Events, Verisoph

1852 Even those who were not High Churchpeople approved of the Church gradually rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even those who were not High Churchpeople approved of the Church gradually gaining a forum for its own debate, first in the revival of the Convocations of Canterbury and York in 1852 and 1861, and then in the creation of a series of Church assemblies ●●

1852 Gnostic sarcophagus discovered near the Porta Pia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A marble sarcophagus was discovered in 1852 near the Porta Pia containing Gnostic-Christian artifacts, including leaden plates with Ophite imagery and inscriptions. The discovery provides evidence of early Christian and Gnostic syncretism. ●●

1852 Also, by 1852, Lyman Mills had information on yards per pound of cotton and yard... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Also, by 1852, Lyman Mills had information on yards per pound of cotton and yards per loom produced by each loom weekly ●●

1852 Death of Ada Lovelace ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ada Lovelace dies at thirty-six and is buried beside the father she never knew. ●●

1853 Commodore Perry's black ships reach Japan (1853) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry's steam warships sailed into Tokyo Bay, shocking the Japanese and giving restive feudal lords a pretext to end Tokugawa rule. ●●

1853 Founding of the Darmstädter Bank ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German credit banks, founded 1848-1881, tied themselves closely to industry. Quigley dates the intimate bank-industry relationship to the creation of the Darmstädter Bank in 1853. ●●

1853 In May 1853, he visited London with his family, bringing alo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1853, he visited London with his family, bringing along his high-spirited but sickly son, John Pierpont, then recovering from rheumatic fever. Pierpont was boyishly thrilled with his first expo... ●●

1853 Darmstadter Bank founded to rival the Rothschilds ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 2, 1853, Abraham Oppenheim and Gustave Mevissen founded the Darmstädter Bank near Frankfurt with Pereire backing, establishing a German competitor to Rothschild dominance. ●●

1853 John D. Rockefeller begins school at Cleveland's Clinton Street School rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the fall of 1853, after eight months in Strongsville, Big Bill settles John and William in Cleveland as boarders. John is humiliated to be demoted to grammar school despite his previous attendance at Owego Academy. ●●

1853 Military expenditures, which even in peacetime took four-fif rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Military expenditures, which even in peacetime took four-fifths of the state revenue, rose from about 220 million rubles in 1853 to about 500 million in both war years 1854 and 1855. To cover part of ●●

1853 Commodore Perry's black ships reach Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The entire military system ossified for two centuries, so that when Commodore Perry’s famous “black ships” arrived in 1853, there was little that an overawed Japanese government could do except grant ●●

1853 Event of 1853 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russia in its national capacity intervened against the revolution in Hungary, salvaging Austria’s rule there. For the rest, the old order proved just strong enough to overcome the revolutionary challenge. But it never regained the self-confidence of ●●

1853 Argentina adopts its national constitution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Argentina did not get a constitution until 1853, and it was not until 1880 that the final regional rebellions and Indian uprisings had been suppressed, and Buenos Aires made the national capital. ●●

1853 “Sir Charles Trevelyan and Civil Service Reform, 1853–5. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Sir Charles Trevelyan and Civil Service Reform, 1853–5. ●●

1853 Commodore Perry's black ships reach Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Commodore Matthew Perry’s “black ships” in 1853 and presents a paradigmatic case of what Samuel Huntington labeled “defensive modernization. ●●

1853 Holman Hunt paints The Light of the World ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One of the greatest successes was achieved by William Holman Hunt, an English ‘Pre-Raphaelite’ artist and a strenuously if unconventionally devout Anglican, who in 1853 created an endearingly intimate image of the Saviour bearing a lighted lamp, brin ●●

1853 F.D. Maurice dismissed from King's College London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Maurice, a convert from Unitarianism to Anglicanism, lost his professorial chair at King’s College, London, in 1853 for a series of theological essays which suggested that the notion of eternal punishment was a misunderstanding of the biblical messag ●●

1853 Erie Canal lines consolidate into New York Central ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These threatened to become intolerable when, in the spring of 1853, the short lines along the Erie Canal consolidated to form a single enterprise, the ●●

1853 471–474; Sixth Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, February 7, 1... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 471–474; Sixth Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, February 7, 1853, pp ●●

1854 Crimean War and the Congress of Paris, 1854-1856 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Great Power intervention against Russia led to the Crimean War of 1854-1856 and the Congress of Paris of 1856, which sought to bar future Russian meddling in Turkish affairs. ●●

1854 India's modern postal, telegraph, and rail systems begin, 1854 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story India's modern postal, telegraphic, and railroad systems all began in 1854, eventually tying the subcontinent together under British rule. ●●

1854 but I have passed too many money panics, unscathed, not to h rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story but I have passed too many money panics, unscathed, not to have seen how often large Capitals are swept away, and that even with my own I must use caution.”15 Junius Morgan, who became Peabody’s part... ●●

1854 Junius Morgan moves to London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story WHEN Morgan moved to London in 1854, it was a more auspicious time for an American banker than it had been when Peabody was flogging the hated Maryland bonds in the 1830s. American grain prices soared... ●●

1854 Crimean War breaks out ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Crimean War began in March 1854 over disputes concerning religious rights in Jerusalem, marking the first major European conflict since 1815 and creating significant financial opportunities for Rothschild war lending. ●●

1854 John D. Rockefeller enters Central High School in Cleveland rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1854, at age 15, John D. Rockefeller enters Cleveland's Central High School (later called Central High), a progressive institution stressing composition and free education for boys and girls. ●●

1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act passes Congress ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Kansas-Nebraska Act is passed in May 1854, allowing territorial residents to decide slavery question by popular sovereignty. It intensely divides the nation and informs John D. Rockefeller's abolitionist essays. ●●

1854 Military expenditures, which even in peacetime took four-fif rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Military expenditures, which even in peacetime took four-fifths of the state revenue, rose from about 220 million rubles in 1853 to about 500 million in both war years 1854 and 1855. To cover part of ●●

1854 Commodore Perry forcibly opens Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For 500 years before it was forcibly opened by Commodore Matthew Perry in 1854, Japan did not even deign to balance the barbarians off against each ot ●●

1854 war at all took place among the Great Powers for f... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story No war at all took place among the Great Powers for forty years, and after the Crimean War of 1854, no general war for another sixty. ●●

1854 1854, the Great Powers were at war for the first t... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1854, the Great Powers were at war for the first time since the days of Napoleon. ●●

1854 1854, during the Crimean War, Bismarck urged that ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1854, during the Crimean War, Bismarck urged that Prussia exploit Austria’s break with Russia and attack ●●

1854 This had been true in the Crimean War of 1854, the... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This had been true in the Crimean War of 1854, the Balkan Wars of 1875–78, and prior to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904. One explanation for these tend ●●

1854 UK establishes the Meteorological Office ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This was a transformative idea. In 1854 the government established a Meteorological Office in the Board of Trade. ●●

1854 As early as 1854 the three railroads entering Troy, New York, had built and join rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as 1854 the three railroads entering Troy, New York, had built and jointly operated a belt line ●●

1855 John D. Rockefeller starts work at Hewitt and Tuttle ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On September 26, 1855, seventeen-year-old John D. Rockefeller begins working as an unpaid apprentice bookkeeper at Hewitt and Tuttle, a Cleveland commission house. He celebrates this day for the rest of his life as "Job Day." ●●

1855 Creditanstalt chartered in Vienna ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Austrian Credit Institute for Commerce and Industry is formally chartered on November 6. Rothschilds retain 40% of shares. ●●

1855 Military expenditures, which even in peacetime took four-fif rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Military expenditures, which even in peacetime took four-fifths of the state revenue, rose from about 220 million rubles in 1853 to about 500 million in both war years 1854 and 1855. To cover part of ●●

1855 But it was also mentioned that there were special problems in which his co-opera rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But it was also mentioned that there were special problems in which his co-operation would be of considerable help.”1855 Bohr understood that Chadwick might be hinting about work on nuclear fission. ●●

1855 Bohr understood that Chadwick might be hinting about work on nuclear fission. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bohr understood that Chadwick might be hinting about work on nuclear fission. ●●

1855 Britain establishes Civil Service Commission ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1855, an Order of Council established a Civil Service Commission that authorized competition for a small number of jobs. ●●

1855 Civil Services of the United Kingdom, 1855–1970 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Civil Services of the United Kingdom, 1855–1970. ●●

1856 French government halts securities issues ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During a speculative frenzy in the early 1850s, losses to security buyers were so severe that on 9 March 1856 the French government temporarily prohibited any further issue of securities in Paris. ●●

1856 Bessemer process transforms steelmaking ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes the steel revolution that reshaped society. The 1856 Bessemer process allowed steel to be made directly from pig iron, enabling steel rails, structural steel, and large trusts. ●●

1856 Between 1856 and 1909, Rockefeller had given $157.5 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1856 and 1909, Rockefeller had given $157.5 million for charitable purposes. ●●

1856 Spelmans depart Cleveland for Burlington, Iowa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1856, Harvey and Lucy Spelman leave Cleveland for Burlington, Iowa, reflecting renewed business hardships. They stay away for three years while their daughters Laura and Lucy seek teaching positions in Cleveland. ●●

1856 Rothschilds win Lombard and Italian railway concessions ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rothschilds defeat Pereires for Lombard and Central Italian railway concessions. ●●

1856 1856 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The politics and diplomacy of the peacemaking,21 in other words, was charged with background ideological and domestic-political elements to a degree unknown at the congresses of 18... ●●

1856 Aby Warburg dies; Sara takes sole control ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Aby wrote his will and died. Sara became sole authority over family and bank during the imperial era. ●●

1856 Emerson uses propagandist in favorable sense in English Traits rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ralph Waldo Emerson uses 'propagandist' as an adjective in positive context to describe British influence, demonstrating neutral usage of the term before its corruption. ●●

1856 ries or irrelevant. Palmerston explained the Briti... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ries or irrelevant. Palmerston explained the British definition of national interest as follows in 1856: “When people ask me… for what is called a pol ●●

1856 Crimean War was a dispatch from Bismarck analyzing... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Crimean War was a dispatch from Bismarck analyzing the situation upon the conclusion of the war in 1856. ●●

1856 Earlier in the century, the Ottoman rulers’ pursuit of Tanzimat (‘reorganization’) brought rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Earlier in the century, the Ottoman rulers’ pursuit of Tanzimat (‘reorganization’) brought modernizing reforms in edicts of 1839 and 1856 which dismantled the millet system of separate religious communities ●●

1856 Peires, The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle Killing rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Peires, The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement of 1856-57 (Johannesburg, 1989), esp ●●

1856 By 1856 Grover and Baker had already established such branch offices, as they we... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1856 Grover and Baker had already established such branch offices, as they were called, in ten cities ●●

1857 The Great Mutiny ends the Mogul Empire and East India Company, 1857-1858 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The violent Indian insurrection of 1857-1858 known as the Great Mutiny ended both the Mogul Empire and the East India Company, with the British government taking over their political role. ●●

1857 The Company's army rises in the Great Uprising ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The East India Company's own private army revolted against its employer. After crushing the rebellion, the Company hanged and killed tens of thousands of suspected rebels along the Ganges. ●●

1857 Britain acquires telegraph concession across Iran ai_extracted 2 cit. no story British officials, concerned about native uprisings in India, purchase a concession to build a telegraph line across Iran. ●●

1857 The 1857 panic made a deep impression on Morgan’s twenty-yea rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1857 panic made a deep impression on Morgan’s twenty-year-old son, Pierpont, who had just started on Wall Street as an unsalaried apprentice at Duncan, Sherman and Company, New York agent for Peab... ●●

1857 And he began to lecture his son, often at wearisome length, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story And he began to lecture his son, often at wearisome length, on the need for conservative business practice; the 1857 panic would be the text of many sermons. ●●

1857 Where the largest of the textile mills had four or five sets of accounts to proc rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Where the largest of the textile mills had four or five sets of accounts to process and review, the Pennsylvania Railroad had, by 1857 (the year Thoms ●●

1857 Arnold Constable builds its Marble House store ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Arnold Constable built its Marble House in 1857 and a larger department store in 1877 ●●

1857 Meteorite falls at Argueil, France ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A meteorite fell at Argueil in southern France, found to contain water and turf—evidence of vegetable decomposition—supporting the theory of life beyond Earth. ●●

1858 Between January 1858 and May 1867, partly as a result of the Civil War, the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between January 1858 and May 1867, partly as a result of the Civil War, the price of wheat soared from 55 cents to $2. ●●

1858 Britain lifts joint-stock banking restrictions ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain lifted restrictions on joint-stock banking, allowing the emergence of large commercial banks with deposits. ●●

1858 Clark and Rockefeller commission house founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 1, 1858, John D. Rockefeller, age 18, becomes a partner with Maurice B. Clark in a new produce commission house at 32 River Street in Cleveland with $4,000 capital. Rockefeller borrows $1,000 from his father at 10% interest. ●●

1858 South Austrian Railway Merger Planned rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story James considers ambitious merger of various Austrian railway lines. ●●

1858 Urgent Message at Alphonse's Dinner rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Urgent message arrives during dinner with Austrian ambassador. ●●

1858 1858, Napoleon told a Piedmontese diplomat: “Austr... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1858, Napoleon told a Piedmontese diplomat: “Austria is a cabinet for whom I have always felt, and still ●●

1858 Petersburg in 1858, Bismarck ascended to positions... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Petersburg in 1858, Bismarck ascended to positions which enabled him to advocate his policies. ●●

1858 Henry Knight helps found Connecticut School for Imbeciles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ch as Dr. Henry M. Knight, his son Dr. George Knight, and other Knight family members in the medical profession, laid the foundation for the twentieth- century eugenics movement that would emerge. In 1858, the elder Henry Knight had helped found the Connecticut School for Imbeciles, arguing against ●●

1858 In 1858 Lord & Taylor was completing “a new and elegant marble structure,” and i candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1858 Lord & Taylor was completing “a new and elegant marble structure,” and in 1872 it too moved further uptown above 20th Street and built a still ●●

1858 Rowland Macy opens dry goods store in New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rowland Macy began as a retailer of fancy dry goods in New York in 1858 and expanded during the 1860s by taking over adjacent stores and adding new li ●●

1858 Only the east-west trunk lines set up an enforcing organization which was formed candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only the east-west trunk lines set up an enforcing organization which was formed in 1858 after the panic of 1857 had reduced traffic and increased com ●●

1858 Eleventh Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, February 1, 1858, p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Eleventh Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, February 1, 1858, p ●●

1859 Darwin's Origin of Species published (1859) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species was published in 1859, proposing evolution of life over long time spans. Wood traces Darwinism into eugenics and later transhumanist thought. ●●

1859 Horace Mann's Antioch College commencement address ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto uses Horace Mann as his model of a schooling 'true believer.' At the 1859 Antioch College commencement Mann urged graduates to be ashamed to die until they had won some victory for humanity. ●●

1859 First important American oil exploitation at Seneca Lake ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that the first important American exploitation of oil occurred at Seneca Lake, New York, in 1859, near the ancestral home of the Rockefeller family. ●●

1859 Darwin's books reshape thinking about children and society ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto argues that Darwin's Origin of Species (1859) and Descent of Man (1871) undercut the blank-slate view of children and, in his reading, licensed the upper classes to justify forced schooling as a breeding experiment. ●●

1859 Lincoln's 1859 Wisconsin speech on mudsill theory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Abraham Lincoln's September 1859 speech to the Wisconsin Agricultural Society, in which Lincoln argued the goal of government should be independent livelihoods and rejected 'mudsill theory.' Gatto uses it as an anti-mudsill vision for schooling. ●●

1859 Company's Indian possessions pass to the British Crown ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Allahabad Fort, where Clive had signed the Diwani, Lord Canning announced that the Company's Indian possessions would be nationalised. Queen Victoria would henceforth rule India in place of the directors. ●●

1859 In the Caucasus where Russians had been hard candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the Caucasus where Russians had been hard put to subdue mountain peoples, Shamil, an imam from Dagestan and Chechnya, began a long campaign against... ●●

1859 George W. Gardner joins Clark and Rockefeller ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 1, 1859, George W. Gardner, an elite Cleveland businessman, joins Clark and Rockefeller as partner. The firm is renamed Clark, Gardner and Company, and Rockefeller's name is dropped from the title. ●●

1859 Peace of Villafranca ends Austro-Sardinian War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 12 Napoleon and Franz Joseph reach compromise peace. ●●

1859 Its fleet was expanded so that at times (e rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Its fleet was expanded so that at times (e.g., 1859) it caused alarm on the other side of the English Channel. Militarily and diplomatically, it seemed to be the decisive third force in any solution o ●●

1859 Yet however important the battles of Magenta and Solferino w rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Militarily and diplomatically, it seemed to be the decisive third force in any solution of either the German or the Italian question—as was amply shown in 1859, when France swiftly intervened on Piedm ●●

1859 1859 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story What was also important was that since a coalition war was much more likely than in, say, 1859 or 1870, the prospects that the conflict would be prolonged were also that much great... ●●

1859 mean War produced nearly two decades of conflict: ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story mean War produced nearly two decades of conflict: the war of Piedmont and France against Austria of 1859, the war over Schleswig-Holstein of 1864, the ●●

1859 nance.”8 His penchant for revolutionary projects c... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nance.”8 His penchant for revolutionary projects caused him to go to war with Austria over Italy in 1859. ●●

1859 something outside of all possibility we would soon... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story as something outside of all possibility we would soon hear more sensible things from there….41 In 1859, during Austria’s war with France and Piedmont, ●●

1859 Event of 1859 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 11. “candidly confess[ed]: Jefferson to Monroe, October 24, 1823, as excerpted in “Continental Policy of the United States: The Acquisition of Cuba,” Uni ●●

1859 Information history in 1859 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Philological Society. Proposal for a Publication of a New English Dictionary by the Philological Society. ●●

1859 Event of 1859 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was Malthus who inspired Charles Darwin to argue in 1859 that the struggle for existence could give rise to new, better-adapted species ●●

1859 77 The Great American Tea Company, founded in 1859 by George F rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 77 The Great American Tea Company, founded in 1859 by George F ●●

1859 By 1859 Singer had opened fourteen branches, each with a female demonstrator, a... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1859 Singer had opened fourteen branches, each with a female demonstrator, a mechanic to repair and service, and a salesman or canvasser to sell the machine, as well as a manager who supervised the others and handled collections and credits ●●

1860 John D. Rockefeller casts first presidential vote for Abraham Lincoln rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1860, eighteen-year-old John D. Rockefeller casts his first presidential vote for Abraham Lincoln, reflecting his strong antislavery views and alignment with Cleveland's abolitionist community. ●●

1860 The first of these was in terms of total population, althoug rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first of these was in terms of total population, although the gap significantly narrowed between 1816 (Russia 51.2 million, United States 8.5 million) and 1860 (Russia 76 million, United States 31 ●●

1860 While its share of world manufacturing output in 1860 was we rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While its share of world manufacturing output in 1860 was well behind that of Great Britain, it had already surged past Germany and Russia and was on the point of overtaking France. The United States, ●●

1860 The agitation to preserve an “open door” in China and the ma rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The agitation to preserve an “open door” in China and the massive interest shown in making the United States the dominant economic force in Latin America were only two of the manifestations of this co ●●

1860 considered Prussia the most genuinely national Ger... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He considered Prussia the most genuinely national German state, writing in 1860 that: Prussia personifies the German nationality, religious reform, co ●●

1860 Closing them off eases the adversary’s calculation... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Closing them off eases the adversary’s calculations, and constricts those of the practitioners of Realpolitik. The break between Gerlach and Bismarck ●●