Events, Verisoph

1850 From the 1850s on they developed “mill accounts,” which permitted them to obtain rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From the 1850s on they developed “mill accounts,” which permitted them to obtain an accurate picture of prime costs every six months ●●

1850 It first appeared with the building of the earliest large rail mills in the 1850 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It first appeared with the building of the earliest large rail mills in the 1850s ●●

1850 ”36 During the 1850s, the rapid expansion of the railroads and the telegraph per rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ”36 During the 1850s, the rapid expansion of the railroads and the telegraph permitted the inventors of reapers, harvesters, and other agricultural ma ●●

1850 Fairbanks, a manufacturer of weighing scales essential to the shipment and sales rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fairbanks, a manufacturer of weighing scales essential to the shipment and sales of goods, began in the 1850s to sell through regional agencies ●●

1850 However, John Lozier has shown me a statement of cost per yard for labor, cotton rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story However, John Lozier has shown me a statement of cost per yard for labor, cotton, and repairs for the Lyman Mills in the first nine months of operatio ●●

1850 The Railroads: The First Modern Business Enterprises, 1850s-1860s 1 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Railroads: The First Modern Business Enterprises, 1850s-1860s 1 ●●

1850 2 Such an analysis has historical validity for the years before 1850 but has lit... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2 Such an analysis has historical validity for the years before 1850 but has little relevance to much of the economy after the completion of the transportation and communication infrastructure ●●

1850 Jamieson on Hung Hsiu-tsuan as Originator of the Taiping Rebellion rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jamieson attributes part of what he calls 'the late rebellion' to the influence of southern secret societies, on the word of Imperialist Chinese acquaintances he believed to be Triads, but argues in his own 1865 judgment that Hung Hsiu-tsuan, the rebel leader, was the true originator of the movement and probably never himself belonged to a Triad. ●●

c. 1850 Fluid Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa categories before colonial rule 1 cit. Before colonial rule, historians describe Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa as loose and overlapping categories tied more to occupation, cattle wealth, and status than to fixed race. People shared one language, faith, and territory, and a Hutu who gained cattle could become Tutsi while a poor Tutsi could slip the other way. The cattle-clientship bond called ubuhake linked the groups in mutual obligation rather than rigid caste. This fluidity is the mainstream scholarly reading; the point that these were not sealed racial groups is central to understanding what colonial rule later did to them. culture / society ●●●

c. 1850 Islam and slavery on the coast 5 cit. Slaveholding on the coast ran inside an Islamic legal and social frame. Enslaved people were expected to convert, and freeing a slave was treated as a pious act that earned merit. The same law that allowed concubinage and lifelong bondage also gave the enslaved recognised claims, and manumission was common enough that many coastal families traced descent from freed slaves. religion / society ●●

c. 1850 Syokimau, the Kamba prophetess who foresaw the iron snake legendary 3 cit. Syokimau was a renowned Kamba seer remembered for foretelling the coming of pale strangers and a long iron snake that would cross the land, understood after the fact as the Europeans and the Uganda Railway. Whether the prophecy was spoken before the events or shaped in the retelling is impossible to establish, so it sits as tradition rather than record. She stands, with Moraa of the Gusii and others, for the place of women as prophetic authorities in Kenyan societies. culture / religion / society ●●

c. 1850 The Meru generation-class system 1 cit. Anne-Marie Peatrik analyses the generation-class (generation-set) system of the Tigania-Igembe Meru as a genuine political order, not a loose ritual custom. Men belong to named generation-sets called nthuki, and power is held collectively by the ruling generation of "Fathers of the country" rather than by any chief. Her key move is to separate generation from age, the "hidden criterion" earlier anthropologists had merged: age is a continuous biological process, but generation forms discrete, permanent units, so a man can be between two ages yet never in two generations. culture / politics / society ●●●●

c. 1850 Filiation sets a man's place in the generational order 1 cit. According to Anne-Marie Peatrik, a man's generation-set is fixed by his father's set, not by his own age. A son cannot join his father's set or the one next to it; he must skip at least one, which keeps a minimum generational distance between father and son. This rule of filiation, backed by matrimonial prohibitions on women, is the mechanism that keeps the generations ordered and separate. culture / society ●●●

c. 1850 The eight-name cycle and the alternating divisions 1 cit. Anne-Marie Peatrik documents a fixed cycle of eight recurring generation-set names (Gwantai, Gichungi, Kiramunya, Ithalie, Michubu, Ratanya, Lubeeta, Miriti) split into two opposed divisions, called Kiruka and Ntiba in Tigania. Authority alternates between the two divisions, and each set of names returns roughly every five generations. This cyclical repetition subordinates unique historical events to a repeating structure, and its reappearance is itself a sign of the system's resilience. culture / politics / society ●●●

c. 1850 The ntuiko, the handover of power between generations 1 cit. The ntuiko, a word meaning to break or interrupt, is the ritual transfer of sovereign authority from the ruling division of Fathers to the rising one. Anne-Marie Peatrik describes it as a suspension of normal life during which incoming and outgoing Fathers cohabit and "open the path" for the new generation. Because no one holds power permanently, authority is distributed across time rather than concentrated in a hierarchy. politics / religion / society ●●●

c. 1850 Suspended time and the blockage of the generations 1 cit. Anne-Marie Peatrik shows the system was prone to "suspended time," a blockage that built up when ruling Fathers clung to power too long. Sons initiated early grew overaged while later sons stayed underaged and uncircumcised, sometimes into their thirties, creating a dangerous imbalance she calls status inconsistency. The Meru managed this drift with fertility controls, delayed marriage, and long birth spacing, and the crisis itself is what forced the next handover. politics / society ●●●

c. 1850 Circumcision and the making of adults 1 cit. Anne-Marie Peatrik treats circumcision as the ritual that makes boys into adults and admits them to the generational order. The cutting is done on a consecrated threshing ground (itiri), where novices are likened to grain that must be threshed, and the boy then enters roughly nine months of seclusion under strict prohibitions. A "day father" and "night father" oversee his rebirth, so that initiation works as a second gestation that builds his place in the patriline; his own father in turn becomes a full "Father of the country." culture / religion / society ●●●●

c. 1850 The gaaru, the warriors' house 1 cit. The gaaru was the warriors' barracks and the anchor of the age organisation, a large structure that could house over two hundred men. Anne-Marie Peatrik shows that its internal layout mapped the whole society: sleeping berths ranked warriors by grade, and at Athiru Gaiti the Black, White, and Red divisions settled in fixed positions. Each gaaru held the drums and long horns, and the polity worked as an "ecumene" in which the horns of neighbouring houses answered one another across the land. culture / society / war ●●●

c. 1850 The state of warrior and earning the generation name 1 cit. The initiated warrior (muthaka) passed through grades from mwiji to ntaane and was placed at the wild, hot edge of society, at once promoted and excluded. Anne-Marie Peatrik describes a charged state called waangi, when "the heart speaks" and the warrior is gripped by an urge to kill; to earn the lineal name he would pass to his descendants, he had to kill an enemy or wild animal. Yet warriors remained instruments of the Fathers, who authorised raids and controlled the spoils. society / war ●●●

c. 1850 Women and the generational order 1 cit. Anne-Marie Peatrik shows women were folded into the system in a mirror-image way. Daughters could not marry men of their father's set, a prohibition parallel to the rule that fixes a son's place, and on marriage a wife took her husband's generation-set. Because women moved across divisions over a lifetime, Anne-Marie Peatrik argues that female elders held a more complete view of the whole system than men, who stayed locked in a single divisional viewpoint. culture / society ●●

c. 1850 Authority without a chief: the Fathers and the kiama 1 cit. Anne-Marie Peatrik shows the Tigania-Igembe governed themselves with no central chief. The ruling generation of "Fathers of the country" held collective sovereignty for roughly fifteen years and deliberated in the council house (kiama), where younger fathers apprenticed under sitting ones before taking over. Power rested with the assembly and cycled between generations, so no single person ever accumulated lasting authority. politics / society ●●●●

c. 1850 The mugwe and the blacksmith 1 cit. Alongside the Fathers stood the mugwe, a hereditary ritual dignitary who served for a single generation on the principle "one generation, one mugwe." He blessed warriors and new Fathers with his left hand and, through his enforced passivity, was held to keep the balance between the cycles of rain and sun. Anne-Marie Peatrik pairs him with the blacksmith, an essential but feared outsider bound to marry within his own caste, arguing the system worked by managing the twin dangers of too little and too much distinction. economy / religion / society ●●●

c. 1850 Territory, ridges, and clans: the mwiriga 1 cit. Anne-Marie Peatrik shows Meru territory was organised by the many-sided word mwiriga, which names at once a homestead gateway, a patrilineal clan, and a territorial section or subsection. Each section was recognised by its warriors' gaaru and public ground and was subdivided into neighbourhoods (ntoora) where families of mixed clan origin lived and cooperated. Crucially, she argues territory grew out of the generation system, since founding a new gaaru was what opened and consecrated new land. politics / society ●●●

c. 1850 The Njuri Ncheke council of elders 1 cit. The njuri ncheke was a select, wealthy inner council that policed criminals, witches, and parricides and worked with the mugwe to protect the Fathers' sovereignty. Entry required livestock and a secret ordeal, and members were bound to absolute secrecy under pain of death. Anne-Marie Peatrik argues that under colonial rule this body was less an unbroken tradition than a "revaluation," an institution reworked and inflated to fill the gap left by the collapse of warrior and healing rituals. politics / religion / society ●●●

c. 1850 Ogiek honey traded to Maasai and Nandi neighbours 4 cit. The Ogiek exchanged forest honey and hides with pastoralist and farming neighbours such as the Maasai and Nandi, receiving livestock, iron, and grain in return. These same cattle-keepers called the Ogiek il-torrobo, or Dorobo, a term for people without herds. The relationship mixed regular trade with a social ranking that placed foragers below pastoralists. economy / society ●

c. 1850 "Dorobo" as a Maa word for people without cattle 2 cit. The label Dorobo comes from the Maa expression il-torrobo, meaning hunters or those without cattle. Maa-speaking pastoralists used it for anyone who lived by hunting and gathering rather than herding, marking a social class rather than a single people. It carried a dismissive edge, treating foragers as poor and low-status. culture / society ●●

c. 1850 Orma build a cattle economy on the Tana River 3 cit. By the mid-nineteenth century Orma herders had settled in the Tana River country, keeping hardy Boran cattle in a landscape marked by tsetse and seasonal flooding. Milk and cattle sat at the centre of their economy and social life, and they moved herds between wet-season and dry-season grazing. The river and its floodplain were vital for water and pasture. economy / society ●●

1851 O'Sullivan equips a war vessel against Cuba, 1851 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that in 1851 New York regent John O'Sullivan equipped a war vessel for an attack on Cuba; the ship was seized in New York harbor. ●●

1851 In 1851, when Franz Joseph took a trium rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1851, when Franz Joseph took a trium phant imperial j ourney to Galicia-where the Austrian army had crushed Polish uprisings-his artfully arranged... ●●

1851 Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad reaches Cleveland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad arrives in 1851, it creates excellent opportunities for transport by both water and rail, setting the stage for Cleveland's commercial boom. ●●

1851 Bismarck pointed out the perils of mediation by re... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bismarck pointed out the perils of mediation by referring to an incident in 1851 when Tsar Nicholas I had intervened between Austria and Prussia, in e ●●

1851 sar’s intervention prevent Prussia from ultimately... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story sar’s intervention prevent Prussia from ultimately consolidating Northern Germany—the real issue in 1851. Bismarck played the hand he had been dealt a ●●

1851 Information history in 1851 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ossible that the stretched wire might itself be available for a species of telegraphic communication yet more rapid. ” During the Great Exhibition of 1851, when England showcased its industrial achiev ●●

1851 English politicians pioneered the uses of statistics in politics and economics in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story English politicians pioneered the uses of statistics in politics and economics in the later seventeenth century, but the Church of England did not exhibit a permanent preoccupation with them until after 1851, when the then British government decided ●●

1851 Then finally in 1851 and 1852 the Germans and the French, and a little later the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then finally in 1851 and 1852 the Germans and the French, and a little later the British, began to purchase American railroad securities in quantity ●●

1852 Massachusetts passes the first compulsory attendance law 1 cit. In 1852 Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to require children to attend school. Other states followed over the next several decades until schooling was compulsory nationwide. politics / society ●●●

1852 Gladstone on leaving the Money Power supreme, 1852 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites Chancellor Gladstone's 1852 statement that government was not to be a substantive power in finance but should leave the Money Power supreme and unquestioned. ●●

1852 Establishment of the Crédit Mobilier ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley takes the establishment of the Crédit Mobilier in 1852 as the opening date of French financial capitalism. This mixed bank became the model for the later German credit banks. ●●

1852 Massachusetts passes the first state compulsory schooling law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto centers the compulsion campaign on Massachusetts, which passed the first state compulsory attendance law in 1852. He notes the long gap before other states followed. ●●

1852 Three most influential American books published during schooling's rise ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto argues that the three most influential books published in North America (aside from the Bible and the New England Primer) appeared during the utopian transformation that produced government schooling: Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), Ben-Hur (1880), and Looking Backwards (1888). ●●

1852 Pereire brothers found the Credit Mobilier ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Crédit Mobilier was founded on November 20, 1852 by the Pereire brothers as an innovative investment bank that challenged the Rothschilds' monopoly over French finance through joint-stock banking principles. ●●

1852 Napoleon III proclaimed Emperor of the French ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 2, 1852, one year after his coup, Napoleon proclaimed himself Emperor of the French. French bond prices surged in response, creating significant investment gains for the Rothschilds. ●●

1852 Napoleon III announces French debt conversion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 14, 1852, Napoleon III announced a large debt conversion reducing interest rates from 5 to 4.5 percent on French government bonds, with Rothschild assistance in supporting the operation. ●●

1852 Rothschilds acquire a gold refinery lease ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Anthony Rothschild acquired a lease for a gold refinery in January 1852. By December, Lionel secured permission to supply refined gold and silver directly to the Bank of England. ●●

1852 John and William Rockefeller enter Owego Academy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In August 1852, John D. and his brother William enter Owego Academy as students. The steep tuition of three dollars per term indicates their father's medical road show is prospering. ●●

1852 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story .1852, 1853 For security reasons, these were called by the Air Force representatives the ‘Thin Man’ and the ‘Fat Man,’ respectively; the Air Force officers tried to make their phone conversations sound as though they were modifying a plane to carry Roosevelt (the Thin Man) and Churchill (the Fat Man). ●●

1852 ssian primacy in Germany. When he was appointed am... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ssian primacy in Germany. When he was appointed ambassador to the Assembly of the Confederation in 1852 and ambassador to St. ●●

1852 1852: erine cancer accompanied by constant hemorrhaging. When she died in 18 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story erine cancer accompanied by constant hemorrhaging. When she died in 1852, at age thirty-six, she was buried, in accordance with one of her last reques ●●

1852 Even those who were not High Churchpeople approved of the Church gradually rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even those who were not High Churchpeople approved of the Church gradually gaining a forum for its own debate, first in the revival of the Convocations of Canterbury and York in 1852 and 1861, and then in the creation of a series of Church assemblies ●●

1852 Gnostic sarcophagus discovered near the Porta Pia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A marble sarcophagus was discovered in 1852 near the Porta Pia containing Gnostic-Christian artifacts, including leaden plates with Ophite imagery and inscriptions. The discovery provides evidence of early Christian and Gnostic syncretism. ●●

1852 Also, by 1852, Lyman Mills had information on yards per pound of cotton and yard... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Also, by 1852, Lyman Mills had information on yards per pound of cotton and yards per loom produced by each loom weekly ●●

1852 Death of Ada Lovelace ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ada Lovelace dies at thirty-six and is buried beside the father she never knew. ●●

1853 to 1855 Gobineau publishes his essay on racial inequality 1 cit. Arthur de Gobineau's Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races argued that a supposed Aryan race was superior and that mixing caused decline. His baseless theory later became a pillar of Nazi ideology. science / society ●●●

1853 Commodore Perry's black ships reach Japan (1853) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry's steam warships sailed into Tokyo Bay, shocking the Japanese and giving restive feudal lords a pretext to end Tokugawa rule. ●●

1853 Founding of the Darmstädter Bank ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German credit banks, founded 1848-1881, tied themselves closely to industry. Quigley dates the intimate bank-industry relationship to the creation of the Darmstädter Bank in 1853. ●●

1853 In May 1853, he visited London with his family, bringing alo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1853, he visited London with his family, bringing along his high-spirited but sickly son, John Pierpont, then recovering from rheumatic fever. Pierpont was boyishly thrilled with his first expo... ●●

1853 Darmstadter Bank founded to rival the Rothschilds ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 2, 1853, Abraham Oppenheim and Gustave Mevissen founded the Darmstädter Bank near Frankfurt with Pereire backing, establishing a German competitor to Rothschild dominance. ●●

1853 John D. Rockefeller begins school at Cleveland's Clinton Street School rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the fall of 1853, after eight months in Strongsville, Big Bill settles John and William in Cleveland as boarders. John is humiliated to be demoted to grammar school despite his previous attendance at Owego Academy. ●●

1853 Military expenditures, which even in peacetime took four-fif rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Military expenditures, which even in peacetime took four-fifths of the state revenue, rose from about 220 million rubles in 1853 to about 500 million in both war years 1854 and 1855. To cover part of ●●

1853 Commodore Perry's black ships reach Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The entire military system ossified for two centuries, so that when Commodore Perry’s famous “black ships” arrived in 1853, there was little that an overawed Japanese government could do except grant ●●

1853 Event of 1853 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russia in its national capacity intervened against the revolution in Hungary, salvaging Austria’s rule there. For the rest, the old order proved just strong enough to overcome the revolutionary challenge. But it never regained the self-confidence of ●●

1853 Argentina adopts its national constitution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Argentina did not get a constitution until 1853, and it was not until 1880 that the final regional rebellions and Indian uprisings had been suppressed, and Buenos Aires made the national capital. ●●

1853 “Sir Charles Trevelyan and Civil Service Reform, 1853–5. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Sir Charles Trevelyan and Civil Service Reform, 1853–5. ●●

1853 Commodore Perry's black ships reach Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Commodore Matthew Perry’s “black ships” in 1853 and presents a paradigmatic case of what Samuel Huntington labeled “defensive modernization. ●●

1853 Holman Hunt paints The Light of the World ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One of the greatest successes was achieved by William Holman Hunt, an English ‘Pre-Raphaelite’ artist and a strenuously if unconventionally devout Anglican, who in 1853 created an endearingly intimate image of the Saviour bearing a lighted lamp, brin ●●

1853 F.D. Maurice dismissed from King's College London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Maurice, a convert from Unitarianism to Anglicanism, lost his professorial chair at King’s College, London, in 1853 for a series of theological essays which suggested that the notion of eternal punishment was a misunderstanding of the biblical messag ●●

1853 Erie Canal lines consolidate into New York Central ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These threatened to become intolerable when, in the spring of 1853, the short lines along the Erie Canal consolidated to form a single enterprise, the ●●

1853 471–474; Sixth Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, February 7, 1... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 471–474; Sixth Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, February 7, 1853, pp ●●

1854 Crimean War and the Congress of Paris, 1854-1856 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Great Power intervention against Russia led to the Crimean War of 1854-1856 and the Congress of Paris of 1856, which sought to bar future Russian meddling in Turkish affairs. ●●

1854 India's modern postal, telegraph, and rail systems begin, 1854 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story India's modern postal, telegraphic, and railroad systems all began in 1854, eventually tying the subcontinent together under British rule. ●●

1854 but I have passed too many money panics, unscathed, not to h rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story but I have passed too many money panics, unscathed, not to have seen how often large Capitals are swept away, and that even with my own I must use caution.”15 Junius Morgan, who became Peabody’s part... ●●

1854 Junius Morgan moves to London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story WHEN Morgan moved to London in 1854, it was a more auspicious time for an American banker than it had been when Peabody was flogging the hated Maryland bonds in the 1830s. American grain prices soared... ●●

1854 Crimean War breaks out ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Crimean War began in March 1854 over disputes concerning religious rights in Jerusalem, marking the first major European conflict since 1815 and creating significant financial opportunities for Rothschild war lending. ●●

1854 John D. Rockefeller enters Central High School in Cleveland rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1854, at age 15, John D. Rockefeller enters Cleveland's Central High School (later called Central High), a progressive institution stressing composition and free education for boys and girls. ●●

1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act passes Congress ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Kansas-Nebraska Act is passed in May 1854, allowing territorial residents to decide slavery question by popular sovereignty. It intensely divides the nation and informs John D. Rockefeller's abolitionist essays. ●●

1854 Military expenditures, which even in peacetime took four-fif rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Military expenditures, which even in peacetime took four-fifths of the state revenue, rose from about 220 million rubles in 1853 to about 500 million in both war years 1854 and 1855. To cover part of ●●

1854 Commodore Perry forcibly opens Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For 500 years before it was forcibly opened by Commodore Matthew Perry in 1854, Japan did not even deign to balance the barbarians off against each ot ●●

1854 war at all took place among the Great Powers for f... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story No war at all took place among the Great Powers for forty years, and after the Crimean War of 1854, no general war for another sixty. ●●

1854 1854, the Great Powers were at war for the first t... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1854, the Great Powers were at war for the first time since the days of Napoleon. ●●

1854 1854, during the Crimean War, Bismarck urged that ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1854, during the Crimean War, Bismarck urged that Prussia exploit Austria’s break with Russia and attack ●●

1854 This had been true in the Crimean War of 1854, the... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This had been true in the Crimean War of 1854, the Balkan Wars of 1875–78, and prior to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904. One explanation for these tend ●●

1854 UK establishes the Meteorological Office ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This was a transformative idea. In 1854 the government established a Meteorological Office in the Board of Trade. ●●

1854 As early as 1854 the three railroads entering Troy, New York, had built and join rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as 1854 the three railroads entering Troy, New York, had built and jointly operated a belt line ●●

1855 John D. Rockefeller starts work at Hewitt and Tuttle ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On September 26, 1855, seventeen-year-old John D. Rockefeller begins working as an unpaid apprentice bookkeeper at Hewitt and Tuttle, a Cleveland commission house. He celebrates this day for the rest of his life as "Job Day." ●●

1855 Creditanstalt chartered in Vienna ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Austrian Credit Institute for Commerce and Industry is formally chartered on November 6. Rothschilds retain 40% of shares. ●●

1855 Military expenditures, which even in peacetime took four-fif rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Military expenditures, which even in peacetime took four-fifths of the state revenue, rose from about 220 million rubles in 1853 to about 500 million in both war years 1854 and 1855. To cover part of ●●

1855 But it was also mentioned that there were special problems in which his co-opera rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But it was also mentioned that there were special problems in which his co-operation would be of considerable help.”1855 Bohr understood that Chadwick might be hinting about work on nuclear fission. ●●

1855 Bohr understood that Chadwick might be hinting about work on nuclear fission. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bohr understood that Chadwick might be hinting about work on nuclear fission. ●●

1855 Britain establishes Civil Service Commission ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1855, an Order of Council established a Civil Service Commission that authorized competition for a small number of jobs. ●●

1855 Civil Services of the United Kingdom, 1855–1970 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Civil Services of the United Kingdom, 1855–1970. ●●

1856 French government halts securities issues ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During a speculative frenzy in the early 1850s, losses to security buyers were so severe that on 9 March 1856 the French government temporarily prohibited any further issue of securities in Paris. ●●

1856 Bessemer process transforms steelmaking ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes the steel revolution that reshaped society. The 1856 Bessemer process allowed steel to be made directly from pig iron, enabling steel rails, structural steel, and large trusts. ●●

1856 Between 1856 and 1909, Rockefeller had given $157.5 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1856 and 1909, Rockefeller had given $157.5 million for charitable purposes. ●●

1856 Spelmans depart Cleveland for Burlington, Iowa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1856, Harvey and Lucy Spelman leave Cleveland for Burlington, Iowa, reflecting renewed business hardships. They stay away for three years while their daughters Laura and Lucy seek teaching positions in Cleveland. ●●

1856 Rothschilds win Lombard and Italian railway concessions ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rothschilds defeat Pereires for Lombard and Central Italian railway concessions. ●●

1856 1856 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The politics and diplomacy of the peacemaking,21 in other words, was charged with background ideological and domestic-political elements to a degree unknown at the congresses of 18... ●●

1856 Aby Warburg dies; Sara takes sole control ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Aby wrote his will and died. Sara became sole authority over family and bank during the imperial era. ●●

1856 Emerson uses propagandist in favorable sense in English Traits rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ralph Waldo Emerson uses 'propagandist' as an adjective in positive context to describe British influence, demonstrating neutral usage of the term before its corruption. ●●

1856 ries or irrelevant. Palmerston explained the Briti... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ries or irrelevant. Palmerston explained the British definition of national interest as follows in 1856: “When people ask me… for what is called a pol ●●

1856 Crimean War was a dispatch from Bismarck analyzing... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Crimean War was a dispatch from Bismarck analyzing the situation upon the conclusion of the war in 1856. ●●