Events, Verisoph

1834 Boston businessmen meet secretly on universal schooling ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites minutes showing that on June 9, 1834, prominent Boston men engaged in commerce met privately to discuss universal schooling, with Unitarian leader William Ellery Channing as secretary. ●●

1834 1834: olve, and patiently explained the correct answers. She was also a good rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story olve, and patiently explained the correct answers. She was also a good friend of Babbage’s, and during the fall of 1834 she and Ada would often visit ●●

1834 1834: lica of the Analytical Engine. The Jacquard loom. Silk portrait of Jos rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story lica of the Analytical Engine. The Jacquard loom. Silk portrait of Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752–1834) woven by a Jacquard loom. ●●

1834 1834: ng. Second, he began dreaming up something better. Babbage’s new idea, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ng. Second, he began dreaming up something better. Babbage’s new idea, which he conceived in 1834, was a general-purpose computer that could carry out ●●

1834 Babbage conceives the Analytical Engine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Charles Babbage conceives a general-purpose calculating machine that can be programmed to perform many different tasks. ●●

1834 Welsh national costume for women invented ai_extracted 1 cit. There was no Welsh national dress; tourists noted local fabrics but nothing like the Highland kilt. In the 1830s Lady Llanover and others deliberately turned surviving peasant clothing into a homogenized "national costume" of red cloak and tall black hat, worn on Saint David's Day and at eisteddfodau. ●●

1835 Cobden compares American and English newspaper reading ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Richard Cobden's 1835 claim that there was six times as much newspaper reading in the United States as in England. ●●

1835 CHAPTER ONE SCROOGE WHEN Baltimore merchant George Peabody rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER ONE SCROOGE WHEN Baltimore merchant George Peabody sailed for London in 1835, the world was in the throes of a debt crisis. The defaulting governments weren’t obscure Balkan nations or South ... ●●

1835 1835 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Within another year, in fact, de Tocqueville’s forecast of 1835 concerning the emergence of a bipolar world was at last on the point of being realized. ●●

1835 1835: am about Ada’s attempted elopement with her tutor. Despite this news, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story am about Ada’s attempted elopement with her tutor. Despite this news, William was willing to proceed with the wedding, which was held in July 1835. “G ●●

1835 Strauss publishes The Life of Jesus Critically Examined ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1835 he published the result, usually known by its shortened German title Leben Jesu, or in the English translation made by the freethinking novelist Marian Evans or ‘George Eliot’, The Life of Jesus Critically Examined ●●

1835 Vatican recognizes Colombia as independent republic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Colombia, for instance, had been the first independent republic recognized by the Vatican after the defeat of Spain’s South American armies, in 1835, but in 1853 it had also been the first to separate Church and State, as a consequence of which, in a ●●

1835 Alabama creates a state bank via bond issue ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alabama, for example, in 1835 created a state bank funded by a public bond issue of $13,800,000 ●●

1835 Also valuable is “Samuel Slater and the American Textile Industry, 1789–1835,” N rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Also valuable is “Samuel Slater and the American Textile Industry, 1789–1835,” N ●●

1836 Boston adopts Gallaudet's whole-word primer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that on August 2, 1836 the Boston Primary School Committee adopted Gallaudet's whole-word primer on an experimental basis, and that a later report judged the method a success. ●●

1836 American railroad trackage explodes as coal replaces wood ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto charts the growth of American railroads after coal replaced wood as fuel around 1836. Trackage grew from 1,100 miles in 1836 to 44,000 miles by 1860 on the eve of the Civil War. ●●

1836 “In this experiment,” says the Los Alamos technical history, “the neutron number rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “In this experiment,” says the Los Alamos technical history, “the neutron number was measured from an almost invisible speck of plutonium and found to be somewhat greater even than for U235.”1836 The experiment thus established what had not yet been confirmed despite the expensive rush of building: that plutonium emitted sufficient secondary neutrons to chain-react. ●●

1836 The experiment thus established what had not yet been confirmed despite the expensive rush of buildi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The experiment thus established what had not yet been confirmed despite the expensive rush of building: that plutonium emitted sufficient secondary neutrons to chain-react. ●●

1836 1836: Ada, Countess of Lovelace (1815–52), painted by Margaret Sarah Carpent rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ada, Countess of Lovelace (1815–52), painted by Margaret Sarah Carpenter in 1836. Lord Byron (1788–1824), Ada’s father, in Albania ●●

1836 University of London founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In addition, the University of London was founded in 1836; it as well as other schools increased competition for Oxford and Cambridge and contributed to the debate on educational reform. ●●

1836 337–343, Redlich describes Biddle’s pioneering role as an investment banker afte rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 337–343, Redlich describes Biddle’s pioneering role as an investment banker after his bank became state chartered in 1836 ●●

1836 Second Bank of the United States charter expires ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin documents that the Second Bank of the United States' charter expired in 1836 and was restructured as a state bank, marking the end of Jackson's successful fight against central banking. ●●

1836 Babbage adopts Jacquard punch cards for his engine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Babbage records in his notebook the idea of using Jacquard's punched cards, instead of a studded drum, to control his Analytical Engine. ●●

1837 Persian as India's official language until 1837 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that Persian had served as the language of government and the courts across India for centuries, only ceasing to hold that role in 1837. ●●

1837 Horace Bushnell preaches Anglo-Saxon purity, 1837 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Hartford pastor Horace Bushnell, who in 1837 preached that Anglo-Saxon blood must be preserved against pollution. ●●

1837 George Peabody moves to London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1837, Peabody moved to London. A year later he opened a merchant house at 31 Moorgate in London, furnishing it with a mahogany counter, a safe, and some desks. ●●

1837 J.P. Morgan is born ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This union of Morgan and Pierpont joined together in their infant son, John Pierpont, born in 1837, a wildly improbable set of genes. A poet and preacher, the Reverend John Pierpont was a fiery abolit... ●●

1837 Samuel F. B. Morse invents the telegraph ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Samuel F. B. Morse invents the telegraph, a revolutionary device that will transform American business communication. Young John D. is fascinated by demonstrations of this and other newfangled technologies. ●●

1837 “I wonder why rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I wonder why?”) Too much peace and quiet at a guest ranch threatened to exhaust him further and on July 21 he and his wife moved to the adobe-style La Fonda Hotel in Santa Fe.1837 Compartmentalization put Los Alamos off limits. ●●

1837 Compartmentalization put Los Alamos off limits. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Compartmentalization put Los Alamos off limits. ●●

1837 1837: cases, however, when the timing is out of kilter. Charles Babbage publ rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story cases, however, when the timing is out of kilter. Charles Babbage published his paper about a sophisticated computer in 1837, but it took a hundred ye ●●

1837 1837 PENTAERYTHRITOL TETRANITRATE (PETN) was an important h rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —Charles Babbage, 1837 PENTAERYTHRITOL TETRANITRATE (PETN) was an important high explosive in World War I, yet its molecular structure remained unkno ●●

1837 Massachusetts banks collapse in 1837 contraction ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Consequently, oe monetary contraction of 1837 “was like a scythe over the crop,” says Groseclose, and thirty--two Massachusetts banks collapsed betwee ●●

1838 J. P. Morgan and Company's origins, 1838 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that J. P. Morgan and Company began in London as George Peabody and Company in 1838 and remained an unincorporated private partnership until 1940. ●●

1838 Quigley: J. P. Morgan replaces the Rothschilds (Peabody origin 1838) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley traces the dominance of investment bankers, saying the Rothschilds, preeminent in the nineteenth century, were replaced by J. P. Morgan, whose firm had originated as George Peabody and Company in 1838. ●●

1838 Schneider family acquires Le Creusot ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Schneider family acquired the Le Creusot ironworks in 1838. Favored by Napoleon III, the plant emerged as the chief metal company in France. ●●

1839 Morton's Crania Americana promotes racist craniometry 1 cit. Samuel Morton measured skulls to claim that whites had larger brains than other races, work later shown to be biased and flawed. His craniometry was used to defend slavery and racial ranking. science / society ●●

1839 Brownson attacks German-style teacher seminaries ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Orestes Brownson, who in 1839 charged that proposals for German-style teacher seminaries in America were a disguised attack on local and popular autonomy. ●●

1839 Britain fights two Opium Wars with China ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain's two "opium wars" with China, in 1839-42 and 1855-60, are classic cases of a state using military means to make another state engage in a for... ●●

1839 Lin Zexu arrives in Canton to end opium trade ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 10 March 1839 an imperial official named Lin Zexu arrived in Canton under orders from the Daoguang Emperor to stamp out the trade once and for all. ●●

1839 Bank of the United States collapses ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Bank of the United States, which the Rothschilds had hoped would develop into a strong American banking presence, collapsed due to political and financial mismanagement. ●●

1839 John D. Rockefeller born in Richford, New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Davison Rockefeller Sr. is born on July 8, 1839, in Richford, New York. By this time, Richford was acquiring the amenities of a small town with sawmills, gristmills, a distillery, schoolhouse, and church. ●●

1839 Laura Celestia Spelman born in Akron, Ohio rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Laura Celestia Spelman, who will become John D. Rockefeller's wife, is born on September 9, 1839, in Akron, Ohio. She is two months older than John D. ●●

1839 First Opium War humiliates China ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain exploited China's internal decline through the Opium War of 1839-1842, generating the profound sense of cultural humiliation that motivated Chinese throughout the twentieth century. ●●

1839 Information history in 1839 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The idea is an old one, Turing says, and he cites Charles Babbage, whom he identifies as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge from 1828 to 1839—once so famous, now almost forgotten. Turing e ●●

1839 First Opium War begins over opium ban ai_extracted 1 cit. no story China’s “century of humiliation” began in 1839 when the Qing government tried to ban imports of opium and were forced by the British to open their ports during the First Opium War. ●●

1839 Ottoman Tanzimat reforms dismantle the millet system ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Earlier in the century, the Ottoman rulers’ pursuit of Tanzimat (‘reorganization’) brought modernizing reforms in edicts of 1839 and 1856 which dismantled the millet system of separate religious communities ●●

1839 Britain fought ostensibly to enforce that neutrality under guarantees that it had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain fought ostensibly to enforce that neutrality under guarantees that it had made to Belgium in 1839 ●●

1839 Financial crisis or panic candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When a similar crisis with still more bank failures struck again in 1839, Parliament attempted to come to grips with the problem ●●

1840 Gatto cites high U.S. literacy by 1840 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto claims data show that by 1840 complex literacy in the United States ranged between 93 and 100 percent, before compulsory schooling existed. ●●

1840 Connecticut census records near-universal literacy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites the Connecticut census of 1840, which recorded only one illiterate citizen out of every 579, as evidence of high early American literacy. ●●

1840 Massachusetts School Committee holds secret schooling discussions ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto claims that beginning around 1840 a group calling itself the Massachusetts School Committee, often led by Horace Mann, held secret discussions with New England political and business leaders about universal schooling. ●●

1840 Mercein v. People asserts state sovereignty over children ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites the 1840 case Mercein v. People, in which Justice Paige wrote that a child owes allegiance to the government at birth. Gatto reads it as a strong-state, Hegelian claim on children. ●●

1840 Orestes Brownson publishes 'The Laboring Classes' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Orestes Brownson's 1840 article 'The Laboring Classes' in The Boston Quarterly Review, which charged that Horace Mann was trying to build a state church through schooling. He uses it as an early warning against compulsion schooling. ●●

1840 First Opium War shapes Chinese historical consciousness rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nineteenth-century conflict establishes historical narrative of humiliation that continues to influence Chinese worldview. ●●

1840 Information history in 1840 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story set about creating this dictionary himself, wasting many hours inscribing it on large folios. ♦♦ He claimed the idea in his first telegraph patent, in 1840: The dictionary or vocabulary consists of wo ●●

1840 83 Before the 1840s turnpikes and canals, even the largest of them, were built b rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 83 Before the 1840s turnpikes and canals, even the largest of them, were built by small contractors, who at first were local farmers, merchants, and e ●●

1840 The railroads did not begin to have a significant impact on American business in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The railroads did not begin to have a significant impact on American business institutions until the nation’s first railroad boom which began in the l ●●

1840 The first period extended from the beginning of the railroad boom in the late 18 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first period extended from the beginning of the railroad boom in the late 1840s to the coming of the economic depression of the 1870s ●●

1840 By the 1840s more full-time professional contractors began to make a career of r rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the 1840s more full-time professional contractors began to make a career of railroad and canal construction ●●

1840 Western Railroad connects Worcester and Albany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Except for the Western, which in 1840 became the first intersectional railroad in the country by connecting Worcester and Albany, no road before 1850 ●●

1840 The coming of the telegraph in the late 1840s, as well as the perfection of proc rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The coming of the telegraph in the late 1840s, as well as the perfection of procedures first developed on the Western, helped to make rail travel rela ●●

1840 In the late 1840s and the 1850s such pioneering firms as those headed by William rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the late 1840s and the 1850s such pioneering firms as those headed by William C ●●

1840 Of all the new types of business organizations to be formed in the United States rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Of all the new types of business organizations to be formed in the United States after 1840, none were more complex than those that integrated mass pr ●●

1840 A businessman of today would find himself at home in the business world of 1910,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A businessman of today would find himself at home in the business world of 1910, but the business world of 1840 would be a strange, archaic, and arcane place ●●

1840 So, too, the American businessman of 1840 would find the environment of fifteent... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story So, too, the American businessman of 1840 would find the environment of fifteenth-century Italy more familiar than that of his own nation seventy years later ●●

1840 Psi Upsilon Beta chapter founded at Yale ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda notes that the second chapter of Psi Upsilon was founded at Yale University and became known as The Fence Club in 1934. ●●

c. 1840 Zanzibar's sultans claim the coastal strip 5 cit. Sultan Seyyid Said of the Busaidi dynasty moved his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar in 1840, making the island the commercial and political heart of the coast. From there the sultanate claimed a strip of the mainland, including the Kenyan ports, and grew rich on cloves, ivory, and the trade in enslaved people. This claim later became the legal basis on which European powers negotiated the coast during the colonial partition. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●

c. 1840 Kamba traders reach the Mombasa coast 5 cit. On the northern route the Akamba of the Kenyan interior were the key middlemen. From Kitui and the surrounding country they carried ivory, and at times captives, down to Mombasa to trade with the coastal merchants. Their networks linked the far interior to the port before European traders arrived in force. economy ●●

c. 1840 The Iloikop wars break out among the Maa sections 3 cit. From about the 1840s the Maa-speaking peoples fell into a long series of internal wars, usually called the Iloikop or Kwavi wars. The purely pastoral sections fought the sections that also farmed and kept fixed settlements. These were civil wars over cattle, grazing and water rather than a struggle against outsiders. society / war ●●●

1841 Spelmans move to Akron, Ohio rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Harvey and Lucy Spelman move to Akron, Ohio, in 1841 with their young family. They live humbly at first, with Mrs. Spelman taking in washing to extend their income. ●●

1841 generally did, nor did they feel concerned about i... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s generally did, nor did they feel concerned about institutions different from their own. Thus, in 1841, Palmerston spelled out for the British ambass ●●

1841 Oppenheimer interviewed the man for the job in Washington and agreed. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oppenheimer interviewed the man for the job in Washington and agreed. ●●

1841 1841: ly as it was applied to technology, intrigued her. “What is imaginatio rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ly as it was applied to technology, intrigued her. “What is imagination?” she asked in an 1841 essay. “It is the Combining faculty. It brings together ●●

1841 1841: ratic woman and mother in the early Victorian age. “I believe myself t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ratic woman and mother in the early Victorian age. “I believe myself to possess a most singular combination of qualities exactly fitted to make me pre ●●

1841 Event of 1841 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story er element of the equation, Britain’s role as a balancer became increasingly important. The hallmarks of Britain’s balancing role were its freedom of action and its proven determination to act. Britain’s Foreign Minister (later Prime Minister) Lord P ●●

1841 Information history in 1841 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the time Captain Allen discovered the talking drums in 1841, Samuel F. B. ●●

1841 It was not until 1841 that the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Howley, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was not until 1841 that the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Howley, an aged High Churchman of distinctly old-fashioned type, finally accepted an ex-officio relationship with the Church Missionary Society, thirteen years into his archiepiscopate ●●

1841 Among them had been an outstanding leader back in London, Henry Venn, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Among them had been an outstanding leader back in London, Henry Venn, grandson of one of the original ‘Clapham Sect’ and for more than thirty years from 1841 General Secretary of the Church Missionary Society ●●

1841 Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity (London, 1881; first published 1841), 12 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity (London, 1881; first published 1841), 12 ●●

1842 Treaties of Nanking (1842) and Tientsin (1858) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Chinese destruction of illegal opium, Britain imposed the treaties of Nanking (1842) and Tientsin (1858), forcing China to cede Hong Kong and open ports to foreign trade. ●●

1842 British army destroyed retreating from Kabul ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A British-led military expedition of over 16,000 soldiers and camp followers was forced to flee Kabul in 1842 and was devastated en route to Jalalabad, with nearly all members killed. ●●

1842 1842 blood libel accusation in Nuremberg rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An inflammatory tract revived the ancient blood libel, claiming ritual murder evidence in a Nuremberg synagogue basement. ●●

1842 Brande defines propaganda as term of reproach rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British chemist William Thomas Brande defines propaganda in his dictionary as a term of reproach for secret associations spreading opinions viewed with horror by governments. ●●

1842 1 Spontaneous fission, a relatively rare nuclear event, differs from fission caused by neutron bomba rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1 Spontaneous fission, a relatively rare nuclear event, differs from fission caused by neutron bombardment; it occurs without outside stimulus as a natural consequence of the instability of heavy nuclei. ●●

1842 Grove demonstrates heat and light as affections of matter ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sir William Grove, in a lecture at the London Institution, was the first to demonstrate that heat and light may be considered as affections of matter itself, not of a distinct ethereal fluid. ●●

1842 Menabrea describes the Analytical Engine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Italian engineer Luigi Menabrea publishes, with Babbage's help, a detailed French account of the Analytical Engine that Ada Lovelace will later translate and annotate. ●●

1842 Sobieski Stuarts publish the forged Vestiarium Scoticum debunked ai_extracted 1 cit. The brothers who called themselves the Sobieski Stuarts published the Vestiarium Scoticum, presented as a sixteenth-century manuscript recording ancient clan tartans. It was a forgery, yet its invented patterns were taken up by the tartan industry and shaped the clan tartans worn ever since. ●●

1843 Horace Mann's Seventh Report praises Prussian schooling ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes Horace Mann's 1843 Seventh Report to the Boston School Committee, which ranked Prussia first among nations in schooling and recommended the Prussian whole-word reading method. ●●

1843 Children make up half of American coal miners ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that by 1843, when Horace Mann visited Prussia, boys and girls aged five to eight worked in every American coal mine and that half of all coal miners were children. ●●

1843 Grenadians say they live “just south of paradise, just north rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Grenadians say they live “just south of paradise, just north of frustration.” A British trader brought nutmeg to Grenada in 1843, and it thrived so we (1843) ●●

1843 Rockefellers move to Moravia, New York rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Rockefeller family relocates to Moravia, New York, 30 miles north of Richford. Bill Rockefeller purchases a 92-acre property with lake views that becomes a cherished memory for young John D. ●●

1843 Mary Ann Rockefeller born in Moravia rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mary Ann Rockefeller, sister of John D., is born in Moravia during one of Big Bill's absences from the family. She would later defend the family's financial status. ●●

1843 1843: 1843 Ada, Countess of Lovelace, publishes “Notes” on Babbage’s Analyti rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1843 Ada, Countess of Lovelace, publishes “Notes” on Babbage’s Analytical Engine. 1847 George Boole creates a system using algebr ●●

1843 1843: has declared this one of Ada’s historic legacies. “If we are looking a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story has declared this one of Ada’s historic legacies. “If we are looking and sifting history for that transition, then that transition was made explicitly ●●

1843 1843: umbers” and “my dear and much admired Interpreter.” That month, Septem rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story umbers” and “my dear and much admired Interpreter.” That month, September 1843, her translation and “Notes” finally appeared in Scientific Memoirs . F ●●

1843 1843: is the one that Turing attributed to Ada Lovelace. “The Analytical Eng rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story is the one that Turing attributed to Ada Lovelace. “The Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to originate anything,” she wrote in 1843. “It c ●●

1843 Event of 1843 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story pprehension a country whose territory and military forces dwarfed those of the rest of the Continent combined and whose elites’ polished manners seemed barely able to conceal a primitive force from before and beyond Western civilization. Russia, the ●●

1843 Information history in 1843 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the basis of her own knowledge. She did that on her own, without telling either Menabrea or Babbage. ●●

1843 ’ A search for solidarity against Catholicism was an important element in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ’ A search for solidarity against Catholicism was an important element in a successful Reunion of 1929 between the two halves of the Church of Scotland riven in the Disruption of 1843 (see p ●●