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1817, Joseph sold his farm in West Springfield, Massachusetts, and moved to Hartford, Connecticut, which would become the Morgans’ ancestral home. Joseph had a refined air, a straight, delicate nos... ●●

1817 Prussia requires law study for higher civil service ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The employment regulations of 1817 required a classical secondary education as well as university study in law for recruitment into the higher civil service. ●●

1817 Pennsylvania Charter Explosion in New Banks rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin reports that Pennsylvania chartered thirty-seven new banks in 1817, part of a wildcat banking boom following the War of 1812. ●●

1818 its reserve quite evident as early as the first su... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story its reserve quite evident as early as the first such conference, the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818. ●●

1818 France admitted at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Castlereagh attended the first conference at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818, France was admitted to the Congress system and Great Britain made its exit ●●

1818 And within less than three years—in 1818—he managed France’s entry into the Quadruple Alliance candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story onality could have projected himself into the center of so many great and conflicting events. At Vienna, Talleyrand’s contribution was to achieve for France a peace that preserved the “ancient frontiers,” which existed when it had started its foreign ●●

1818 In 1818 Parliament voted funds for a large number of new (and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1818 Parliament voted funds for a large number of new (and remarkably joyless) urban churches, and for around forty years from the late 1780s it was also official policy to finance Anglican establishments in British colonial possessions ●●

1818 First deliberate US monetary contraction begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The country’s first experience with a deliberately created mone- tary contraction began in 1818 when the Bank became concerned about its own ability t ●●

1819 Prussia establishes the first effective secular compulsion schooling ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that Prussia produced the human race's first effective secular compulsion schooling in 1819, the same year he says Mary Shelley's Frankenstein appeared in England. ●●

1819 John Griscom's 'A Year in Europe' praises Prussian schools ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto lists travelers' reports that brought Prussian schooling to American attention. The first was John Griscom's 1819 book A Year in Europe, read and admired by Thomas Jefferson and other leading Americans. ●●

1819 Kings: George I (Elector of Hanover, King of Ireland;; ); George(Elector of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kings: George I (Elector of Hanover, King of Ireland;; ); George(Elector of Hanover, King of Ireland;; ); George(1865; ) Queens: Victoria (Queen-Empress; 1819; ) see also Atlantic Isles; British Empire; England; Ireland; Scotland; Wales Great Moravia ●●

1819 The Panic of 1819 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This is exactly what happened in the so-called panic of 1819 ●●

25 February 1819 Dartmouth College defines the corporation as an artificial legal being 3 cit. In Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, the U.S. Supreme Court described the corporation as an artificial being existing only in contemplation of law. That is the real legal fiction behind corporate personhood: the law can recognize organizations as juridical persons for property, contract, liability, and litigation. It does not mean every human has a hidden corporate double. economy / politics ●●●●●

1820 He won reelection by the biggest electoral margin victory since James Monro... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He won reelection by the biggest electoral margin victory since James Monroe ran unopposed in 1820, capturing 98.49 percent, or 523 electoral votes, the largest number of... ●●

1820 By 1820 per capita income in the United States was roughly twice that of China; rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1820 per capita income in the United States was roughly twice that of China; by 1870, nearly five times higher; by 1913 nearly ten times; by 1950 nearly twenty-two times. ●●

1820 1820, the United States found a compromise between... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1820, the United States found a compromise between the two approaches which enabled it to have it both ways until after the Second World War. ●●