Events, Verisoph

c. 1908 Nyanza and the west become the colony's labour reservoir 8 cit. The densely populated Luo, Luhya, and Gusii districts of Nyanza and western Kenya became the main source of workers for settler farms, the Mombasa port, the railway, and the growing towns. Men left home for months to work far away and returned to reserves that stayed poor. The region supplied hands rather than keeping the value of their work. economy / society ●●●●

1908 The colonial intrusion and the crisis of authority 1 cit. British conquest in 1907 and 1908, led by E. B. Horne, stripped the generation-sets of their political core by ending warfare, disarmament, and territorial defence, leaving the kiama as little more than a court for settling disputes. Famine, epidemics, and wartime demands then killed perhaps a quarter to a third of the people. Anne-Marie Peatrik argues the crisis deepened when H. E. Lambert recognised the njuri ncheke as the official "tribal authority" in the 1930s, a selective body that masked the real generational divisions rather than restoring the old order. politics / society / war ●●●●

c. 1908 Kitale emerges as a settler service town 2 cit. Kitale began as a small settler service settlement in the fertile Trans-Nzoia plains. Its position between Mount Elgon and the Cherangany Hills made it useful as an administrative and trading centre for European farms. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1909 to c. 1979 California leads U.S. in forced sterilizations 1 cit. California sterilized about 20,000 people under eugenic law, more than any other state, targeting immigrants, the poor, and people in institutions. The state later apologized and set up compensation for survivors. politics / society ●●

1909 Rathenau on the men who direct Europe's economy, 1909 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley quotes industrialist Walter Rathenau, who in 1909 claimed that three hundred men who all knew one another directed the economic destiny of Europe. It is offered as evidence of concentrated financial power. ●●

1909 Rise of the American billion-dollar corporations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that the number of billion-dollar corporations in the United States grew from one in 1909, Morgan-controlled US Steel, to fifteen by 1930. ●●

1909 Morley-Minto Act of 1909 enlarges Indian councils ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A third reform act, passed in 1909 under Morley and Minto, enlarged the councils and created nonofficial majorities in the provinces, but its separate religious electorates deepened communal division. ●●

1909 Growth of billion-dollar corporations in the US ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites that from 1909 to 1930 the number of US billion-dollar corporations rose from 1 to 15, and the share of all corporate assets held by the 200 largest rose from 32 to over 49 percent. ●●

1909 Quigley: The Round Table launched as a Milner Group organ (1909) ai_extracted 1 cit. Quigley asserts that The Round Table was the second major propaganda effort of the Milner Group after 1909. He says it aimed to do for the whole Empire what the Group had done for South Africa. ●●

1909 Curtis and Kerr's 1909 mission to Canada ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Curtis recounts that in 1909 he and Philip Kerr went to Canada, taking William Marris along. The trip grew out of anxiety over whether the Dominions would join Britain in a future war with Germany. ●●

1909 Quigley: the secret history of the 1919 Act begins in Canada (1909) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the secret history of the Government of India Act began in Canada in 1909, when Curtis took from William Marris the idea of extending responsible government to India. ●●

1909 Banker George Reynolds backs a German-style central bank ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto links banking centralization to school Prussianization. On September 13, 1909, American Bankers Association president George Reynolds publicly favored a central bank modeled on the German Reichsbank. ●●

1909 President Taft urges a German-model central bank ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that on September 14, 1909, President William Howard Taft told the country to take up seriously the idea of a centralized bank on the German model, as schools were being rebuilt on Prussian lines. ●●

1909 Leonard Ayres publishes 'Laggards in Our Schools' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Leonard Ayres's 1909 book Laggards in Our Schools, which charged that schools full of 'retarded children' were fitted to the unusually bright student. Ayres devised measures of school efficiency by dropout rate. ●●

1909 Factory inspector survey of working children ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites a 1909 survey by factory inspector Helen Todd of 500 working children in 20 factories, in which 412 said they would rather work in the factories than return to school. He uses it to argue children preferred labor to schooling. ●●

1909 G. Stanley Hall invites Freud to the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1909 G. Stanley Hall, whom he calls the father of school administration, invited Sigmund Freud to the United States. Gatto reads it as an effort to give a scientific basis to the anti-family stance of state schooling. ●●

1909 Round Table Groups organized ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book asserts, following Quigley, that Milner's recruits organized semisecret Round Table Groups from 1909 to 1913 in the chief British dependencies and the United States. It frames these as the Network's instruments of influence. ●●

1909 Carnegie trustees ask how to involve the US in war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book continues Casey's account that in 1909 the trustees asked how to involve the United States in a war and resolved to control the State Department. It frames this as the Network's plan to capture US diplomacy. ●●

1909 Howard Baskerville killed in Iran ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Howard Baskerville, a Princeton graduate and missionary's son, was killed defending Iranian democratic forces against royalist forces backed by foreign powers. ●●

1909 Henri de Rothschild sponsors the Ballets Russes tour ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Henri de Rothschild of the French branch sponsored Diaghilev's groundbreaking 1909 Ballet Russe tour, supporting avant-garde theatrical innovation in Paris. ●●

1909 Lloyd George publicly ridicules Lord Rothschild ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Chancellor Lloyd George publicly ridicules Lord Rothschild for demanding eight dreadnoughts while opposing progressive taxation. The speech marks the loss of Rothschild influence over British fiscal policy. ●●

1909 American Breeders Association turns to eugenic lobbying ai_extracted 1 cit. At the December 1909 American Breeders Association meeting in Omaha, Nebraska, Charles Davenport convinced the ABA to escalate from pure research into specific ethnic investigation, propaganda, and lobbying for eugenic legislation. ●●

c. 1909 The Northern Frontier District takes shape 3 cit. Britain grouped the vast arid lands north of Mount Kenya into a single Northern Frontier District, run by a handful of officers as a lightly held buffer against Ethiopia, Italian Somaliland, and raiding. The region was administered on the cheap as a strategic edge, not as a part of the country to be developed. Historians describe the early frontier boundaries as fluid, so the founding date is approximate. politics / society ●●

1910 to 1939 Eugenics Record Office opens at Cold Spring Harbor 1 cit. Charles Davenport founded the Eugenics Record Office to collect family data and promote eugenic policy. Its flawed research was used to support sterilization laws and immigration restrictions that harmed thousands. science / society ●●

1910 Death of Tolstoy, 1910 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley treats Tolstoy's death in 1910 as a marker that Russia remained faithful to its Greek-Byzantine intellectual tradition down to the eve of revolution. ●●

1910 German-Russian Potsdam agreement on Persia, 1910 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The November 1910 German-Russian agreement at Potsdam gave Russia a free hand in northern Persia and withdrew Russian opposition to the Baghdad Railway. ●●

1910 Union of South Africa intensifies Indian struggle (1910) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Union of South Africa was created in 1910, Transvaal restrictions on Indians were not repealed, intensifying Gandhi's civil disobedience campaign. ●●

1910 Execution of twelve for anarchism ends Japanese labor agitation (1910) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Minor socialist and labor agitations were brought to a violent end in 1910 by the execution of twelve persons for anarchistic agitations; the labor movement did not revive until 1919-1922. ●●

1910 Founding of The Round Table review ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts a Round Table Group (later called the Cliveden Set) wielded great influence through bodies including The Round Table, an anonymous quarterly founded in 1910 with money from Sir Abe Bailey and the Rhodes Trust and edited by Lothian. ●●

1910 Mexican Revolution challenges the old oligarchy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley dates the first serious challenge to Latin America's oligarchic alliance to Mexico in 1910. It arose from the commercialization and later incipient industrialization of Latin American society, which weakened the union of the older ruling groups. ●●

1910 Quigley traces Kindergarten members into Round Table and The Times ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley tallies where the twenty-three South African 'Kindergarten' men later worked. Nine founded and wrote The Round Table after 1910 and seven controlled The Times after 1912, evidence he offers for the network. ●●

1910 Curtis's draft becomes the Union of South Africa constitution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Curtis was chief author of the constitution draft the Transvaal delegation brought to the National Convention. With modifications it became the Constitution of the Union of South Africa in 1910. ●●

1910 Union of South Africa achieved ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Union of South Africa was achieved in 1910. Quigley says this did not end the Kindergarten, which turned to repeat the same feat on the imperial scale. ●●

1910 First issue of The Round Table (15 Nov 1910) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first issue of The Round Table appeared dated 15 November 1910, carrying no names of officers or contributors. Quigley says this anonymity was maintained deliberately for decades. ●●

1910 Gatto dates the shift of colleges toward serving business ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto argues that after 1910 serving business and the political state became the chief purpose of American colleges and universities, displacing the older aim of developing mind and character. ●●

1910 Brandeis coins the term 'scientific management' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that the term 'scientific management' was created by lawyer Louis Brandeis in 1910 for the Interstate Commerce Commission rate hearings, understanding how a phrase could shape public imagination. ●●

1910 Carrington reports involuntary sterilizations, 1910 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Charles V. Carrington, who in a July 1910 criminology journal reported two cases of successful involuntary sterilization in America. ●●

1910 Dewey publishes How We Think, 1910 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that by 1910 Dewey offered his own five-step method in How We Think, which Gatto reads as arguing that we do not really think at all. ●●

1910 Secret Jekyll Island meeting on monetary reform ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book recounts a secret 1910 gathering at Jekyll Island where bankers drafted what became the Federal Reserve System. It quotes participant Frank Vanderlip admitting he acted as furtively as a conspirator. ●●

1910 Norman Angell's 'The Great Illusion' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Norman Angell argued that the financial and commercial ties between nations had made war economically futile, so no rational country would start one. The book became a cult, selling over a million copies before 1914. ●●

1910 The secret Jekyll Island meeting ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1910 Henry Davison gathered Senator Aldrich, Paul Warburg, Benjamin Strong and others in secret on Jekyll Island, Georgia, to design an American central bank. The plan they drafted became the Aldrich Plan, forerunner of the Federal Reserve. ●●

1910 Nelson Aldrich struck by a New York trolley ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But on October 21, 1910, while in New York City, Aldrich was struck by a southbound Madison Avenue trolley car. He was hurled into the street and knocked unconscious.12 Confined... ●●

1910 US-backed overthrow of Nicaragua's President Zelaya ai_extracted 1 cit. no story General Estrada became president of Nicaragua after the U.S. orchestrated the overthrow of nationalist President Zelaya. When sworn in on August 21, 1910, it marked the first explicitly directed American regime change operation. ●●

1910 Rockefeller hookworm commission opens in Washington ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Instead of being based in New York, like other Rockefeller programs, it opened in 1910 in Washington, D.C., diplomatically south of the Mason-Dixon line. The executive secretary was a Tennessee native, Dr. ●●

1910 Jim Loeb founds the Loeb Classical Library ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jim Loeb endowed the Loeb Classical Library, producing pocket editions of Greek and Latin literature with English translations. His philanthropy achieved noteworthy cultural results. ●●

1910 Wireless telegraph enables Dr. Crippen's arrest at sea ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wireless telegraph leads to arrest of Dr. Hawley Crippen at sea after captain of Montrose reports suspicious passengers to Scotland Yard ●●

1910 Russell and Whitehead publish Principia Mathematica ai_extracted 1 cit. no story was the goal of Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead, the giants of English rationalism, who published their great work in three volumes from 1910 to 1913. Their title, Principia Mathematica, g ●●

1910 Great Idaho Fire burns three million acres ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The evolution in the Forest Service’s mission began with the Great Idaho Fire of 1910, which burned some three million acres in Idaho and Montana, and led to the death of eighty-five people. ●●

1910 Mary Harriman funds the Eugenics Record Office ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On February 16, 1910, widow Mary Harriman agreed to fund the creation of the Eugenics Record Office, donating $15,000 per year (eventually over half a million dollars total) to establish the database that would catalog the genetic backgrounds of millions of Americans. ●●

1910 Hilferding publishes Finance Capital ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rudolf Hilferding's Finance Capital, written by the Austrian Marxist, supplied Lenin with the second main pillar of his theory of imperialism as monopoly finance capitalism. ●●

c. 1910 The Loss of the Kikuyu Lands at Kiambu 6 cit. Along the southern edge of Kikuyu country, near Kiambu and Limuru, settlers took some of the most fertile ridges, land the Kikuyu insisted they had bought or cleared, not abandoned. Officials often argued the ground had been emptied by the famine and smallpox of the 1890s, but the Kikuyu held that it had owners who were still alive. These contested ridges, remembered as stolen land, became the seedbed of Kikuyu grievance and later of Mau Mau. economy / society ●●

c. 1910 Kikuyu, Embu and Meru locked into the reserve system 2 cit. With the mountain communities conquered, the administration fixed their boundaries and folded them into native reserves under appointed headmen and chiefs. The Kikuyu, Embu, and Meru were grouped as a bloc of reserves that later shared a single political framework. Confined land, taxes, and labour demands replaced the older order of ridges and elders. economy / politics ●●

c. 1910 Taita-Taveta becomes a colonial labour reserve 3 cit. Colonial rule alienated much of the plains land around the Taita Hills for settler estates, railways and sisal plantations, penning the Taita into their hills. With little room to farm, men were drawn into wage labour on the sisal and the Voi railway works. The community was pulled into the bottom of a cash economy that it did not control. economy / politics ●●

c. 1910 Colonial and missionary readings of the Mbwaa story 1 cit. Anne-Marie Peatrik traces how the recorded versions were reshaped by their collectors. Early administrators such as Hobley, Horne, and Hopkins pressed the story into a migration narrative that made the population legible for government and dropped its absurd episodes, while missionaries matched the water-crossing to the biblical Exodus to serve conversion. Lambert's later linguistic reconstruction added its own errors, wrongly tracing "Mbwaa" to a Swahili word for coast across unrelated languages. culture / politics / religion ●●

c. 1910 Eastern White Highlands become the Kikuyu land crisis 2 cit. The eastern or Central highland edge of the White Highlands, around Kiambu, Limuru, the Aberdares and Mount Kenya, cut into Kikuyu land claims and also tightened pressure on Embu and Meru communities around Mount Kenya. That geography produced the sharpest direct link between lost family land, loyalist advantage, squatter eviction and Mau Mau. It also fed the later smallholder title, coffee and cooperative order in Central Kenya. economy / politics / society ●●●●

1911 Assassination of Prime Minister Stolypin, 1911 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russia's reforming and repressive chief minister Pyotr Stolypin was assassinated in the presence of the tsar in 1911. ●●

1911 Discovery at Hankow precipitates 1911 revolution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The discovery of the revolutionists' headquarters at Hankow in 1911 precipitated the revolution, as Sun Yat-sen returned from abroad and Yuan Shih-kai forced the Manchu abdication. ●●

1911 Payment for Members of Parliament introduced ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Payment for Members of Parliament was adopted first in 1911 at 400 pounds a year, later raised in 1936 to 500 pounds with an expenses allowance. Before this, unpaid seats restricted membership to the well-to-do. ●●

1911 Parliament Act of 1911 curbs the House of Lords ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Parliament bill, law in August 1911, stripped the Lords of any veto over money bills and limited them to a suspensive veto: any other bill became law if passed by the Commons in three sessions over at least two years. ●●

1911 Taylor's Principles of Scientific Management ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley marks the 1911 appearance of Frederick Winslow Taylor's The Principles of Scientific Management as a step in spreading rationalization from production to business efficiency. ●●

1911 Curtis decides the Empire should be renamed 'Commonwealth of Nations' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley claims Lionel Curtis's ideas became policy a generation later. In 1911 Curtis decided the Dominions should be called the 'Commonwealth of Nations', which he says was made official in 1948. ●●

1911 Round Table organization set up in Canada (1911) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says Arthur Glazebrook, on instructions from Milner and working with Curtis, Kerr and Marris, set up the Round Table organization in Canada in 1911. About a dozen units were established. ●●

1911 Lothian's 1911 warning on two codes of morality ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the August 1911 Round Table, the future Lord Lothian wrote that two codes of international morality, British and German, could not both prevail. Quigley cites it as evidence of the Group's early anti-German stance. ●●

1911 Frederick Taylor publishes Principles of Scientific Management ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frederick Taylor published Principles of Scientific Management in 1911. Wood says 'Taylorism' shaped business, government and the technocratic emphasis on efficiency. ●●

1911 Public Education Association calls for schools as welfare agencies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1911 the Public Education Association, which he describes as run by bankers and society figures, announced an urgent need to convert public schools into child welfare agencies. ●●

1911 Birth of Frances 'Bootie' Zimmer, Gatto's mother ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto's mother, Frances Zimmer, was born on Halloween 1911 in Monongahela, three years before the country had an income tax or a Federal Reserve Bank. ●●

1911 Robert Michels publishes Political Parties ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites the German sociologist Robert Michels, who in his 1911 book Political Parties warned that large bureaucracies could use their wealth to buy off critics and resist reform. Gatto applies the argument to school bureaucracies. ●●

1911 Wilson meets Colonel Edward Mandell House ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says Wilson met kingmaker Edward Mandell House in November 1911, beginning House's grooming of Wilson for the presidency. It quotes both men describing an immediate meeting of minds. ●●

1911 John Foster Dulles joins Sullivan & Cromwell ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Foster Dulles joined Sullivan & Cromwell, the country's most eminent corporate law firm, as a clerk, beginning a nearly forty-year career there. ●●

1911 Death of Albert von Rothschild in Vienna ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Albert von Rothschild, the last major figure of his generation in Vienna, died in 1911, after which his younger son Louis assumed control of the Vienna house. ●●

1911 Jim Loeb marries Toni Hambuechen ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jim Loeb married nurse Toni Hambüchen and moved to Hochried, a vast Bavarian estate, where they lived a reclusive life. He never returned to New York. ●●

1911 Supreme Court orders breakup of Standard Oil ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On May 15, 1911, the Supreme Court ordered that the Standard Oil Company be broken up ●●

1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire kills 146 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, where 146 workers, mainly immigrant teenage girls, died ●●

1911 Henri Bergson publishes Creative Evolution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Philosopher Henri Bergson publishes Creative Evolution, associating thought process with form of movie at extreme point of mechanization ●●

1911 Mexican Revolution overthrows Porfirio Diaz ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The resulting social tensions exploded in the Mexican Revolution, another convulsive affair that led to Díaz’s overthrow in 1911 and lasted until 1916. ●●

1911 Death of Francis Galton, founder of eugenics ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Francis Galton, the founder of the eugenics movement, died in 1911. His passing marked the transition of eugenic thought from his idealistic vision to more coercive and negative forms of eugenics promoted by followers in America. ●●

1911 Merger forms Computing-Tabulating-Recording, IBM forerunner ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These were to merge in 1911 to form the Computing-Tabulator Recording Company, the forerunner of International Business Machines ●●

1911 Supreme Court breaks up American Tobacco Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In tobacco, the American Tobacco Company remained all-powerful until 1911, when it was broken up by a Supreme Court decision ●●

1911 The Second Maasai Move and the Maasai Case 2 cit. A second agreement in 1911 forced the northern Maasai off the Laikipia plateau, which settlers coveted, and crowded them into an enlarged southern reserve. Some Maasai leaders challenged the move in court in 1912 to 1913, arguing the treaty had been broken, but the case was thrown out on the ground that a dispute between the Crown and its protected subjects was not one the courts could hear. The move stripped the Maasai of about half their remaining land and remains a live grievance. diplomacy / politics / society ●●●

1911 The 1911 removal empties Laikipia for white ranchers 3 cit. A second agreement in 1911 forced the northern Maasai to leave Laikipia and crowd into an enlarged southern reserve, breaking the promise that the earlier reserves would last as long as the Maasai existed. The move was pushed through so that settlers could take the well-watered Laikipia grasslands for ranches. Driving herds south cost the Maasai many more cattle along the way. economy / politics ●●●●

1911 Nairobi builds fingerprints, CID and criminal intelligence files 2 cit. Police training in Nairobi was paired with a fingerprint section in 1911, then a Criminal Intelligence Unit in 1926 to record criminals, undesirable persons and suspicious persons. This is where the Scotland Yard side of the inheritance matters: detective bureaucracy, fingerprints, files and political intelligence were built into the colonial police before independence. politics / society / technology ●●●

8 October 1912 to 30 May 1913 First Balkan War 1 cit. no story Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Montenegro drive the Ottoman Empire from almost all its European territory. The victors immediately quarrel over the spoils. war ●●●

1912 Woodrow Wilson wins the presidency, 1912 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A split in Big Business and in the Republican Party let the liberal East and agrarian West combine to elect Woodrow Wilson president in 1912. ●●

1912 Geoffrey Dawson becomes editor of The Times ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Geoffrey Dawson, a Milner private secretary in South Africa, became editor of The Times in 1912. Quigley treats his long editorship as a key lever of the group's influence. ●●

1912 Quigley dates Milner Group control of The Times to 1912 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the Milner Group did not own The Times before 1922 but clearly controlled it as far back as 1912. He frames the paper as one of the group's chief instruments of influence. ●●

1912 Milner and Kerr speak in Canada (1912) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that in 1912 Milner and Kerr went to Canada to address Round Table Groups. The trips were part of the Group's push for imperial organization among the Dominions. ●●

1912 Shailer Mathews publishes 'Scientific Management in the Churches' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Shailer Mathews, dean of Chicago's School of Divinity, who wrote Scientific Management in the Churches in 1912. Mathews urged Protestant churches to adopt the structure and strategy of corporations. ●●

1912 Frederick Taylor testifies before Congress ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes Frederick Winslow Taylor's 1912 congressional testimony on the correct way to shovel, using it to show how scientific management reduced workers to controlled motions later echoed in schooling. ●●

1912 Bobbitt publishes 'Elimination of Waste in Education' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites John Franklin Bobbitt's 1912 article 'Elimination of Waste in Education,' which argued that the Gary Plan schools were the work of businessmen applying scientific management. ●●

1912 Scott Nearing publishes The Super Race in 1912 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1912 the writer Scott Nearing published The Super Race: An American Problem, framing the breeding of a super race as an engineering challenge. ●●

1912 Theodore Roosevelt's 1912 Progressive platform ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto argues that Theodore Roosevelt's 1912 Progressive Party platform was shaped by the ideas of Herbert Croly and Gaetano Mosca, urging the public to defer to experts. He treats it as part of a broader elite redefinition of democracy. ●●

1912 Edward Mandell House publishes Philip Dru: Administrator ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book notes House anonymously published the novel Philip Dru: Administrator in 1912, about a man who overthrows the US government and installs socialism. It uses the novel to characterize House's aims. ●●

1912 Woodrow Wilson wins the 1912 presidential election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book asserts the Network split the Republican vote by backing Teddy Roosevelt so that Wilson won with only about 42 percent of the vote. It presents Taft's defeat as engineered. ●●

1912 Titanic sinks in the North Atlantic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Morgan was in France when word spread that the Titanic had sunk on April 15, 1912, and with it the investment money Morgan had contributed on behalf of the shipping trust that... ●●

1912 Taft-Roosevelt split elects Woodrow Wilson ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1912 split between Taft and Roosevelt brought to power the man who had lectured Pierpont on his moral duty: Woodrow Wilson. ●●

1912 Carl Jung meets John D. Rockefeller at Kykuit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1912, psychoanalyst Carl Jung spent a day at Kykuit with Edith Rockefeller McCormick and met her father John D. Rockefeller. Jung formed a highly critical assessment of the oil magnate. ●●

1912 Einstein begins the Zurich Notebook on field equations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Beginning in summer 1912, Einstein struggled to develop gravitational field equations using tensors in his scratchpad notebook (the 'Zurich Notebook'). He pursued both physical and mathematical strategies simultaneously. ●●

1912 Birth of Alan Turing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alan Turing is born while his parents are on home leave from India. ●●

1912 Italy annexes Libya after war with Turkey ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Following an Anglo-French-Italian carve-up of North Africa, Italy went to war with Turkey and annexed Libya, ending centuries of Ottoman rule that Nkrumah traces back to the sixteenth century. ●●

1912 The Native Authority Ordinance Empowers the Chiefs 2 cit. Building on the Village Headman Ordinance of 1902, the Native Authority Ordinance of 1912 gave the appointed chiefs and headmen legal power to issue binding orders, compel labour, and collect taxes, backed by the colonial courts and police. It turned the invented office of government chief into a formal instrument of colonial rule. These men, dependent on the state for their authority, became the first collaborator class that enforced tax, labour, and colonial law on their own people. politics / society ●●●