Events, Verisoph

1820 Castlereagh sets out British policy in State Paper ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Castlereagh himself had set forth the British position in a state paper of May 5, 1820. ●●

1820 Information history in 1820 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ed. “Multitudes of contrivances were designed, and almost endless drawings made, for the purpose of economizing the time,” Babbage wrote ruefully. ●●

1820 was a Jewish immigrant peddler who settled in Louisville in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Their father, Moritz Flexner, born in Bohemia in 1820, was a Jewish immigrant peddler who settled in Louisville in 1854, carrying his wares on his bac ●●

1820 According to him, the first long wave began in the 1820s and continued through the end of the ninete rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story According to him, the first long wave began in the 1820s and continued through the end of the nineteenth century, while the second short wave happened in the immediate aftermath of World War II. ●●

1820 The prime example of this is the United States, which invented clientelistic party government after rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The prime example of this is the United States, which invented clientelistic party government after the opening up of the democratic franchise in the 1820s and was thereafter saddled with a patronage-riddled bureaucracy for much of the next century. ●●

1820 These services were developed so swiftly and so effectively for the cotton trade rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These services were developed so swiftly and so effectively for the cotton trade that by the 1820s the leading mercantile firms handling the flow of c ●●

1820 Robert Albion estimates that the packet boats were built in the 1820s at about $ rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Albion estimates that the packet boats were built in the 1820s at about $30,000 apiece ●●

1820 Owners of coal lands first began to build canals into the anthracite regions in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Owners of coal lands first began to build canals into the anthracite regions in the 1820s ●●

1820 Max Müller on the rediscovery of Vedic texts rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Blavatsky cites Max Müller's observation that around 1820, the sacred books of the Brahmans (Vedas), Zoroastrians (Zend Avesta), and Buddhists (Tripitaka) were nearly unknown and virtually untranslatable by any scholar. ●●

c. 1820 The adakar and the ere 5 cit. Turkana families lived in the ere, or ereet, the homestead of a man, his wives, and their herds, which broke apart and regrouped as grazing demanded. For defense and better use of scattered pasture, homesteads joined into an adakar, a mobile cluster that camped and moved together under a respected senior man. This flexible, herd-driven organization let the Turkana hold and use one of Kenya's harshest lands. economy / society ●●

1821 Greek War of Independence, 1821-1830 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Greek struggle for independence from the sultan (1821-1830) was an early expression of Balkan nationalism, ending with a guaranteed constitutional monarchy. ●●

1821 Britain returns to the gold standard in 1821 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Napoleonic Wars, the Bank of England nearly halved the paper money supply, driving prices down by 50 percent. Despite years of riots and agricultural distress, Britain went back on gold in 1821. ●●

1821 John Quincy Adams, then Secretary of State, summed... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Quincy Adams, then Secretary of State, summed up this attitude in 1821: Wherever the standard of freedom and independence has been or shall be un ●●

1821 Wilson produced the League of Nations; Carteret fl... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wilson produced the League of Nations; Carteret flirted with permanent engagements on the Continent; Castlereagh, Foreign Secretary from 1812 to 1821, ●●

1821 During the Greek Revolution of 1821, England inter... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the Greek Revolution of 1821, England interpreted the Tsar’s desire to protect the Christian population of the collapsing Ottoman Empire as the ●●

1821 1821, the year before he succeeded Castlereagh, Ca... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1821, the year before he succeeded Castlereagh, Canning had called for a policy of “neutrality in word a ●●

1821 1821: ogarithms Herschel replied, “It is quite possible.” 28 In 1821 Babbage rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ogarithms Herschel replied, “It is quite possible.” 28 In 1821 Babbage turned his attention to building such a machine. Over the years, many had fiddl ●●

1821 Event of 1821 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story precursor of the United Nations Security Council. Its conferences acted on a series of crises, attempting to distill a common course: the revolutions in Naples in 1820 and in Spain in 1820–23 (quelled by the Holy Alliance and France, respectively) an ●●

1821 Greeks declare independence and revolt against Turkish rule ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Greeks, inspired in part by the ideals of the French Revolution, declared independence in 1821 and began a revolt against Turkish rule. ●●

1821 Archbishop Laurence translates the Book of Enoch ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Archbishop Laurence translated the Book of Enoch from Ethiopic texts discovered by James Bruce in Abyssinia and held in the Bodleian Library, Oxford ●●

1822 Information history in 1822 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story zing the time,” Babbage wrote ruefully. By 1820 he had settled on a design. ●●

1822 Differentiated clan tartans devised for a royal pageant ai_extracted 1 cit. The idea that each clan had its own distinct tartan was not old but was worked up by manufacturers and antiquaries for George IV's 1822 visit to Edinburgh, a pageant staged by Sir Walter Scott. Tartans were sold from the loom and assigned to clans; one chief received a pattern previously labelled "No. 155" and sold to clothe West Indian slaves. ●●

c. 1823 The Lowell mills open in Massachusetts 1 cit. Investors built large integrated cotton mills at Lowell that combined spinning and weaving under one roof. They employed young women workers and became a model of American industry. economy / society ●●●

1823 1823: tish government was impressed, at least initially. In 1823 it gave him rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story tish government was impressed, at least initially. In 1823 it gave him seed money of £1,700 and would eventually sink more than £17,000, twice the cos ●●

1823 Event of 1823 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The United States soon set out to expand this maxim to all of the Americas. A tacit accommodation with Britain, the premier naval power, allowed the United States to declare in the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 its entire hemisphere off-limits for foreign ●●

1823 Parliament funds Babbage's Difference Engine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story c-industrial project “at the expense of the nation, to be held as national property,”♦ financed by the Treasury for almost twenty years, beginning in 1823 with a Parliamentary appropriation of £1,500 ●●

1824 1824: is doctor’s decision to treat him by bloodletting. On April 19, 1824, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story is doctor’s decision to treat him by bloodletting. On April 19, 1824, he died. According to his valet, among his final words wer ●●

1824 Phase three began with the Anglo-Burmese War of 1824 and culminated in the “scramble for Africa” tha rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Phase three began with the Anglo-Burmese War of 1824 and culminated in the “scramble for Africa” that began in the last decades of the century. ●●

1825 Saint-Simon publishes New Christianity ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Henri de Saint-Simon set out his religious views in his 1825 work New Christianity, calling for social organization to relieve poverty as the main aim of religion. ●●

1825 France recognizes Haiti in exchange for an indemnity ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only in 1825 did France give Haiti conditional recognition as a sovereign state, and then only after Haiti agreed to pay compensation for France's sup... ●●

1825 James Rothschild rescues Nathan in the 1825 panic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The multinational Rothschild structure enabled the houses to support each other during crises; James in Paris was able to bail out Nathan in London during the 1825 financial panic. ●●

1825 Gerson Warburg dies, forcing succession crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The death of Gerson forced Moses Marcus to confront a banking succession crisis, resolved through marriage arrangement with Sara. ●●

1825 It was an enchantingly beautiful summer night rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was an enchantingly beautiful summer night.”1825 Pathfinders started dropping yellow markers and bombs at fifty-five minutes past midnight on July 28. ●●

1825 Pathfinders started dropping yellow markers and bombs at fifty-five minutes past midnight on July 28 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pathfinders started dropping yellow markers and bombs at fifty-five minutes past midnight on July 28. ●●

1826 The Last of the Mohicans published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that Cooper's demanding 1826 novel The Last of the Mohicans sold so well that a modern equivalent would have to sell 10 million copies, evidence of a broadly literate public. ●●

1826 Bank of England abandons tally-stick accounting ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Bank of England kept its own internal accounts using notched tally sticks well into the modern era. It only gave up the practice in 1826. ●●

1826 Among them are the world’s first photograph, which was printed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Among them are the world’s first photograph, which was printed on a pewter plate in 1826; a Gutenberg Bible, one of five in the United States; and a c (1826) ●●

1826 Bank of England note-issue monopoly reaffirmed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Bank of England's monopoly on note issue was reaffirmed by regulation, establishing it as the central bank authority. ●●

1826 Information history in 1826 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story cal form of a machine but its more elusive properties: its timing and its logic. It was an extraordinary ambition, as Babbage himself appreciated. ●●

1826 “original people” or “Men of Men” rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —James Fenimore Cooper, 1826 PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY, in summer has been described as “like the inside of a dog’s mouth.” The area’s original inhabitan ●●

1827 Owego Academy founded in New York rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Owego Academy, which would become unquestionably the finest secondary school in that part of New York, is founded. It later becomes the setting for John D. Rockefeller and his brother William's education. ●●

1827 Robert Brown observes Brownian motion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Brown observes that pollen grains suspended in water exhibit constant jittering motion when viewed under a microscope. This phenomenon is eventually explained by molecular motion theory, becoming key evidence for atomic theory. ●●

1827 I had never seen a fire like that before and was never to see its like again rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I had never seen a fire like that before and was never to see its like again.1827 The summer heat and low humidity, the mix of high-explosive and incendiary bombs that made kindling and then ignited it and the absence of firefighting equipment in the bombed districts conspired to assemble a new horror. ●●

1827 The summer heat and low humidity, the mix of high-explosive and incendiary bombs that made kindling rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The summer heat and low humidity, the mix of high-explosive and incendiary bombs that made kindling and then ignited it and the absence of firefighting equipment in the bombed districts conspired to assemble a new horror. ●●

1827 of Alessandro Volta, the Como-born Italian physicist who invented the electric battery and after who rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story of Alessandro Volta, the Como-born Italian physicist who invented the electric battery and after whom the standard unit of electrical potential, the volt, is named. ●●

1827 Information history in 1827 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ly too much to assert that he believes nothing he hears, and only half of what he sees,”♦ Babbage wrote his friend Herschel. When his father died, in 1827, Babbage inherited a fortune of £100,000. ●●

1827 103 Shortly after Smith’s marriage in 1827, he had the first of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 103 Shortly after Smith’s marriage in 1827, he had the first of a series of visits from a heavenly being in white, Moroni, who, according to Smith, was a former inhabitant of the Americas ●●

1828 Ram Mohan Roy founds Brahma Samaj Society (1828) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ram Mohan Roy is described as an early figure in a synthesis of Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam, founding the Brahma Samaj Society in 1828. ●●

1828 Robert Brown observes Brownian motion in pollen ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Scottish botanist Robert Brown published detailed observations of how minuscule pollen particles suspended in water wiggle and wander under microscope examination, phenomenon later called Brownian motion. ●●

1828 Information history in 1828 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story mming. ” The idea is an old one, Turing says, and he cites Charles Babbage, whom he identifies as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge from 1828 to 1839—once so famous, now almost forgotten. ●●

1828 History textbooks traditionally date the rise of the patronage system from the election of Andrew Ja candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story History textbooks traditionally date the rise of the patronage system from the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828. ●●

1828 53 In 1828 the Tory government abolished restrictions on Protestant Dissenters holding rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 53 In 1828 the Tory government abolished restrictions on Protestant Dissenters holding public office in England and Wales, but worse was to come for conservative Anglicans ●●

1828 32 Appropriately enough, Samuel Slater, the founder of the spinning industry in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 32 Appropriately enough, Samuel Slater, the founder of the spinning industry in America, built the first integrated steam mill in 1828, in Providence ●●

1828 Andrew Jackson elected President ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin notes that Andrew Jackson was elected to the Presidency in 1828, setting the stage for his future conflict with the Second Bank of the United States. ●●

1829 Sara marries her cousin Aby Samuel Warburg ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sara married her second cousin Aby Samuel Warburg, securing a banking partnership. Her will would dominate family and business. ●●

1830 Over a thousand utopian colonies flourish in America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes a wave of American utopian experimentation. He states that from 1830 to 1900 over a thousand utopian colonies flourished, many built around intensive schooling as the key to breaking with the past. ●●

1830 Fellenberg's manual-labor schooling fad in the 1830s ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that the Swiss aristocrat von Fellenberg's doctrine of combining manual labor with academic schooling was a short-lived fad in America in the 1830s. ●●

1830 "For your freedom and ours" was the slogan rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story "For your freedom and ours" was the slogan of Polish rebels against Russia in 1830. ●●

1830 1830 Revolution in Paris - Nathan assists James rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the 1830 revolution caused financial turmoil in Paris, Nathan reciprocated by supporting James, demonstrating the mutual support structure between the Rothschild houses. ●●

1830 Event of 1830 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ately supported by Britain, France, and Russia). The Concert of Powers did not guarantee a unanimity of outlook, yet in each case a potentially explosive crisis was resolved without a major-power war. A good example of the efficacy of the Vienna syst ●●

1830 Foreigners continued to dominate Greek politics long after it achieved formal independence in 1830, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Foreigners continued to dominate Greek politics long after it achieved formal independence in 1830, with the Great Powers placing Otto, prince of the Bavarian Wittelsbach family, on the Greek throne. ●●

1830 Those sitting in Parliament were elected by a small, well-to-do part of the country, no more than 3 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Those sitting in Parliament were elected by a small, well-to-do part of the country, no more than 3 percent of the whole population as late as 1830. ●●

1830 18 In the southern Netherlands, a revolution of unmistakably liberal character in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 18 In the southern Netherlands, a revolution of unmistakably liberal character in 1830 against the lumpishly discriminatory rule of a Protestant Dutch monarchy created a new state, Belgium, whose cement across linguistic divisions between French-and ●●

1830 It was published in 1830 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was published in 1830 ●●

1830 (The nation’s first railroads only began to go into operation in the 1830s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (The nation’s first railroads only began to go into operation in the 1830s ●●

1830 64 In the 1830s, too, shipping and mercantile firms built private semaphore syst rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 64 In the 1830s, too, shipping and mercantile firms built private semaphore systems at various landfalls for relaying messages from incoming ships to ●●

1830 6 As the country pulled out of the long economic depression of the late 1830s an rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 6 As the country pulled out of the long economic depression of the late 1830s and early 1840s, railroad building began in earnest ●●

c. 1830 Maasai power reaches its height across the Rift 6 cit. In the early and middle nineteenth century the Maa-speaking pastoralists dominated the grasslands from Laikipia south to the Ngong Hills and into what is now northern Tanzania. Their herds, mobility and warrior bands made them the strongest military force in the region. Neighbouring farming peoples paid tribute, traded on Maasai terms or kept out of the plains altogether. society / war ●●●

1831 Victor Cousin reports to the French government on Prussian schooling ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto calls Victor Cousin's 1831 report to the French government the most influential of the Prussian school accounts. He says French schooling was reorganized on Prussian lines within two years. ●●

1831 Moses Marcus Warburg dies in synagogue ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Moses Marcus died in synagogue. Sara became the true architect of Warburg banking power despite her husband's passivity. ●●

1831 1831 cholera epidemic sparks anti-Semitism rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the cholera epidemic in Berlin, Jews were accused of poisoning wells, reflecting deep anti-Semitic prejudices. ●●

1831 Death of Clausewitz from cholera ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Clausewitz died of cholera in 1831 before completing his planned revisions to On War. ●●

1831 Hamburg firestorm kills 45,000 in one night ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The smallest children lay like fried eels on the pavement.1831 Bomber Command killed at least 45,000 Germans that night, the majority of them old people, women and children. ●●

1831 Bomber Command killed at least 45,000 Germans that night, the majority of them old people, women and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bomber Command killed at least 45,000 Germans that night, the majority of them old people, women and children. ●●

1831 William IV's truncated coronation, the "Half-Crownation" ai_extracted 1 cit. Before its late-Victorian reinvention, British royal ceremonial was often shabby and mismanaged. William IV loathed pageantry and tried to cancel his coronation; the pared-down 1831 ceremony was mocked as the "Half-Crownation". ●

1832 Otto becomes the first king of Greece ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Russian president of Greece was assassinated in 1 8 3 1 , and Greece got its king-son of the king of Bavaria and a Catholic-in 1832, but not all t... ●●

1832 In rural England before 1832, according to statutes passed in the fifteenth century, only men rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In rural England before 1832, according to statutes passed in the fifteenth century, only men who owned freehold property worth at least forty shillings a year in a particular county were entitled to vote there. ●●

1832 Electoral reform acts in 1832, 1867 and 1884 eroded what remained of the aristocratic stranglehold candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Electoral reform acts in 1832, 1867 and 1884 eroded what remained of the aristocratic stranglehold on British politics. ●●

1832 Jardine and Matheson found Canton trading firm ai_extracted 1 cit. no story William Jardine and James Matheson were buccaneering Scotsmen who had set up a trading company in the southern Chinese port of Guangzhou (then known as Canton) in 1832. ●●

1832 ROBERT BICKERS, The Scramble for China: Foreign Devils in the Qing Empire, 1832-1914 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rotropolis: The Way We’ll Live Next DAVID GILMOUR, The Pursuit of Italy: A History of a Land, its Regions and their Peoples NIALL FERGUSON, Civilization: The West and the Rest TIM FLANNERY, Here on Earth: A New Beginning ROBERT BICKERS, The Scramble ●●

1832 Information history in 1832 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ted from the refuse of fish; fire has been sifted by the lamp of Davy; and machinery has been taught arithmetic instead of poetry. —Charles Babbage (1832)♦ NO ONE DOUBTED THAT Charles Babbage was bril ●●

1832 Abernethy points out that while thirty-nine of forty-eight Europeans died in Macgregor Laird’s exped rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Abernethy points out that while thirty-nine of forty-eight Europeans died in Macgregor Laird’s expedition up the Niger in 1832, not a single one did during an expedition on the same river in 1854. ●●

1832 British franchise expands through three Reform Acts ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Franchise expansion stretched out over three major reform bills in 1832, 1867, and 1884. ●●

1832 18 The 1832 Reform Act could indeed be seen as a worried conservative response to threats and agitat rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 18 The 1832 Reform Act could indeed be seen as a worried conservative response to threats and agitation coming from below as a result of economic change. ●●

1832 Water Lily Sect revival discovered in Anhui ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jamieson relates that in March 1832 an enthusiastic member was discovered trying to revive the 'Sect of the Water Lily' in Anhui province and was immediately beheaded, evidence he says of the sect's continuing hold over Chinese adherents. ●●

1833 East India Company Charter Act strips trading rights ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Parliament passed the East India Company Charter Bill, removing the Company's right to trade and turning it into a governing corporation. It entered a final phase devoted solely to the business of Empire. ●●

1833 In the 139 years after its first constitution took effect rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 139 years after its first constitution took effect in 1833, its democratic order was interrupted only three times (1833) ●●

1833 As one congressman said in 1833, “the barometer of the Ameri rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As one congressman said in 1833, “the barometer of the American money market hangs up at the stock exchange in London.”4 Peabody, hoping to tap this transatlantic money flow, became a leading dealer o... ●●

1833 Britain scraps usury laws on the discount rate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain scrapped usury laws that limited the Bank of England's discount rate on commercial bills, allowing full exploitation of its scale advantages. ●●

1833 Rockefellers move west in search of fresh opportunity rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Rockefeller family, led by Godfrey and Lucy, leaves New York in an overloaded Conestoga wagon to settle in western New York, part of the larger westward migration following the Erie Canal construction. ●●

1833 1833: Lady Byron to Mary King, May 13, 1833. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story go Press, 1996), 1, 5. CHAPTER ONE: ADA, COUNTESS OF LOVELACE 1. Lady Byron to Mary King, May 13, 1833. The Byron family letters, including those of Ada, are in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Transcrip ●●

1833 1833: CHAPTER ONE ADA, COUNTESS OF LOVELACE POETICAL SCIENCE In May 1833, wh rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER ONE ADA, COUNTESS OF LOVELACE POETICAL SCIENCE In May 1833, when she was seventeen, Ada Byron was among the young women presented at the Briti ●●

1833 1833: 1, 5. CHAPTER ONE: ADA, COUNTESS OF LOVELACE 1. Lady Byron to Mary Kin rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1, 5. CHAPTER ONE: ADA, COUNTESS OF LOVELACE 1. Lady Byron to Mary King, May 13, 1833. The Byron family letters, including those of Ada, ●●

1833 Information history in 1833 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ish Dictionary by the Philological Society. London: Trübner & Co. ●●

1833 In 1833 they proposed remedies for some of the greater absurdities in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1833 they proposed remedies for some of the greater absurdities in the government of the Protestant Church of Ireland, which perpetuated a ghostly institutional structure inherited from the pre-Reformation Irish Church while serving only a fractio ●●

1833 1772-1833), who travelled across the oceans to Britain to defend the reforms rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1772-1833), who travelled across the oceans to Britain to defend the reforms of Hindu customs like widow-burning promoted by his former employees the East India Company; he died in Bristol, where the grand classical chapel built by prosperous Unitari ●●

1833 Skull and Bones founded at Yale ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda asserts that Skull & Bones was founded at Yale University, claiming it is a small secret society initiating only 15 new members annually, with strict secrecy and deception rules. ●●

1833 Psi Upsilon founded at Union College ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda describes the founding of Psi Upsilon secret society at Union College in New York by seven students who pledged absolute secrecy. ●●

1833 Ada Byron is presented at the British court ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ada Byron, later Countess of Lovelace, makes her debut among young women presented at court, and soon after meets Charles Babbage. ●●

1833 Triad secret societies uncovered in southern China ai_extracted 1 cit. no story According to Jamieson, authorities in 1833 discovered two nominally separate but effectively identical secret societies, the Hai Shan huei ('Brotherhood of the Sea and Land') and the Yi Sheng huei ('Brotherhood of Righteous Revolution'), which he says had by then degenerated from political roots into gangs preying on travelling native traders. ●●